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Topic: Cowpea

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	Cowpea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is one of several species of the widely cultivated genus Vigna.
		Cowpea is one of the most important food legume crops in the semi-arid tropics covering Asia, Africa, southern Europe and Central and South America.
		A drought tolerant and warm weather crop, cowpea is well-adapted to the drier regions of the tropics, where other food legumes do not perform well.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cowpea (184 words)

	Growing Cowpea: Production tips, economics, and more
		Cowpea is one of the most ancient crops known to man. Its origin and subsequent domestication is associated with pearl millet and sorghum in Africa.
		Cowpea is considered nutritious with a protein content of about 23%, fat content of 1.3%, fiber content of 1.8%, carbohydrate content of 67% and water content of 8-9%.
		Cowpea is well-adapted to sandy soils, and will perform well on rich, well drained soils, but should not be grown on wet or poorly drained soils.
	www.jeffersoninstitute.org /pubs/cowpea.shtml (1974 words)

	The Cowpea
		Cowpea, originally inconspicuous little plants that crept among the rocks of the dusty southern Sahel in north central Africa, was domesticated thousands of years ago.
		In farming systems where cowpea grown in monocrop is rotated with a cereal, the residual N from the cowpea benefits the cereal in the subsequent season.
		The deep root systems of cowpea help stabilize the soil, and the ground cover it provides preserves moisture; these traits are particularly important in the drier regions, where moisture is at a premium and the soil is fragile and subject to wind erosion.
	www.entm.purdue.edu /entomology/research/cowpea/cowpea.htm (462 words)

	Cowpea
		Cowpea is one of the most ancient crops known to man, with its center of origin and subsequent domestication being closely associated with pearl millet and sorghum.
		Cowpea is considered nutritious with a protein content of about 23%, fat content of 1.3%, fiber content of 1.8%, carbohydrate content of 67% and water content of 8–9%.
		Cowpeas do fix nitrogen without the addition of Rhizobium, as long as this bacteria is present in the soil from previous soybeans cultivation.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/articles/ji-cowpea.html (2247 words)

	Cowpea
		Cowpea originated in Africa and is widely grown in Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia and in the southern United States.
		The protein in cowpea seed is rich in the amino acids, lysine and tryptophan, compared to cereal grains; however, it is deficient in methionine and cystine when compared to animal proteins.
		Cowpea may be adversely affected by soil crusting under certain soil and environmental conditions.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/afcm/cowpea.html (3251 words)

	Cowpea pathology research
		Cowpea is now grown throughout the tropics and subtropics and has a wide variety of uses including hay, grazing, grain, green manure and as a vegetable.
		Cowpea is suitable for grazing and may be grazed during the growing season, while still leaving sufficient material for hay or silage production at the end of the season.
		Cowpeas are susceptible to a wide range of pests and pathogens that attack the crop at all stages of growth (Allen, 1983).
	www.up.ac.za /academic/microbio/plant/research/pr_cowpea.html (1390 words)

	Cowpea - MSN Encarta
		Cowpea, common name for any of a genus of leguminous herbs.
		Cowpeas are sprawling or twining herbs with triple leaves and with pods 20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 in) long, enclosing several kidney-shaped seeds.
		Cowpeas were originally native to Asia and are now an important forage and cover crop in the southern United States.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761569861 (141 words)

	Cover Crop Database: Complete Crop Summary of Cowpea
		Cowpea tolerates annual mean temperatures of from 12.5-27.8 degrees C, with the mean of 54 cases being 22.1 (Duke, 1981); the species is cold sensitive and killed by frost (Duke, 1981; Miller, 1989).
		Cowpea tolerates from 2.8 to 41.0 dm of precipitation (11-161.42 inches), with the mean of 54 cases being 14.2 (55.91 inches); cowpea is usually grown under rainfed rather than irrigated conditions (Duke, 1981).
		Cowpea tolerates soil pH of from 4.3-7.9, with the mean of 46 cases being 6.2; cowpea or varieties thereof are said to be tolerant of low pH and high pH but in general are less tolerant of alkaline conditions (Duke, 1981).
	www.sarep.ucdavis.edu /cgi-bin/CCrop.exe/show_crop_15 (3577 words)

	NGICA-Network for the Genetic Improvment of Cowpea
		Today, the genetic descendants of those wild plants are grown, as local or improved cultivars, on tens of millions of smallholder farms in the drier zones of Africa, in a great arc from Senegal eastward to Sudan and Somalia and southward to Zimbawe, Botswana and Mozambique.
		The typical woman cowpea grower has a small plot, 0.25 to 1 ha., where she plants cowpea intercropped with sorghum or millet or maize.
		Cowpea is an important crop in some countries in Latin America, especially in northeastern Brazil.
	www.entm.purdue.edu /ngica/cowpea.html (742 words)

	Cowpea
		Cowpea is often used as a warm-season planting for white-tailed deer to offset the negative effects of summer stress.
		Yield potential: Cowpea yields are highly variable -- from 1 or 2 tons per acre to 4 or 5 tons per acre, depending on rainfall and soil fertility.
		Seeding rate: To obtain a pure stand of cowpea and a high potential yield, 50 to 100 pounds of seed per acre are frequently planted.
	forage.okstate.edu /text/cowpea.htm (195 words)

	Chapter 4: Legumes and Some Relatives
		Robbins (1931) stated that the cowpea is capable of self-fertilization, and this is probably the common occurrence, although the flowers are often visited by honey bees or bumble bees, attracted chicfly by the extrafloral nectar.
		However, Warnock and Hagedorn (1964), after detailed study of the stigma of the cowpea, learned that receptivity is limited to only the very tip of the stigma, which in appearance somewhat resembles the sensitive end of the trunk of the elephant.
		The actual value of frequent visitation by pollinating insects to blossoms of cowpeas has not been determined; however, the study by Warnock and Hagedorn (1954) would indicate that such activity is beneficial in increasing the number of pod set, the number of seeds per pod, or both.
	gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov /book/chap4/cow.html (706 words)

	Adoption and impact of dry-season dual-purpose cowpea in the Nigerian semiarid region
		While research is still needed to assess and quantify the actual impact of the adoption of dry-season dual-purpose cowpea on farmers welfare, nutritional status, gender relations, soil fertility improvement, crop livestock integration systems, and either socio-economic and ecological variables, it is unquestionably proving beneficial.
		Cowpeas are of vital importance to the livelihood of several millions of people in West and Central Africa.
		Cowpeas also contribute to the sustainability of cropping systems and soil fertility improvement on marginal lands through provision of ground cover and plant residues (which minimise erosion and subsequent land deterioration), nitrogen fixation, increasing soil fertility and suppressing weeds.
	www.solutions-site.org /artman/publish/article_9.shtml (1713 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		The SBMV isolate 10-19 was recovered from cowpea cultivar IT86D-901 in experimental plots of the "Societe Togolaise du Coton" (SOTOCO) at the locality Adza Yao in Ogou prefecture.
		SBMV isolate 18-10 was recovered on cowpea at Vogan in Vo prefecture.
		Cowpea cultivars were categorised as highly susceptible (score 4 to 5), moderately susceptible (score 2 to 3) and resistant (score 1), according to the severity and the type of symptoms induced by the two cloned SBMV isolates (10-19 and 18-10).
	www.bioline.org.br /request?cs96059 (2669 words)

	Cowpea Aphid in Alfalfa - January 2001 - Yuma Farm Notes (ACIS)
		The cowpea aphid is easily distinguished from other aphids (pea picture and blue picture alfalfa aphids) in alfalfa largely because it is the only fl aphid found infesting the crop. In general, it is a relatively small aphid, less than 2 mm long.
		The cowpea aphid is generally distributed across North America and has been reported in at least 28 states and in three Canadian provinces.
		Both cowpea aphid and the pea / blue alfalfa aphid complex were present on plants during the study.
	ag.arizona.edu /crops/counties/yuma/farmnotes/fn0101cowpea.html (1202 words)

	Cowpea Genomics Initiative Home
		The Cowpea Genomics Initiative (CGI) aims to leverage modern molecular-based technologies, in combination with conventional breeding strategies, to increase the speed at which a greater number of superior-performing, well-adapted cowpea varieties containing pyramided agronomic productivity, disease and pest resistance traits can be delivered to local farmers.
		Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is major crop worldwide, providing a source of economic livelihood and nutritional well-being for millions of farmers and urban consumers in the developed and developing world.
		Cowpea growth and yield are constrained by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors.
	faculty.virginia.edu /timko/cowpea_initiative.htm (627 words)

	Cowpea aphids spread across Iowa
		Cowpea aphid: a new pest in Iowa alfalfa?
		Cowpea aphid is readily distinguishable from other aphids inhabiting alfalfa because it is the only fl aphid found infesting the crop.
		It is suggested that, as with all monitoring, several areas in the field be observed for the presence of the aphid.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/icm/2003/7-14-2003/cowpea.html (526 words)

	Florida Entomologist, v. 81, n. 3, p. 373
		Cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the most economically important pests of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers (Fabaceae), in the southeastern United States.
		Average counts of cowpea curculio were difficult to compare statistically among plant species due to differences in sampling methods, phenology of host plants, physiognomy of host plant stands, homogeneity of host plant stands, and size of host plant populations.
		Cowpea curculios were collected from 13 plant species during the period of cowpea pod formation and maturity (Table 1.).
	www.fcla.edu /FlaEnt/fe81p373.html (3579 words)

	Cowpea Curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman, occurs primarily to the southeastern states, from Virginia to Florida in the East, and west to Texas and Oklahoma.
		Cowpea curuclio overwinters in the adult stage, emerging in April or May to begin feeding.
		Cowpea, snap bean, lima bean, and pea are the vegetables injured, but cowpea is the preferred host.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /IN380 (1484 words)

	Cowpea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Cowpea is rich in protien and digestable carbohydrates; its energy is nearly equal to that of cearel grains.
		Cowpea thrives in dry enviroments and can produce a hardy crop with as little as 300 mm of rain fall.
		Tamo, Manuele "Analysis of the Cowpea agro-ecosystem in West Africa." 1999: Handbook of Enviromental and Ecological Modeling.
	www.angelfire.com /ms2/sudangrass (147 words)

	Bean and Cowpea Aphids Bean Leaf Beetle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Cowpea aphid nymphs are pale green to gray with a powdery coating.
		Host plants of the cowpea aphid include alfalfa, apple, carrot, cotton, cowpea, dandelion, dock, goldenrod, kidney bean, lambsquarters, lettuce, liima bean, pinto bean, peanut, pepperweed, pigweed, red clover, shepherdspurse, vetch, wheat, white sweet clover and yellow sweet clover.
		Cowpea aphids have a similar life history though rates of development may vary.
	ipm.ncsu.edu /AG295/html/bean_and_cowpea_aphids.htm (543 words)

	Cowpea
		Cowpea is important in multiple cropping systems which involve monocropping, relay cropping, and mixed intercropping.
		In Asia, cowpea is grown as an intercrop with cereals, cotton or sugarcane, and relay-cropped in standing rice.
		In Africa, cowpea is grown as an intercrop with millet, sorghum, or corn (CABI, 2000).
	oisat.org /crops/pulses/cowpea.html (569 words)

	CGIAR: Research & Impact: Areas of Research: Cowpea
		Cowpea is an important grain legume throughout the tropics and subtropics, covering Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, as well as parts of southern Europe and the United States.
		The FAO estimates that farmers cultivate cowpea on at least 12.5 million hectares, 8 million of which are in Central and West Africa.
		The cowpea haulm is also a great source of livestock feed, and therefore of great value to farmers.
	www.cgiar.org /impact/research/cowpea.html (382 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Cowpea grain was steeped in water for 30 minutes at room temperature (fig 1).
		They were then fortified on wet matter basis at 10% (10g cowpea + 90g maize), 20% (20g cowpea + 80g maize), and 40% (40g cowpea + 60g maize) levels and ground independently with 500ml of water and filtered using a cheesecloth.
		The chemical composition of cowpea milk and cowpea-maize milk is presented in Table 1.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?ft01024 (1109 words)

	Picture Cowpea,Plants,Cowpea Tree Pictures,Catalog,Trees Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Date : 5/28/2006 Time : 12:52:42 PM The cowpea, also known as the fl-eyed pea, is a member of the LEGUME family, Leguminosae.
		Native to Asia and Africa, it is grown for human food, for animal forage, and as a soil-improving crop.
		The cowpea thrives in hot climates and has drought tolerance, but it is quite susceptible to frost.
	www.4to40.com /4to40.com_non_ssl/earth/geography/htm/plantsindex.asp?counter=117 (107 words)

	Cowpea aphid: a new pest in Iowa alfalfa? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Cowpea aphid has been a long-time resident of alfalfa in California as well as other states.
		In the winter of 1999 cowpea aphid was found throughout both the high and low desert, stunting the alfalfa and causing serious injury.
		There are no known alfalfa varieties that are resistant to cowpea aphid, but genetic variation for resistance is known and resistant cultivars can be expected in the future in California.
	www.ent.iastate.edu /Ipm/Icm/2002/8-19-2002/cowpeaaphid.html (568 words)

	Vegetable-Insect Pest Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The cowpea curculio or cowpea pod weevil is a native insect pest of southern peas and beans in the South.
		Cowpea curculio adult pass the winter in crop refuse or weeds around previously infested plants.
		Cowpea curculio adult and larva -- Adults are fl humpgacked weevils 6 to 7 mm long.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /depts/ent/notes/Vegetables/veg29.html (501 words)

	Cereal Chem 2000 \| Viscoelasticity of Cowpea Starch Gels.
		The mechanical behavior of cowpea starch gels (10%, w/v) at small and large deformations were investigated in comparison with acorn, corn, and potato starches in storage at 4°C for seven days.
		The rapid viscograms of starch paste (7%, w/v) revealed that cowpea starch had a larger setback (1,135 cP) than other starches (465-830 cP), although peak viscosity (1,723 cP) and pasting temperature (76°C) were between those of corn and potato starches.
		The overall results disclosed that cowpea starch was capable of forming exceptionally strong and elastic gels with good storage stability.
	www.aaccnet.org /cerealchemistry/abstracts/2000/0412-01R.asp (223 words)

	Symptom induction by Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus on Vigna unguiculata is determined by amino acid residue 151 in the ...
		Symptom induction by Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus on Vigna unguiculata is determined by amino acid residue 151 in the coat protein -- de Assis Filho et al.
		Symptom induction by Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus on Vigna unguiculata is determined by amino acid residue 151 in the coat protein
		Four to six cowpea seedlings were co-inoculated with in vitro transcripts from pCCT1, pCCT2 and pCCT3; pCCT1, pCCT2 and pCCM3; or pCCT1, pCCT2 and the chimeric RNA 3 cDNA clones.
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/83/4/879 (2164 words)

	UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Cowpea Aphid on Alfalfa
		Cowpea aphid injects a powerful toxin into the plant while feeding and, when population are large, can stunt or kill plants.
		There are no known varieties of alfalfa that are resistant to cowpea aphid and economic thresholds have not been developed specifically for this pest.
		Monitor cowpea aphid by randomly selecting five to six stems from four locations in the field.
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/r1301511.html (851 words)

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