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Topic: Cowpox

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Small pox

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Edward Jenner

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	Cowpox
		Cowpox is a disease of the skin caused by the Vaccinia virus[?].
		The virus that causes cowpox was used to perform the first successful vaccination against another disease.
		His patients who had contracted and recovered from cowpox, a disease similar to but much milder than smallpox, seemed to be immune not only to further cases of cowpox, but also to smallpox.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/co/Cowpox.html (141 words)

	Cowpox - pseudo cowpox
		Cowpox disease cowpox is a disease of the skin caused by a virus (Cowpox virus) that is related to the Vaccinia virus.
		His patients who had contracted and recovered from cowpox, a disease similar to but much milder than smallpox, seemed to be immune not only to further cases of cowpox, but also milkmaid cowpox nursery rhyme to smallpox.
		By scratching the fluid from cowpox lesions into the skin of healthy individuals, he was able to immunize those pseudo cowpox people against smallpox.
	www.medicalgeo.com /Med-Diseases-Ci---Cy/Cowpox.html (353 words)

	Cowpox definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Cowpox: A mild skin disease of milk cows, principally confined to the udder and teats, that may be contracted by people from milking an infected cow.
		Cowpox protects against smallpox and was used by Edward Jenner in 1798 for this purpose to confer immunity against smallpox.
		Cowpox and smallpox belong to the orthopox family of viruses.
	www.medicinenet.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=23596 (144 words)

	Cowpox virus
		Cowpox virus, from the genus Orthpoxvirus, is another poxvirus that causes human disease through zoonosis.
		The lesion is similar to that caused by vaccination, although the inflammatory response is greater.
		The pathology of the skin lesions caused by cowpox virus is similar to that of smallpox.
	www.stanford.edu /group/virus/pox/2000/cowpox_virus.html (312 words)

	Cowpox - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Cowpox is a disease of the skin caused by a virus (Cowpox virus) that is related to the Vaccinia virus.
		His patients who had contracted and recovered from cowpox (mainly dairymaids), a disease similar to but much milder than smallpox, seemed to be immune not only to further cases of cowpox, but also to smallpox.
		Cowpox was the original vaccine of sorts for smallpox.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Cowpox (367 words)

	eMedicine - Cowpox Infection, Human : Article Excerpt by: Nikki A Levin, MD, PhD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Today, cowpox is a rare disease, largely confined to small mammals on the European continent and in Great Britain, with occasional transmission to humans.
		Pathophysiology: Cowpox is caused by the cowpox or catpox virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family, which also includes smallpox and vaccinia.
		As a member of the Orthopoxvirus family, cowpox is a large double-stranded DNA virus that replicates in cell cytoplasm.
	www.emedicine.com /derm/byname/cowpox-infection-human.htm (621 words)

	Cowpox virus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Cowpox virus infection is an uncommon skin condition that usually affects cats which enjoy hunting small rodents.
		Cowpox infection has been reported in domestic cats and cheetahs, rodents, occasionally humans, and infrequently, in recent years, cattle, dogs, elephants and a foal.
		Feline cowpox infection with secondary lesions on the
	www.fabcats.org /cowpox.html (1210 words)

	Cowpox - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		In this mild, eruptive disease of dairy cows, lesions occur on the udder and teats.
		The virus of cowpox is closely related antigenically to vaccinia and smallpox viruses.
		Cowpox or vaccinia infection may be confused with bovine herpes mammillitis (Diseases of Bovine Teats and Skin); because the lesions are superficially similar, laboratory confirmation is required.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/71102.htm (199 words)

	Cowpox
		Cowpox is a viral disease that normally affects the udders and teats of cows.
		Cowpox is caused by the vaccinia virus and has been known to cause systemic reactions (generalized vaccinia) in some people who have been recently vaccinated against cowpox.
		Cowpox produces immunity to smallpox and, beginning in the 19th century, the virus for cowpox was used to develop the vaccines used against smallpox.
	www.bchealthguide.org /kbase/nord/nord172.htm (414 words)

	The first recorded Smallpox vaccination
		Benjamin reasoned that if dairymaids who caught cowpox accidentally were immune to smallpox, then someone who caught cowpox deliberately should be equally immune.
		He therefore resolved to infect his family with cowpox with a procedure that was later to become known as vaccination.
		Over the next few days the mild disease of cowpox ran it normal course in the two boys who were soon recovered and running about as normal.
	www.thedorsetpage.com /history/smallpox/smallpox.htm (755 words)

	The Story of a Great Delusion by William White
		Cowpox as cowpox he had dismissed as impracticable; but there was a variety of cowpox which he resolved to recommend.
		He said not another word about horsegrease cowpox; and as the public were eager at any price to escape from the nuisance of smallpox inoculation, and disposed to substitute cowpox as a harmless substitute, why then he resolved to go in for cowpox, and pose as its discoverer and promoter.
		This cowpox is commended as "pure lymph from the calf," a sweet periphrase with a savour of Daphne and Chloe, of Flora and the country green—a periphrase used in craft or ignorance, " pure lymph "being as incapable of producing vaccinia as pure milk or pure saliva.
	www.vaccination.org.uk /vaccines/white_b.html (13162 words)

	Smallpox: Prevention - MayoClinic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Cowpox's natural hosts are small mammals such as wood mice, but the virus can spread to other animals, especially cattle, and lesions on the udders and teats of cows can infect people who milk them.
		Although rare today, cowpox was widespread in 18th-century Europe, where it was common knowledge that milkmaids who had been infected with cowpox — which is generally mild — were then immune to the far more deadly smallpox.
		By 1800, cowpox vaccinations (the word "vaccine" is from the Latin word for "cow") were commonplace, primarily because they caused fewer side effects and deaths than did variolation with smallpox itself.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/smallpox/DS00424/DSECTION=7 (1010 words)

	eMedicine - Cowpox Infection, Human : Article by Nikki A Levin, MD, PhD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Polymerase chain reaction may be performed on biopsy material or cell culture extracts to amplify the cowpox hemagglutinin gene and identify it by sequencing or restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.
		One death has been reported in a patient with generalized cowpox, but it is unclear to what degree the virus contributed to this patient's death.
		Quenelle DC, Collins DJ, Kern ER: Cutaneous infections of mice with vaccinia or cowpox viruses and efficacy of cidofovir.
	www.emedicine.com /derm/topic87.htm (2020 words)

	DWT LLP \| Practice Areas: Life Sciences Advisory Bulletins
		They would feel a bit out of sorts for a few days, develop a few minor pocks usually at the point of contact with the cowpox (their hands), but otherwise were fine within a few days.
		He diagnosed cowpox rather than smallpox, and Sarah confirmed that one of her cows had recently had cowpox.
		Jenner took this presentment of cowpox as an opportunity to test the protective properties of cowpox by giving it to someone who had not yet suffered smallpox.
	www.dwt.com /practc/life_sciences/patents/03-03_Jenner.htm (1036 words)

	PROVET HEALTHCARE INFORMATION - Cowpox Virus
		Cowpox virus can be transmitted to humans, and so this disease is a zoonosis.
		Cowpox in cats occurs mainly in Europe and Asia.
		In cats there is no breed predisposition to infection, but predators (eg cats) that catch infected small wild animals (especially gerbils, ground squirrels, voles, wood mice) which act as a reservoir for the disease are at greater risk of contracting the disease.
	www.provet.co.uk /health/diseases/cowpox.htm (515 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for cowpox
		cowpox COWPOX [cowpox] infectious disease of cows caused by a virus related to the virus of smallpox.
		Cowpox is transmitted by contact, inducing a mild infection of the hands in persons who milk infected cows.
		His invaluable experiments beginning in 1796 with the vaccination of eight-year-old James Phipps proved that cowpox provided immunity against smallpox.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=cowpox (320 words)

	CDC - Rat-to-Human Transmission of Cowpox Infection
		A 14-year-old girl was admitted to the hospital with ulcerated nodules on her upper lip and her left lower eyelid and several molluscum-like-lesions on her right eyelids (Figure 1).
		The virus was identified as Cowpox virus (CPXV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis (PCR directed at the Orthopoxvirus fusion protein gene, as described by Chantrey et al.) (1).
		Transmission of cowpox virus infection from domestic cat to man. Lancet 1985;1:1515.
	www.cdc.gov /Ncidod/EID/vol8no12/02-0089.htm (829 words)

	Edward Jenner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		His thesis "that the Cow-pox protects the human constitution from the infection of the Small-pox" was tested by vaccinating patients with fluid from pustles of cowpox-infected patients and then showing that these subjects were immune to smallpox.
		This was a critical observation as it made it possible to obtain a continual supply of vaccine - this because cowpox infection in cows was sporadic and rare.
		Even when the source of the vaccine was from true cowpox exudates, some reported failures could be attributed to degradation of the vaccine through improper storage and bacterial decomposition.
	www.foundersofscience.net /jenner.htm (969 words)

	Smallpox and Smallpox Vaccines: Adverse Reactions. Thinktwice! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		During the late 18th century, English folklore and some dairy-maids believed that if they caught cowpox, they would be immune to smallpox.(43) Cows are sometimes infected with a rash on their udders that can be transmitted to dairymaids when they milk the animals.
		Jenner now insisted that these men were immune to smallpox, and that children would forever be protected from the disease if they were injected with cowpox after the cow was infected with the rancid secretions from horses' heels.
		He carefully discriminated it from plain cowpox, which, he admitted, had no protective virtue.(50) But the public was appalled by Jenner's recommendations.
	thinktwice.com /smallpox.htm (1739 words)

	NOVA Online \| Bioterror \| Making Vaccines: Smallpox
		To create this vaccine, you begin with another virus that is similar to the smallpox virus, yet different enough not to bring on the smallpox disease once it enters your body.
		The smallpox vaccine is a live vaccine; the cowpox viruses it contains will invade cells in your body, multiply, and spread to other cells in your body, just as the smallpox viruses would.
		Then, if cowpox or the similar smallpox ever enters the body, the immune system will quickly get rid of the invaders.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/bioterror/vacc_smallpox.html (278 words)

	Cow Pox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The last recorded case of a cow with cowpox in the UK was in 1978.
		People can catch cowpox by direct contact with an infected animal and they then go on to develop pustules, on their hands.
		This was investigated by Edward Jenner in 1796 and the vaccine for smallpox produced.
	www.zephyrus.co.uk /cowpox.html (204 words)

	Spurious cowpox
		Spurious cowpox, he explained, wasn't meant to describe irregularities on the part of the cow, but rather certain quirks in the action of cowpox on the part of the vaccinated.
		Jenner at once asserted that the Cowpox in such instances must have been spurious, for Smallpox after genuine Cowpox was impossible; and Spurious Cowpox was thenceforward freely used to baffle inquirers and to account for failures.
		Genuine Cowpox was said to be harmless —it was the Spurious that was ineffective or worked mischief; and the Inoculators plied the terror of Spurious Pox against Vaccination.
	www.whale.to /vaccines/spurious_h.html (954 words)

	Characterization of Wild-Type and Cidofovir-Resistant Strains of Camelpox, Cowpox, Monkeypox, and Vaccinia Viruses -- ...
		Characterization of Wild-Type and Cidofovir-Resistant Strains of Camelpox, Cowpox, Monkeypox, and Vaccinia Viruses -- Smee et al.
		Characterization of Wild-Type and Cidofovir-Resistant Strains of Camelpox, Cowpox, Monkeypox, and Vaccinia Viruses
		WT and CDV-R cowpox (A and B) and monkeypox (C and D) virus yields from Vero 76 (monkey) and 3T3 (mouse) cells.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/46/5/1329 (5157 words)

	Naturally Occurring Orthopoxviruses: Potential for Recombination with Vaccine Vectors -- Sandvik et al. 36 (9): 2542 -- ...
		Cowpox virus, vaccinia virus, and some close relatives are classified within the genus Orthopoxvirus of the Poxviridae family.
		An outbreak of cowpox in captive cheetahs: virological and epidemiological studies.
		Cowpox in okapis Okapia Johnstoni at Rotterdam Zoo.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/36/9/2542 (3760 words)

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