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	Cowry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cowry shells (also spelled "cowrie"), are marine snails of the genus Cypraea (family Cypraeidae), found chiefly in tropical regions, especially around the Maldives or the East Indies.
		Cowries (esp. Cypraea moneta) were used as a currency in Africa (e.g., Nigeria) and elsewhere.
		Cowry shells are sometimes used in a way similar to dice, e.g., in board games like Pachisi, or in divination (cf.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cowrie (210 words)

	Cowry -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The shell itself is smooth and more or less (Animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum or embryo together with nutritive and protective envelopes; especially the thin-shelled reproductive body laid by e.g.
		Cowries (esp. Cypraea moneta) were used as a currency in Africa (e.g., (A republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; gained independence from Britain in 1960; most populous African country) Nigeria) and elsewhere.
		A number of shells (6 or 7 in Pachisi) are thrown, with those landing aperture upwards indicating the actual number rolled.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/cowry.htm (210 words)

	SHELL-MONEY - LoveToKnow Article on SHELL-MONEY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The shell used by the Indians of Alaska and California was the Dentalium pretiosum, a species of tusk-shell found along the north-west coast.
		The usual method of measuring was by the finger-joints, and the ligua, the highest denomination of their coinage, consisted of twenty-five shells strung together, which from end to end made a total measurement of a fathom (6 ft.) or thereabouts, equalling in English coinage about ~5o.
		In the countries on the coast the shells -were fastened together in strings of 40 or ioo each, so thatfrfty or twenty strings represented a dollar; but in the interior they were laboriously counted one by one, or, if the trader were expert, five by five.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SH/SHELL_MONEY.htm (859 words)

	Cowry Shells of the UAE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The snail-like animals which inhabit the shells are often as colourful as the shells themselves, sometimes in brilliant shades of orange, red or blue-fl.
		As the shell increases in size and thickness, the edges of the aperture come together until the opening is only a slit.
		As the shell thickens, the pattern, with its polish, is laid on by the mantle, and where the thin lobes of the mantle come together on the back of the shell, a dorsal line can usually be seen on the adult shell.
	www.enhg.org /b/b17/17_11.htm (1280 words)

	cowry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Cowries hide in the day and come out at night for food, this in called nocturnal.
		Cowry shells are nicely decorated when it cleans itself.
		The cowry is a member of the mollusk family.
	www.k12.hi.us /~kapunaha/student_projects/reef_org/mollusks/cowry.htm (146 words)

	21. INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN EROSARIA LAMARCKII (GRAY, 1825)
		This study confirmed that in the majority of shells from East Africa the dorsal spots are partially ocellated with purplish grey, whereas in shells of the species from India and Thailand all dorsal spots are pure white, except for a few lateral ones.
		Schilder and Benton (1962) confirmed by means of a statistical study the difference in shell characteristics of the two subspecies and indicated the population thriving near Mombasa, Kenya, as “intermediate between the widely distributed Indian and African races” Perhaps intermediate populations occupy a larger area.
		Taxonomy of the Phylum Mollusca Voyages of the H.M. Bark Endeavour and its Replica
	www.manandmollusc.net /Ed_Heiman/lamarcki.html (1795 words)

	African Cowry Shells
		In the thirteenth century, cowrie shells were brought to Africa from the Maldives in the Indian Ocean by Arab traders.
		Cowries shell are featured in beadworks, because of the white color witch is an indicator of wealth, cowries are used extensively on clothing and luxury objects, only the king is allowed to wear cowries in bulk.
		First he or she must touch the animal with the cowry shell, to transfer the danger to the shell and the shell deposit in separate piles for sheep’s, goats and cattle’s.
	www.mbad.org /cowrie.htm (1031 words)

	--Cowry Tassels--/--Cowrie Tassels-- (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		23" Cowrie / Cowry Tassels with peacock feather and pendant...Sold!
		Cowrie shells are sewn on one at a time.
		There are 32 cowrie shells on each strand that are sewn on one at a time in rows of four for stability.
	www.costumesfromtheattic.com /page/page/1576021.htm (555 words)

	Shells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		There, the shell is a symbol of Christian rebirth, although the pagan deity Venus was depicted by Botticelli as emerging from a similar shell.
		Shells are sometimes fetishes or objects of power (sometimes called "medicine") that are venerated and accorded special care as the home or resting place of a deity or its energy.
		The cowry is primarily a female symbol, and so it is often used as a fertility charm.
	www.khandro.net /nature_shells.htm (3964 words)

	Beads & Sea Shells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Although we commonly speak of "sea shells," molluscs are very successful and live in fresh water and on land as well as in the sea.
		Some are used by extracting only a part of a shell, as is common for cowries, one of the most important bead shells.
		Some shells (most notably the tusk shells) are natural beads because they already have holes in or through them.
	www.nfobase.com /html/beads___sea_shells.html (2477 words)

	Lemp Avenue Archaeological Sites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Cowry shells are used as decoration, currency and in ritual contexts by several African cultures.
		The cowry shell and ivory elephant trunk were found on 6/14/2000 and 6/15/2000 in Square 29 in locus 4.
		A cowry shell and an elephants trunk (carved from ivory) were found in unit 29 where they were sealed beneath the patio level with man other artifacts and animal bones.
	users.stlcc.edu /mfuller/lempdig/Other.html (371 words)

	6.Religion:
		Dominating early religious practices, cowry shells had powerful symbolism (basically sexual, for they were first and foremost a female symbol) and this was renewed in the religions of the great civilizations that followed.
		Shells fetishes (Note: a "fetish" an object which is treated with reverence and respect because it is either thought to have special powers, or is where a god or spirit lives, at least part of the time) were often used in worship.
		Most Chank shells are right handed, so the left-handed ones are rare, and treasured far more!) The Hindu, when praying, often clasps a sacred Chank or other venerated object in his hands, believing that it will help his or her petitions be heard.
	www.manandmollusc.net /beginners_uses/6.html (486 words)

	reefED - GBR Explorer - Cowrie Shells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Cowries are common in tropical waters and may be found under boulders and in crevices among the coral where they feed primarily on sponges.
		Usually oval in shape with a flattened base and narrow opening, the spiral nature of the cowrie shell is obscured by the outer whorl.
		The cowries are most attractive as live animals when the lobes of their mantle are extended over the shell, protecting the glossy surface, and often adding a striking contrast to colour.
	www.reefed.edu.au /explorer/animals/marine_invertebrates/molluscs/cowrie_shells.html (205 words)

	Hawaiian Cowries - Part 2 - Species Descriptions and Photos
		This cowry occurs from the shallows to depths of about 100 feet on cliffs and under ledges, hiding by day and emerging at night to feed almost exclusively on a species of red sponge.
		This cowry's dark brown shell is usually overlaid by so many large, irregular white spots that a netlike effect results, hence the common name, meaning "like a net." The sides at the base are white with blurry dark spots.
		This large handsome cowry is common along Hawai`i's fl basalt shores as high as the mid-intertidal zone, especially in areas of heavy wave action.
	www.coralrealm.com /inverts/cowriespart2.asp (1699 words)

	Seashells by the Seashore
		Cowry shells were used as money, ornaments and charms.
		We have even found that cowry shells were worn by Cro-Magnon man, as indicated by ornaments found in their caves.
		The shells were used for this purpose over three and a half thousand years ago on the island of Crete and possibly as far back as Neolithic Man.
	starryskies.com /articles/dln/8-00/shells.html (1234 words)

	Fish 'N' Chips July 2001 Issue
		The Cowry, or Cowrie, is one of, if not the, most sought after and prized of all shells.
		Cowry comes from the Sanskrit kaparada from which is derived the Hindu kauri meaning a small shell.
		The cowry with its mantle fully extended has led to the confusion among some divers in thinking that they were looking at a nudibranch.
	www.exotictropicals.com /encyclo/fishnchips/July01/fnc0701.html (2020 words)

	sandoval.htm
		On some of the parts of the face, the shells are arranged in a disorderly way while on others, there seems to be a purposeful alignment of horizontal lines.
		In this case, I firmly believe that the cowry shells are used to hold the spirit of one that has passed on.
		Their masks are usually covered with either cowry shells and/or red seeds which are stuck on with vegetable gum.
	www.csudh.edu /bdeluca/studentwriting/maskpapers/sandoval.htm (1564 words)

	Cowry Shell Bracelet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		From Ghana, this cowry shell bracelet is worn by all.
		The large African cowry shells are sewn onto a durable fiber strap.
		Cowry shells were one of Africas' first currency units.
	www.authenticafrica.com /cowshelbrac.html (105 words)

	The Shell Cellar: Shell Descriptions - Page 1
		The exterior of the shell is smooth and polished because of the covering that the animal has, called a mantle, that wraps around the entire shell.
		The outer shell is brown and fl spotted, similar to a tiger, but the purple resides in a lower layer.
		The animal that lives inside this shell is fl and it is the foot of the animal that is edible and marketed in many countries.
	www.theshellcellars.com /scsdesc.htm (607 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The cowry shells, which served as the major currency along the West African coast, came from the Maldive Islands, near India.
		Since cowry shells were the major currency on the West African coast, they were always in demand.
		Ships returning from Asia unloaded their textiles and cowry shells at the company port of Lorient on the Brittany Coast of France, and the goods were immediately reloaded onto company slave ships bound for Africa.
	yaleglobal.yale.edu /article.print?id=1587 (1698 words)

	Professor explores African-American definition of cool (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		"In African cultures, cowry shells are a connection to the spirit, a connection to the creator," said the assistant professor of political science and international studies.
		American shoppers who see cowry shells on picture frames and necklaces may buy them because they’re trendy – not realizing that the shells historically have been valued, even serving as currency in African countries.
		From cowry shells to locs to rap music, Americans – especially young Americans – are enthusiastically adopting African-American trends.
	www.mcdaniel.edu /news/archive04/cool.shtml (448 words)

	Cowry Shells
		Cowry shells continue to be popular among collectors because of their colours and glossy surface.
		Found in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, this cowry shell is covered with dark red-brown rings (Argus Eyes) of varying thickness, which give the shell it name.
		Small in size and of a cylindrical shape, this fawn-coloured shell is recognisable by its fl longitudinal lines and orange-red tips.
	www.stamps.gov.pn /CowryShells.htm (314 words)

	Visual Feast Fabrics - Fabric Design by Dan Sekanwagi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Cowry shells are found in several parts of Africa and the world at large.
		Cowry shells are still used by local healers in the diagnosis of both real and imagined illness in modern day Africa.
		It is perhaps because at one time cowry shells were a symbol of wealth and supernatural power that they have become so popular as a design feature.
	members.aol.com /visualfeast/COWRYSTR.HTM (312 words)

	Queer As Folk Addiction \| Cowry Shell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Historically, the cowry shell has been a symbol of wealth, and has had been used as currency, jewelry, and as a religious accessory, in almost every part of the world.
		The Cowry was originally called the "concha veneer" - the shell of venus - by the ancients.
		The Cowry is often used to represent the mouth of the Egyptian god Orisis.
	www.angelfire.com /home/qaf/cowry.html (453 words)

	Earth & Sky : Kids' Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		These shells are often striking sitting on a beach; but the stories they tell can give you insight into the realm of the sea.
		Cowries were worn by Cro-Magnon man, as indicated by cowry ornaments found in their caves.
		Cowry shells were also important in burial rituals in ancient China.
	www.earthsky.org /kids/articles.php?id=3&p=1 (673 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The use of this particular cowry by these Indians is of peculiar interest; in the first place; owing to it being _alien to the American continent_, and in the second place, in view of its intimate association with so many remarkable and fantastic beliefs and practices in different parts of the Old World.
		This shell, similar to the money cowry, is native to the Asian seas, and, like the previous one, does not occur naturally in America.
		This is the cowry from Manabi, Ecuador, but it is of a species native to Panama, and does not derive from across the Pacific.
	www.trends.net /~yuku/tran/9cow2.htm (1230 words)

	Encyclopedia: MalÃ©, Maldives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Malé is the center of trade in coconuts, coir, palm mats, copra, and cowry shells.
		Coir (from Malayalam kayaru - cord) is a coarse fibre extracted from the fibrous outer shell of a coconut.
		Copra is the dried meat, or kernel, of the coconut.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mal%e9,-Maldives (421 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		If the kept the shells the husband understood that there was another payment to be made and that then the woman would be his property.
		If the parents were satisfied they sent their daughter to the chief, who sent them as a deposit five jars of beer, two cows, two goats (known as goodmorning), two bundles of barkcloth, two baskets of salt, and five thousand cowry shells.
		These things were consumed by the family, because it was understood that the wife of a chief was never divorced, and that therefore they would never have to answer for them.
	lucy.ukc.ac.uk /EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Mar_dir/XMarriage.3189 (407 words)

	Cowry - TheBestLinks.com - Board games, Dice, Divination, Dahomey, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Cowry - TheBestLinks.com - Board games, Dice, Divination, Dahomey,...
		Cowry, Board games, Dice, Divination, Dahomey, European, Jewelry, Maldives...
		Sizes range from 5 mm (1/5") for some European species to 10 cm (4") for the Tiger Cowry, Cypraea tigris.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Cowry.html (230 words)

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