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Topic: Craniometry

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	Craniometry - LoveToKnow 1911
		The application of precise methods of measurement marks a definite phase in the development of most branches of modern science, and thus craniometry, a comprehensive expression for all methods of measuring the skull (cranium), provides a striking landmark in the progress of anthropological studies.
		The fourth subdivision of craniometry is closely allied to that which has just been described, and it deals with the comparison of the prehistoric and the recent types of mankind.
		Thirdly, and in connexion with such methods, there may be mentioned the extension of these systems of measurement, and of the methods of dealing with them on statistical principles, to the study of large numbers of the skulls of domestic and feral animals, such as white rats or the varieties of the horse.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Craniometry (2224 words)

	Craniometry and the Dark Ages
		Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, craniometry, the study of the physical dimensions of the human skull and brain, dominated the fashionable and scientifically-accurate beliefs on intelligence.
		Out of a few competing systems of the 19th century, craniometry was but one, a quantitative science of intellectual determinism.
		The extension of the jaw present in the Negro and the Chimpanzee was considered by craniometrists to be a sign of inferior evolutionary level.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0121653/craniometry.htm (173 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Craniometry
		Such attempts to relate the form of the skull to a particular character or intelligence are today unanimously denounced by the scientific community as pseudoscience, while historians study the influence and caution science provided for racially divisive ideologies in the late 19th and early 20th century, at the height of the New Imperialism period.
		On the other hand, craniometry and the study of skeletons were used to demonstrate Charles Darwin's theory of evolution first expressed in The Origin of Species (1859).
		Craniometry was also used in phrenology, which purported to determine character, personality traits, and criminality on the basis of the shape of the head and thus of the skull.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Craniometry (1965 words)

	Craniometry - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		In the 19th century the names of notable contributors to the literature of craniometry quickly increased in number.
		While it is impossible to analyse each contribution, or even record a complete list of the names of the authors, it must be added that for the purposes of far-reaching comparisons of humans to other animals, craniometric methods were used by Paul Pierre Broca in France and by T.
		The misuse of data obtained from craniometry has been compared to phrenology as a pseudoscience.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=923594 (652 words)

	Craniometry - Psychology Wiki - a Wikia wiki
		Craniometry - Psychology Wiki - a Wikia wiki
		In 1764, Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton published a noteworthy contribution to craniometry: Mémoire sur les differences de la situation du grand trou occipital dans l’homme et dans les animaux (which translates as Memoir on the Different Positions of the Occipital foramen in Man and Animals).
		While it is impossible to analyse each contribution, or even record a complete list of the names of the authors, it must be added that for the purposes of far-reaching comparisons of humans to other animals, craniometric methods were used by Paul Broca in France and by T. Huxley in England.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Craniometry (1363 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - CRANIOMETRY:
		If the ancient Hebrews were of the same stock as the modern non-Jewish Semites, and if the modern Jews are their descendants, then a pure dolichocephalic type of head would be expected among the Jews.
		As has been seen, all the results of craniometry prove that the Jews are brachycephalic, and that the dolichocephalic form is only found among them in less than two per cent of cases.
		This can be explained in two ways: either the modern Jews have very little Semitic blood in their veins, as Lombroso, Luschan, and others are inclined to think, or the ancient Hebrews may have been a brachycephalic race.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=852&letter=C (1876 words)

	Database: REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF INDIA, 1901, Page 493 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the earlier days of Anthropology, it was natural that the attention of students should have been directed mainly to the examination of skulls.
		Craniometry seemed to offer a solution of the problems regaining the origin and antiquity of the human race which then divided the scientific world.
		Anthropometry, which deals with living people, while craniometry is concerned exclusively with skulls, possesses certain advantages over the elder science.
	www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au /dcd/page.php?title=&action=next&record=1632 (525 words)

	[No title]
		Craniometry owes its importance in history to a nineteenth century American scientist named Samuel George Morton, who popularized the idea and practice.
		Later, Paul Broca, the Frenchman famous for discovering an area of the brain associated with motor-speech, replaced the seeds with lead shot, but craniometry remained otherwise static for nearly a century.
		Like much of the intelligence testing to come, craniometry evolved from a desire to scientifically explain the success and perceived superiority of people of northern European descent-and the relative failure of other groups.
	www.brainconnection.com /topics/?main=fa/measure-mind2 (831 words)

	craniometry (craniology)
		Craniometry is the measurement of cranial features in order to classify people according to race, criminal temperament, intelligence, etc. The underlying assumption of craniometry is that skull size and shape determine brain size which determines such things as intelligence and capacity for moral behavior.
		In the 19th century, the British used craniometry to justify its racist policies toward the Irish and fl Africans, whom the British considered to be inferior races.
		In the 20th century, the Nazis used craniometry and anthropometry to distinguish Aryans from non-Aryans.
	skepdic.com /cranial.html (471 words)

	The Orthotic Management of Infants With Plagiocephaly: Modification Procedures of the Positive Model - Journal of ...
		A craniometry form (Figure 6) was developed to document the linear measurements of the cranium.
		The distance is measured from the inner border of the craniometry mapping instrument to the outer surface of the positive mold.
		The cranial base forms the platform on which the rest of the skull grows and attaches, and it provides and protects the crucial foramina through which the brain connects to the face and the rest of the body.
	www.oandp.org /jpo/library/2004_04S_042.asp (1587 words)

	Human skull - Wikivisual
		The practice of craniometry has occasionally purported to reliably demonstrate racial or ethnic differences between skulls of different people.
		Although persons' descents are occasionally stereotyped as different from other ethnic groups on the basis of a variety of traits like eye, hair and skin color, all such characters are not discrete nor preserved in bones.
		Among archaeologists and forensic scientists, it is still sometimes stated that the most consistent and unique trait of ancestry in skeleton is skull shape (see craniometry).
	en.wikivisual.com /index.php/Human_skull (1162 words)

	Craniometry
		Craniometry is the technique of measuring the bones of the skull.
		There exist several indices other than the cephalic index that are meant to measure certain attributes of the head, as well.
		In 1764, Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton published a noteworthy contribution to craniometry: Mémoire sur les differences de la situation du grand trou occipital dans l’homme et dans les animaux (which translates as Memoir on the Different Positions of the Occipital Foramen in Man and Animals).
	www.toolhost.com /Craniometry.html (1218 words)

	Untitled Document
		In the mismeasure of man, Gould sets out on a path towards researching craniometry, which is the measurement of the skull to determine its characteristics as related to sex, race, or body type.
		His way of quantitive researching craniometry to me was definitely racist and unethical in many ways.
		There were many methods of quantitive research such as the craniometry, the study of bones of the skull.
	academic.evergreen.edu /d/dummar12/themismeasureofman.html (315 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Historians study the influence and caution that science provided for racially divisive ideologies in the late 19th and early 20th century, at the height of the New Imperialism period.
		His measurements of facial angle were used to liken the skulls of non-Europeans to those of apes.
		While it is impossible to analyse each contribution, or even record a complete list of the names of the authors, notable researchers who used craniometric methods to compare humans to other animals included Paul Broca (1824-1880), founder of the Anthropological Society in 1859 in France; and T.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Craniometry (2065 words)

	Craniometry
		We used the direct method, rather than stepwise discriminant function, having determined that the discrimination is basically spread over all seven variables (indicating that we are, in fact using total conformation of the skull, rather than crude size as indicated by length and breadth).
		CRANIOMETRY FIGURE 2 plots the first discriminant function (explaining 78.08% of the variance) and the second discriminant function (explaining 10.21% of the variance) for the full data set, after discriminant function analysis determined the highest probability of cluster membership for the three unassigned samples 20, 21 and 22.
		CRANIOMETRY TABLE 3: Means of Martin measurements (Martin 1957-66) for males only used in classificatory analyses for Figure 1 in Jackes et al.
	www.antiquity.ac.uk /jackes/craniometry.html (1579 words)

	CRANIOMETRY - Online Information article about CRANIOMETRY
		century the names of notable contributors to the literature of craniometry quickly increase in number; while it is impossible to analyse each contribution, or even See also:
		These qualifications were over-looked by the immediate successors of Retzius, much to the disadvantage of craniometry.
		Moreover, the methods have also been multi-plied, so that in addition to angular and linear measurements, those of the capacity or cubical contents of the cranium and those of the curva- FIG.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /COR_CRE/CRANIOMETRY.html (2115 words)

	Samuel George Morton Papers, American Philosophical Society
		Beginning prior to 1834, Morton began to take a deep interest in the quintessentially American enterprise of racial science, and his groundbreaking work in craniology and craniometry proved to be the most enduring of his scientific contributions.
		The prominence of phrenology in Philadelphia scientific circles, reflected in the work of Charles Caldwell and others, quickened Morton's interests in the measurement of skulls as a means of identifying and comparing the intellectual capacities and "character" of the races.
		Morton's omnivorous interests in natural historical and medical subjects emerges through his correspondence, although because the collection is comprised almost exclusively of in-coming letters, Morton's perspective generally must be inferred from the responses of his correspondents.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/mole/m/mortonsg.htm (1854 words)

	craniometry - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		This file is one of six making available supplementary material to the printed text of: Mary Jackes, David Lubell and Christopher Meiklejohn/ Healthy but mortal: human biology and the first...
		Click to order from Amazon craniometry (craniology) Craniometry is the measurement of cranial features in order to classify people according to race, criminal...
		Craniometry is the technique of measuring the bones of the skull.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /craniometry.html (98 words)

	craniometry craniometry craniology
		BrainConnection.com - Measuring the Mind: A History of Intelligence This idea, called craniometry, was borne from an earlier science called phrenology, in which folds of the brain were associated with intellectual properties.
		AUTCOM: The IQ Fallacy One of the earliest attempts to measure and rank human beings was known as craniometry, the measuring of heads.
		WHO ARE THE MODERN JEWS In the study of craniometry which involves the measurements of the skull, the evidence was clearly mounting against the modern Jews.
	microvascular.blog2.theviewblog.com /1143332460.html (1179 words)

	Craniometry - meaning of word
		These patterns gave life to theories of population history: several historians believed they could deduce socio-economic histories of nations and ethnic relations between nations from skull shapes.
		== Scientific research throughout history == In 1764, Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton published a noteworthy contribution to craniometry: ''Mémoire sur les differences de la situation du grand trou occipital dans l’homme et dans les animaux'' (which translates as ''Memoir on the Different Positions of the Occipital Foramen in Man and Animals'').
		I've tried to boil down the racist and pseudoscientific 1911-worldview of the original article, leaving a description of the history of craniometry behind.
	www.wordsonline.org /Craniometry (1412 words)

	ScienceLives! Online - Issues - Science and Racism
		There are still many people in the world who hate others because of the color of their skin, and who think that intelligence is determined by race.
		In the past, everything from craniometry to phrenology to I. tests were used by scientists to prove the inferiority of non-white races.
		In the example of craniometry, it was accepted by the scientists that larger heads meant more intelligence.
	www.sciencelives.com /racism.html (1983 words)

	Is Science Value Free? Summary
		During a lecture on philosophy of science, the lecturer was asked whether, in his opinion, science is value free.
		He simply answered: “I suppose you have never heard of craniometry?” The discipline of craniometry, or skull measuring, was widely practiced in nineteenth century anthropology.
		The present scientific community has dismissed the ‘evidence’ from craniometry, but in its time, the art of skull measuring served as a fundamental building block to some of the world’s more sinister ideologies.
	www.shvoong.com /books/philosophy/1698435-science-value-free (630 words)

	phrenology
		It remained popular, especially in the United States, throughout the 19th century and it gave rise to several other pseudoscientific characterologies, e.g., craniometry and anthropometry.
		Phrenology was highly praised by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Horace Mann, Thomas Edison, and Alfred Russell Wallace.
		The reason for this satisfaction is probably due subjective validation rather than to objective scientific data.
	www.skepdic.com /phren.html (849 words)

	Amazon.com: Craniometry
		Craniometry and biological distance: Biocultural continuity and change at the Late-Woodland - Mississippian interface (Research series / Center for American Archeology) by Judith Droessler (Paperback - 1981)
		CRANIOMETRY OF THE EQUIDAE by Henry Fairfield OSBORN (Hardcover - 1912)
		the skeletal landmarks used in craniometry, the cranial base is identifiable...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Craniometry&index=blended&page=1 (220 words)

	Skeptic's Dictionary: craniometry (craniology)
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		Victorian Attitudes to Race (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London and University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1971).
		Gould, Stephen J. "American Polygeny and Craniometry Before Darwin: Blacks and Indians as Separate, Inferior Species," in Harding, Racial Economy of Science, pp.
	user.chollian.net /~jeank/skeptic/cranial.html (216 words)

	craniometry - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "craniometry" is defined.
		Craniometry : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
		CRANIOMETRY : 1911 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=craniometry&ls=a (183 words)

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