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	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		rigida Palmer, Crataegus gaudens Sarg., Crataegus georgiana Sarg., Crataegus lecta Sarg., Crataegus leiophylla Sarg., Crataegus littoralis Sarg., Crataegus mackenziei Sarg., Crataegus mackenziei var.
		scabrida (Sarg.) Egglest., Crataegus dunbarii Sarg., Crataegus hadleyana Sarg., Crataegus improvisa Sarg., Crataegus iterata Sarg., Crataegus pinguis Sarg., Crataegus scabrida var.
		Synonymy: Crataegus durobrivensis Sarg., Crataegus kellermanii Sarg., Crataegus neobaxteri Sarg., Crataegus saundersiana Sarg., Crataegus suborbiculata var.
	www.csdl.tamu.edu /FLORA/cgi/ruled_html_query?colldir=kartesz/mgdata&collname=bonap98&query=Crataegus (1199 words)

	Trees of Wisconsin: Crataegus mollis, downy hawthorn
		There are about 40 species of Crataegus in Wisconsin, 17 of them are considered to be trees, and they are difficult to distinguish from one another.
		Crataegus mollis, shown here, is one of about 6-8 relatively common species.
		Most species of Crataegus appear to prefer open sun or light shade and none seems to thrive under full canopy in the long run, although they may persist in moderately shaded sites for at least 10 years.
	www.uwgb.edu /biodiversity/herbarium/trees/cramol01.htm (206 words)

	Crataegus-Hawthorn_Picture_Monograph
		Crataegus was formerly employed in the treatment of heart disease but is of doubtful value' Pharmacologically there are considerable similarities between the actions of tincture of crataegus and tincture of digitalis.
		On the other hand it reduces blood pressure, and in 10 cases of hypertension treated with 60 minims of tincture of crataegus 3 times daily, there was a uniform lowering of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
		Crataegus species have been described as sedatives [664], however the method of testing for this has been disputed [665] so evidence is not yet available.
	www.herbdatanz.com /Crataegus-Hawthorn_Picture_Monograph.htm (405 words)

	Use of crataegus formulations for prophylaxis and treatment of neoplastic diseases - Patent 6440451
		The present invention relates to the use of formulations from Crataegus for the preparation of pharmaceutical preparations or food supplements for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of tumour diseases, the formulations substantially comprising constituents of Crataegus which are soluble in polar solvents.
		Crataegus is widespread throughout the world in the temperate climate zones on the northern and southern hemispheres and in the high mountains of the tropics (R. Kaul, "Der Wei.beta.dorn: Botanik, Inhaltsstoffe, Qualitatskontrolle, Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinik [The Hawthorn: Botany, constituents, quality control, pharmacology, toxicology and clinical aspects]", 1st edition, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1998).
		Crataegus extracts which had been obtained with 70% aqueous ethanol and had been dissolved in DMSO after removal of the extraction agent showed an action profile identical to that of the extract prepared with 45% ethanol as the extraction agent, with the exception of the weaker action on the osteosarcoma cells.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6440451.html (5944 words)

	Crataegus spp.
		On the use of injectable crataegus extracts in therapy of disorders of peripheral arterial circulation in subjects with obliterating arteriopathy of the lower extremities [Article in Italian] Di Renzi 1969
		Crataegus extracts have positive inotropic, positive chronotropic, positive dromotropic but negative bathmotropic effects, increase coronary and myocardial perfusion, lower periphere resistance and have anti-arrhythmic and economizing effects.
		The tincture of Ginkgo biloba leaves, Crataegus fruits & Leonurus herbs was analyzed at determination of the sum of flavonoids in terms of quercetin, dry residue, relative density, ethanol concentration & the quality was evaluated by HPLC and spectrophotometry.
	www.herbmed.org /Herbs/Herb97.htm (5197 words)

	[No title]
		In: Arzneimittelforschung (1995 Nov) 45(11):1157-61 ISSN: 0004-4172 The hawthorn extract LI 132 (crataegus), prepared from leaves and flowers, and standardised to 2.2% flavonoids, was investigated with respect to its effect on (1) the contraction, (2) the energy-turnover and (3) the apparent refractory period (t(ref)) of isolated cardiac myocytes from adult rats.
		Crataegus extract (0.01 or 0.05%) was applied to the heart from 5 min before ischemia through the first 10 min after reperfusion.
		In the heart treated with the high concentration of Crataegus extract, the reperfusion-induced recovery of the energy metabolism was accelerated, and the level of lactate during ischemia was lower than that in the control heart, although the myocardial levels of free fatty acids during ischemia and reperfusion were not greatly affected.
	www.swsbm.com /Abstracts/Crataegus-AB.txt (3474 words)

	Hawthorn (Crataegus): Food and Medicine In China
		Crataegus, commonly called hawthorn, is a well-known herb in traditional Chinese medicine and is an herb remedy in cultures throughout much of the world where there is a temperate climate supporting growth of the trees, especially in Europe.
		In Western herbalism, crataegus fruit, leaf, and flower have all had a long history of use for treating cardiac weakness, and this has become a focus on modern research efforts (2).
		In addition, crataegus provides many of the benefits attributed to Chinese herbs that are "blood vitalizers:" reducing blood lipids, improving blood circulation, and alleviating hypertension (via vasodilation).
	www.itmonline.org /arts/crataegus.htm (1639 words)

	Crataegus - Hawthorn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Crataegus laevigata 'Paul's scarlet' rarely fruits and is usually propagated by grafting.
		Crataegus douglassii: fl hawthorn - named for its fl fruit, the spines are small (under 1 inch) or often absent.
		Crataegus monogyna: common hawthorn, one-seed hawthorne - a commonly seen hawthorn because it is hardy and adaptable.
	www.bonsai-bci.com /species/hawthorn.html (954 words)

	Crataegus - Herbal Index - herbindex.net
		Crataegus is native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere.
		The fruits of the species Crataegus pinnatifida, which are bright red and resemble small crabapple fruits, are used to make many kinds of Chinese snacks, including haw flakes and tánghúlú (糖葫芦, literally "sugar gourd", consisting of candied hawthorn fruits on bamboo skewers).
		The dried fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida (called 山楂 or shān zhā in Chinese) are used in traditional Chinese medicine, primarily as a digestive aid.
	www.herbindex.net /crataegus.html (390 words)

	Species Guide Crataegus Hawthorn Maythorn Bonsai
		Crataegus is a genus of 200 or more species of usually spiny, deciduous, occasionally semi-evergreen small trees and shrubs occurring in woodland and scrub in Northern temperate regions of the world.
		Commonly known for their very sharp thorns, their May flowers and following haws or fruit for which Crataegus take their common names of hawthorn or may. The haws are red in colour and follow the May flowering of white or deep pink colours depending on species and variety.
		Also known as May, Quick, Quickthorn, Crataegus monogyna is a rounded, deciduous tree with a large number of thorns and broadly ovate to diamond shaped, deeply 3- to 7- lobed, glossy leaves up to 5cm long.
	www.bonsai4me.com /SpeciesGuide/Crataegus.html (528 words)

	Missouri State Flower Hawthorn Blossom Crataegus
		By an act of the Fifty-second General Assembly convened at Jefferson, signed by Governor Cameron Morrison on March 16, 1923, the blossom of the hawthorn was adopted as the official floral emblem of the State of Missouri.
		The hawthorn, the blossom of the tree commonly called the "red haw" or "wild haw" and scientifically designated as crataegus, is declared to be the floral emblem of Missouri, and the state department of agriculture shall recognize it as such and encourage its cultivation on account of the beauty of its flower, fruit and foliage.
		Crataegus mollis: University of Connecticut Plant Database of Trees, Shrubs and Vines.
	www.netstate.com /states/symb/flowers/mo_hawthorn_blossom.htm (397 words)

	Hawthorn - Crataegus spp.
		The generic name Crataegus is derived from a Greek word kratus, or strength, referring to the hardness of the wood.
		From these results my deductions are that Crataegus Oxyacantha is superior to any other of the well known and tried remedies at present in use in the treatment of heart disease, becuase it seems to cure while the other remedies are only palliative at best.
		Crataegus, commended first in the New York Medical Journal for heart disease, was not only for months kept out of Lloyd Brothers' list, but was even satirized by Mr.
	www.stevenfoster.com /education/monograph/hawthorn.html (2436 words)

	Materia Medica
		Some years ago it struck me that crataegus (hawthorn), a nutritive heart tonic used in a wide variety of cardiovascular disorders, might be well-indicated for certain emotional states that lead us to “close down our hearts,” and that prescribing Crataegus at these times might, in fact, help to prevent cardiovascular disease in later life.
		Crataegus, in my experience, has an ability to open out hearts again when disappointments or grief led us to close down or distrust.
		It struck me that since crataegus is useful for heart conditions that involve a sense of constriction and closing down, it might also be useful for lung conditions with the same symptoms of constriction and tightness in the chest.
	medherb.com /Materia_Medica/Crataegus_-_Mental_and_Emotional_Indications.htm (917 words)

	Crataegus douglasii Hawthorn
		Crataegus douglasii Hawthorn tolerates seasonal flooding and deer.
		Crataegus douglasii Hawthorn is great for a bird garden.
		Crataegus douglasii Hawthorn's foliage turns a different color in the fall and type is deciduous.
	www.laspilitas.com /plants/3350.htm (360 words)

	Botany Photo of the Day: Crataegus douglasii
		The answer is, “It depends on what you mean by species.”; Depending on the taxonomic interpretation, there may be a couple hundred species or there may be over a thousand.
		Tim Dickinson of the University of Toronto cites W.H. Camp as pronouncing the determination of number of species as “The Crataegus Problem”.
		A paper specifically about the fl-fruited hawthorns (of which Crataegus douglasii is one) can be found here: North American Black-Fruited Hawthorns.
	www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org /potd/2006/12/crataegus_douglasii_1.php (592 words)

	Hawthorne berry (Crataegus oxyacantha) Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Hawthorne berry (Crataegus oxyacantha) - is found in Europe, North Africa and wester Asia.
		There has been a significant number of clinical studies that conclude Hawthorne berry is effective in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
		Crataegus Special Extract WS 1442 in NYHA II heart failure.
	www.physiciansselect.com /hawthorne-berry-crataegus-oxyacantha-information.htm (435 words)

	Crataegus biosystematics
		Taxonomic complexity in genera like Crataegus is especially bound up with the occurrence of gametophytic apomixis and polyploidy.
		Crataegus crus-galli L. sensu lato." Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 65(3): 641-654 (1985).
		Degree and pattern of variation in Crataegus section Crus-galli in Ontario." Systematic Botany, 10(3): 322-337 (1985).
	www.botany.utoronto.ca /faculty/dickinson/Crataegus.html (387 words)

	Trees of Wisconsin
		An additional 23 species of Crataegus reported for Wisconsin are deemed to be shrubs and are not listed here.
		In my experience, the number of individual plants of Crataegus is far greater in the southern half of the state, north to Brown County.
		In Brown County Crataegus is widespread and numerous, especially in disturbed, sunny locations, including consistently grazed areas where the competing plants are apparently diminished by the cattle, and Crataegus and its thorns are left to prosper.
	www.uwgb.edu /biodiversity/herbarium/trees/crataegus01.htm (395 words)

	Ron Teeguarden - Crataegus
		Crataegus is used to relieve indigestion which has resulted in abdominal distention, belching, acid regurgitation, stuffiness, anorexia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and irregular bowel movements (diarrhea or constipation) due to food retention.
		Crataegus a very commonly used herb, used to relieve indigestion which has resulted in abdominal distention, belching, acid regurgitation, stuffiness, anorexia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and irregular bowel movements (diarrhea or constipation) due to food retention.
		In China, Crataegus is often consumed as the main ingredient in a tea, or combined on a couple of other digestive herbs, when one has consumed too much meat or greasy food.
	www.yahwehsaliveandwell.com /crataegus.html (367 words)

	Botany 307F - Families of Vascular Plants - Crataegus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Virtually all Eurasian Crataegus species, regardless of ploidy level, and all known North American diploids have 20 stamens per flower.
		Guitian, J. and Fuentes, M. Reproductive ecology of Crataegus monogyna in northwestern Spain.
		Phipps, J. and Muniyamma, M. [Studies in Crataegus (Rosaceae: Maloideae) III.] A taxonomic revision of Crataegus (Rosaceae) in Ontario.
	www.botany.utoronto.ca /courses/BOT307/D_Families/307D2crataegus.html (970 words)

	Hawthorne Tree \| Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Hawthorne (Crataegus) is deciduous and a member of the rose family.
		Its Latin name, Crataegus, means "hardness", referring to the quality of the wood.
		Hawthorne hedgerow is still very evident in Britain and parts of Germany, used as a fence to keep cattle in and people out of private properties.
	www.gardenguides.com /plants/info/herbs/hawthorne.asp (2371 words)

	Crataegus viridis
		Bark on mature trunks exfoliates to reveal orange inner bark.
		Crataegus viridis ‘Winter King’ (see C410) is a popular, more disease-resistant cultivar that is noted, inter alia, for its profuse bloom of flowers, larger fruits, silvery-barked stems and more attractive fall color (purple and scarlet).
		As with most hawthorns, there is some susceptibility to cedar hawthorn rust (rust stage where eastern red cedars are present in the area) and fireblight.
	www.mobot.org /gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=B964 (271 words)

	Crataegus phaenopyrum
		Crataegus translates as "strength", referring to its wood strength.
		formerly classified as Crataegus cordata, with the former specific epithet referring to its foliage having cordate bases.
		Washington Hawthorn is a four-season ornamental tree, becoming an accent tree in early Winter with its persistent red fruits.
	www.hcs.ohio-state.edu /hcs/TMI/Plantlist/cr_pyrum.html (876 words)

	PLANTS Profile for Crataegus mollis (downy hawthorn) \| USDA PLANTS
		PLANTS Profile for Crataegus mollis (downy hawthorn)
		Crataegus mollis Scheele occures in the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia
		View 71 genera in Rosaceae, 208 species in Crataegus
	plants.usda.gov /java/profile?symbol=CRMO2 (213 words)

	Crataegus Oxyacantha - Pathogénésies de l'an 1900 - Robert Séror
		Crataegus Oxyacantha - Pathogénésies de l'an 1900 - Robert Séror
		After getting my supply I began with six drops, increasing to ten before meals and at bedtime.
		The following proving of Crataegus was conducted by the Department of Materia Medica, College of Homeopathic Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, under supervision of Dr. A.
	www.homeoint.org /seror/patho1900/cratoxy.htm (3516 words)

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