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Topic: Crawling (locomotion)

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	Articles - Crawling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Crawling is a form of moving around by some animals, including, in some cases humans, generally involving slow movement on all limbs.
		Except for using a vehicle or being carried by an animal, it is the main alternative to walking and running.
		Crawling is used mainly when a person is not capable of walking because of being an infant or due to a disability or being wounded or sick.
	www.voiprealfan.com /articles/Crawling_%28locomotion%29 (121 words)

	ZERO TO THREE BrainWonders
		Crawling, cruising and walking demonstrate the amazing ability of the baby to integrate early, primitive reflexes into coordinated behavior.
		Also fueling this drive for independent locomotion is the baby's intense desire to explore the environment and all the exciting objects in the world and to regulate distance from parents and caregivers - the freedom to move to be physically closer or farther away from parents.
		Allow him the experience of crawling and walking on carpet and other flooring such as wood floors or linoleum; each requires the baby to practice and master slightly different skills in balancing and maneuvering.
	www.zerotothree.org /brainwonders/ped_12mo.html (761 words)

	Articles - Locomotion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In biology, locomotion is the self-powered, patterned motion of limbs or other anatomical parts by which an individual customarily moves itself from place to place.
		Forms of locomotion are walking, running, crawling, climbing, swimming and flying.
		"Locomotion" is a museum in the town of Shildon, County Durham, England
	www.crunner.com /articles/Locomotion (180 words)

	Urban Entomology [Ebeling Chap. 9 part 3] Pests Attacking Mand and His Pets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It has long been assumed that the combs or ctenidia assist fleas in locomotion through fur, hair, and feathers, but this is apparently not the case; locomotion is facilitated by the strong setae on the legs, projecting almost.
		These may be deposited in any available place, but because she tends to crawl upward, they are likely to be deposited in cracks or crevices in the roofs of kennels or the ceilings of porches.
		In the attic, the dust was applied entirely from the crawl hole, and under the house, from 1 or 2 crawl holes or a larger number of foundation vents.
	www.entomology.ucr.edu /ebeling/ebel9-3.html (19692 words)

	Stulce - Dissertation Summary for Web
		This research focuses on advancing the crawling vehicle concept and developing synthesis and analysis tools to facilitate the design of such a legged robot, with the overall hope of creating a new class of vehicle that could emulate the superb all-terrain mobility exhibited by caterpillars.
		The crawling vehicle is shown to be a viable legged locomotion system that may prove to have superior rough terrain mobility to all previous types of man-made vehicles.
		To achieve this aim, the design choices for the crawling vehicle were guided by the hypothesis that the robot would achieve caterpillar-like mobility if its body structure and methods of locomotion could be made to emulate those of the caterpillar.
	filebox.vt.edu /users/jstulce/Stulce-Dissertation_Summary_for_Web.html (2037 words)

	MD Lecture 5, Pioneers in motor development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Locomotion with the body in a prone position, trunk on the ground.
		Locomotion on hands and knees with the trunk off the ground.
		Depending on which part of locomotion you are investigating, infants, toddlers and children approximate the adult pattern as early as the first year and as late as 7 to 9 years old.
	thunder.ocis.temple.edu /~mridenou/pe204/motordev/md_lec5.html (1364 words)

	Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior
		Feeding and reproductive behaviors are controlled in tandem by a common arousal mechanism, while time left over after animals feed and reproduce is distributed in a fixed ratio between locomotion (crawling and swimming) and inactivity (immobility and movement in place).
		More time is spent swimming than crawling when feeding and/or mating is prevented, while more time is spent moving in place than immobile when the arousal level is increased.
		The increase in the number of feeding episodes is related to increases in head waving and crawling, i.e., appetitive movements that bring the animal into contact with food, as well as an increase in the responsiveness to food after it is contacted.
	www.biu.ac.il /LS/People/staff/susswein2.html (6637 words)

	Exam 2 Key
		Polychaetes: crawling, swimming, burrowing with spacious segmented hydrostatic coelom, parapodia and setae.
		Hirudinea: anterior, posterior suckers for inch-worm locomotion; absent are segmented coelom, parapodia, setae
		Shell: reduced to supporting rod, chambered for bouyancy in pelagic cephalopods; hinged, laterally flattened and streamlined in benthic infauna (bivalves); protective refuge (spiralled and large aperture) for benthic snails (gastropods); flattened profile and split into plates for epibenthic chitons (polyplacophora) on wave-swept coasts.
	www.wsu.edu /~dybdahl/exam2key.html (651 words)

	Trimmer Lab: Research - Locomotion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		These crawling creatures do not escape predators by running but instead use camouflage, chemical defenses and cryptic behavior.
		As a consequence, crawling has evolved into a highly specialized form of locomotion which allows soft-bodied animals to move in complex and confined three-dimensional structures such as tubes and branches.
		Although focused on understanding animal locomotion, these studies have potential applications in the design and control of a new type of flexible robot.
	ase.tufts.edu /biology/faculty/trimmer/locomotion.html (343 words)

	[No title]
		During treadmill locomotion, electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from hindlimb muscles of Dicamptodon while simultaneous high-speed video records documented movement of the body, thigh, and crus and allowed EMGs to be synchronized to limb movements.
		In the swing phase, the femur rapidly protracted, and the leg was brought forward in an "overhand crawl" motion.
		The central neuronal mechanisms mediating locomotion in this primitive tetrapod are thus capable of considerable plasticity.
	www.herplit.com /herplit/download/1997.txt (6296 words)

	TC-99-07 Lobster Assessment
		One of the main predators they must be wary of is octopi, which love to eat lobsters.
		A lobster's main locomotion is by crawling over the bottom.
		To escape predators they use the powerful muscles in their tails to explosively propel them backwards in quick jerky movements.
	atsea.nmfs.hawaii.edu /cr9907c.htm (699 words)

	Rolling coaster for small children - Patent 5046750
		Thus it is intended to provide around the forward part of the front appendage, for example a horsehead, which has the function of a shock absorber; however placed not to disturb the sight of the child, and besides at least to remove shocks from the child to the horsehead.
		One important point, a disadvantage of such roller coasters is the drawing in of the arms in the locomotion.
		With small children of an age of a few weeks coordinated movement of the arms and legs is not yet developed.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5046750.html (2281 words)

	Keratocytes Generate Traction Forces in Two Phases -- Burton et al. 10 (11): 3745 -- Molecular Biology of the Cell
		Crawling cell locomotion involves protrusion at the leading edge, adhesion to the substratum, and retraction of the trailing
		DIC (A, D, and E) and IRM (C, F, and G) images of the same keratocyte locomoting on a stiff substratum.
		In the first phase, rearward-directed forces generated by the actin and myosin filament meshwork in the anterior lamellipodium pull the front of the cell body forward.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/10/11/3745 (11556 words)

	Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of Keratinocyte Migration by Nicotine Involves Modulations of Calcium Influx and ...
		h of incubation, and the crawling locomotion of the KCs was observed
		KC locomotion and calcium metabolism were mediated predominantly
		The deleterious effect of nicotine on crawling locomotion of KCs correlated perfectly with stimulatory effect of nicotine
	www.jpet.org /cgi/content/full/293/3/973 (6463 words)

	Aschdon's Therapies
		His stationary skills have developed through the five month level, with his development beyond this level limited by his decreased strength in his arms and upper body.
		His locomotion (crawling, standing, and attempts at walking) are limited by inadequate strength in his legs.
		He is reluctant to support weight through his hips, and through his legs, making it difficult for him to develop this strength.
	www.oursmaangels.com /aschdon/therapy.htm (271 words)

	UB Department of Biological Sciences: Clyde F. Herreid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Comparative animal studies are a powerful approach to such problems because organisms have evolved different strategies to survive stressful environments relying upon combinations of biochemical, physiological, anatomical and behavioral adaptations.
		Our research has focused upon the adaptation of organisms to a land environment especially in relation to temperature regulation, water loss, behavior and energy metabolism, and more recently, locomotion.
		e initiated the first studies on the energetics of locomotion on land for invertebrates.
	wings.buffalo.edu /academic/department/fnsm/bio-sci/faculty/herreid.html (358 words)

	Kinematic scaling of locomotion by hydrostatic animals: ontogeny of peristaltic crawling by the earthworm lumbricus ...
		Kinematic scaling of locomotion by hydrostatic animals: ontogeny of peristaltic crawling by the earthworm lumbricus terrestris
		The overall kinematics of peristaltic crawling and the dynamic
		of the scaling of the kinematics of locomotion.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/202/6/661 (542 words)

	Module and Programme Catalogue
		On completion of this module, students will be familiar with the mechanism of crawling cell locomotion, other forms of motility such as vesicle movement, cell shape and cell adhesion in a range of cell types.
		They will be able to describe the different contribution of myosin and the actin cytoskeleton, kinesin and microtubules, and intermediate filaments to these processes.
		In the same groups, the students will analyse video recordings of crawling cells in 4 practical sessions and present an individual written report, and a group poster presentation on their findings, presented in relation to published work.
	www.leeds.ac.uk /modules/200203/ug/humb3140.htm (403 words)

	1998-99 Research Accomplishments in Mathematics in Biology
		This described a project to investigate the dynamics of protrusion and retraction of the cell margin during crawling cell motility.
		The crawling form of cell locomotion is ubiquitous among vertebrate cells and plays a central role in embryogenesis and tissue repair.
		The main protein involved in crawling locomotion is actin which interacts with a host of other proteins and provides the basis of the cell's cytoskeleton.
	www.ima.umn.edu /9899research.html (12675 words)

	Chrm4 - cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 4
		The brain level of M-4 was almost at the background level in spite of a considerable plasma level.
		Mice also show cholinomimetic-induced jaw movements, and M4 receptor knockout mice demonstrate subtantially reduced levels of jaw movement activity, as well as increased locomotion.
		The present study indicates that the earlier observed increase in muscarinic receptor density in mice exposed as neonates to DDT and as adults to bioallethrin can be attributed to changes in the expression of m4.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gi/120055.html (563 words)

	LECTURE 2
		Locomotion (crawling, swimming, peristaltic movement, walking, jet propulsion.)
		Water is 800 times more dense than air and 50 times more viscous (the extent that molecules of a fluid stick together).
		This is important when considering locomotion of animals and support structures.
	comenius.susqu.edu /bi/322/IZLecture2.htm (2993 words)

	Evolutionary Techniques in Physical Robotics
		Several evolution runs were carried out for the task of locomotion.
		Fitness was awarded to machines according to the absolute average distance traveled over a specified period of neural activation.
		The evolved robots exhibited various methods of locomotion, including crawling, ratcheting and some forms of pedalism.
	www.demo.cs.brandeis.edu /papers/ices00.html (3594 words)

	Novel signaling pathways mediating reciprocal control of keratinocyte migration and wound epithelialization through M3 ...
		Proper regulation of the crawling locomotion of epithelial
		locomotion (Zheng et al., 1994; Clancy and Abramson, 2000).
		Effects of mAChR gene KO on crawling locomotion of murine KCs.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/166/2/261 (6949 words)

	0208claireparty
		She can stand up unsupported, then wobbles around uncertainly for a few seconds before collapsing giggling onto her backside.
		But, for purposes of locomotion, crawling is still king.
		Well, she burbles volubly in a language all her own, and definitely has the sense of "Ma" and "Da".
	www.martinandmaryherrington.com /0208claireparty.html (129 words)

	Abstracts I
		The discs provide for the flexibility of the segments, which is necessary for locomotion, crawling, swimming or flying.
		When the nucleus swells, the appropriately tightened annulus allows controlled flexible mobility of the vertebral segment since excess rigidity would destroy the mobility needed for locomotion but excess flexibility could lead to damage of other spinal structures, such as ligaments, joints and especially the contained neural elements.
		We are all familiar with the effect of losing air pressure in a tire, where the walls bulge, the laminations strain to separate from each other and the tire cord virtually disintegrates and leaks.
	www.raymedica.com /abstracts1.htm (3115 words)

	Book Reviews: Scanning Nov/Dec. 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In Dynamics of Motility, I. Weber and colleagues studied the effects of actin-binding proteins mutations in Dictiostelium on cell shape and motility.
		Peckham and co-workers used genetic manipulation of components of locomotory machinery combined with a newly developed technique of quantitative light microscopy (by G. Dunn and D. Zicha) as tools for improved understanding of crawling cell locomotion in myoblasts.
		Elson and co-workers describe and analyse forces exerted on cell locomotion.
	www.scanning.org /scanabstracts/SCANNING99/21398.bookreviews.shtml (1656 words)

	Cost-benefit analysis potential in feeding behavior of a predatory snail by integration of hunger, taste, and pain -- ...
		Suppression of Active Avoidance and Locomotion by Active Feeding (Biting).
		We further observed the interruption of locomotion and avoidance turns by induced biting in 29 animals during repeated threshold
		in these experiments, avoidance and locomotion are suppressed.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/7/3585 (3681 words)

	Vocabulary and Definitions for The Desert Habitat; Form and Function Vista/Module, A Dry Land
		rectilinear - an animal locomotion that involves crawling on the surface of the ground; typically used by certain snakes
		serpentine - an animal locomotion that involves crawling on the surface of the ground; typically used by certain snakes
		sidewinding - an animal locomotion that involves crawling on the surface of the ground; typically used by certain snakes
	schoolscience.rice.edu /science/curricula/PrintPreviewLearningExperienceOnly.cfm?LEID=1714&CurriculaID=307 (2748 words)

	The M4 muscarinic receptor-selective effects on keratinocyte crawling locomotion. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The M4 muscarinic receptor-selective effects on keratinocyte crawling locomotion.
		The M4 muscarinic receptor-selective effects on keratinocyte crawling locomotion.Early results suggested that M(4) is the predominant mAChR regulating cell motility.
		To determine muscarinic effects on lateral migration of KC, we used an agarose gel keratinocyte outgrowth system (AGKOS) which provides for measurements of the response of large cell populations (> 10(4) cells).
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/9842936.html (211 words)

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