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	Supercomputer article - Supercomputer Batcher computer Seymour Cray Control Data Corporation Cray - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A supercomputer is a computer that leads the world in terms of processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation, at the time of its introduction.
		Today, supercomputers are typically one-off custom designs produced by "traditional" companies such as IBM and HP, who had purchased many of the 1980s companies to gain their experience, although Cray Inc. still specializes in building supercomputers.
		The speed of a supercomputer is generally measured in flops (floating point operations per second); this measurement ignores communication overheads and assumes that all processors of the machine are provided with data and are working at full speed.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Supercomputer (1624 words)

	SuperComputer: Tutte le informazioni su SuperComputer su Encyclopedia.it (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In passato, i supercomputer erano dotati di architetture più sofisticate e componentistica migliore degli usuali computer al fine di poter svolgere con maggior efficienza le elaborazioni assegnate.
		Nel 1966 Michael J. Flynn classifica i sistemi di supercalcolo a seconda della molteplicità del flusso di istruzioni e del flusso dei dati che possono gestire; in seguito questa classificazione è stata estesa con una sottoclassificazione per considerare anche il tipo di architettura della memoria.
		I supercomputer odierni sono prodotti da una ristretta cerchia di aziende, tra cui IBM, Sun Microsystems, HP, NEC e Fujitsu.
	www.encyclopedia.it /s/su/supercomputer.html (758 words)

	Supercomputing - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Supercomputers traditionally gained their speed over conventional computers through the use of innovative designs that allow them to perform many tasks in parallel, as well as complex detail engineering.
		Supercomputer operating systems, today most often variants of UNIX, are every bit as if not more complex as those for smaller machines.
		The speed of a supercomputer is generally measured in "FLOPS" (Floating Point Operations Per Second); this measurement is based on a particular benchmark, which mimics a class of real-world problems, but is significantly easier to compute than a majority of real-world problems.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /supercomputing.htm (1844 words)

	Obit on Seymour Cray
		Cray, who as a young electrical engineer at Control Data Corp. in the late 1950s led the design of the world's first transistor-based computer, went on to develop a string of supercomputing machines that were known for their elegance and simplicity, but most of all for their blazing speed.
		Cray was instrumental in creating a constant stream of design advances and innovative technologies that were later adopted by the rest of the computer industry.
		Cray is survived by two daughters, Susan Borman of Eua Claire, Wisc., and Carolyn Arnold of Minneapolis; a son, Steven, of Chippewa Falls; a sister, Carol Kersten of Rochester, Minn., and five grandchildren.
	www.cgl.ucsf.edu /home/tef/cray/obit.html (633 words)

	Seymour Cray - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cray quickly came to be regarded as an expert on digital computer technology, especially following his design work on the ERA 1103, the first commercially successful scientific computer.
		Cray wanted to follow immediately, but William Norris refused as Cray was in the midst of completing a project for the US Navy, with whom Norris was interested in maintaining a good relationship.
		In 1989 Cray was faced with a repeat of past history when the Cray-3 started to run into difficulties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Seymour_Cray (1006 words)

	Supercomputer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Supercomputers introduced in the 1960s were designed primarily by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), and led the market into the 1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research.
		Today, supercomputers are typically one-of-a-kind custom designs produced by "traditional" companies such as IBM and HP, who had purchased many of the 1980s companies to gain their experience, although Cray Inc. still specializes in building supercomputers.
		Seymour Cray's supercomputer designs attempted to keep cable runs as short as possible for this reason: hence the cylindrical shape of his famous Cray range of computers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Supercomputer (2026 words)

	cray 1
		The sad part of the story is that Seymour Cray still had ideas he wanted to bring to reality at the time he was killed in a car accident.
		The Cray 1 was the world's first "supercomputer," a machine that leapfrogged existing technology when it was introduced in 1971.
		Also unique was the Cray's use of low-density/very high-speed ECL circuits (that required liquid Freon for cooling in their cramped configuration), rather than high-density/slower speed devices.
	www.thocp.net /hardware/cray_1.htm (704 words)

	Cray Supercomputer FAQ
		Known collectively as the "Cray effect", they are the combination of algorithm scaling problems, cyclic accumulation of errors and parallelism interdependencies that seem to show up most times you take an apparently well behaved small program and run it longer harder and further than possible on a conventional system.
		Cray machines could not support "alloca", so minor magic had to be applied to programs using "alloca." In the very early days, many C programs suffered from the "nUxi" problem, but that was hardly unique to Cray machines.
		On the company move to the "new" Cray Research Park from the 1440 Northland Drive facility, the first ducky day at the new location was celebrated by putting the torch to the wooden portion of the reassembled sculpture on the island in the middle of Cray Lake.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/computer/system/cray/faq (7846 words)

	CNN - Seymour Cray, father of supercomputer, dies - Oct. 5, 1996
		Cray had been in the hospital since September 22 when his Jeep Cherokee was hit by another car on Interstate 25 in Colorado Springs.
		Cray is credited with developing the first fully transistorized supercomputer in 1958.
		Cray Research was sold to Silicon Graphics Inc. and Cray began again with Cray Computer Corp. in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/9610/05/cray.obit (462 words)

	CS 3604 Assignment 2: Supercomputers, Spring 1997
		Cray Research, which was the U.S. leader in building the fastest supercomputers for many years.
		Founding Cray Computer Corporation in 1989, he again built what would be (briefly) the fastest supercomputer in the world at around 4-5 gigaflops, the Cray 3, which is based on superfast 1 GHz gallium arsenide (GaAs) processors rather than conventional silicon processors, which were, and still are, topping out at 400-500 MHz.
		Supercomputers, on the other hand, were designed, built, and bought to work on extremely large jobs that could be handled by no other type of computing system.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/SUPERCOM.Calle.HTML (2038 words)

	04/30/90 THE GENIUS
		In a recent -- and rare -- speech, Cray wryly recalled what he considered his ''social problem.'' He used a circular sliderule, and because it didn't hang from his belt in a leather case like the more popular straight ones, he fretted that he wouldn't be recognized on campus as a budding engineer.
		Cray does prefer econoboxes to fancy cars, though, and according to his sister, mounts a watch on the dashboard rather than ordering a clock.
		Cray officially became a consultant to the company and devoted himself to the Cray-2, which then was intended to be the market's first GaAs computer.
	www.businessweek.com /1989-94/pre88/b31571.htm (3519 words)

	Cray's Supercomputer
		Supercomputer to predict the impact of events such as chemical emissions or biological plumes on surrounding communities
		CRAY) today announced that Nevada's Desert Research Institute (DRI) has chosen the Cray XD1™ supercomputer as a key computational platform for carrying out environmental research that involves high-resolution modeling and complex forecasting.
		Cray is a registered trademark, and Cray XD1 is a trademark, of Cray Inc. AMD, AMD Opteron and combinations thereof are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
	www.airapparent.ca /library/full_text/craysupercomputer.htm (970 words)

	Supercomputers
		Supercomputers are used to solve problems that are too complex or too massive for standard computers, like calculating how individual molecules move in a tornado, or forecasting detailed weather patterns.
		The next generation of supercomputers (some of which are presently in the early stages of development) is predicted to break the petaflop level.
		Supercomputers that use thousands of Pentium Pro processors in a parallel configuration to meet the supercomputing demands of their customers.
	www.infoweblinks.com /content/supercomputers.htm (1100 words)

	National Partnership for Advanced Computational Infrastructure: Archives
		Cray Inc. systems can compete for much of the $2.5 billion growth in the HPC market and expand high-end market share by reclaiming applications for supercomputing that are now served by mid-range systems.
		Cray Inc. will continue to invest in the completion of Cray's existing development projects, particularly the Cray SV2, which will offer next-generation vector processing technology and is targeted for first delivery in 2002.
		Cray brings a sizable base of third-party applications software as a result of its long history of fostering relationships with key suppliers of strategically important design, analysis, and simulation codes.
	www.npaci.edu /online/v4.5/tera.html (1849 words)

	Cray X1 supercomputer tests impress officials
		There are plenty of expansion plans for the Cray system in the months and years ahead, as ORNL and the computer company work together to develop the world's top machine for science research.
		Zacharia said initial indications are that the Cray supercomputer may perform as its developers planned, which is encouraging news in a high-risk field that's fraught with uncertainty.
		Zacharia said it's important to understand that the supercomputer, with its new architecture, is still in its earliest stages of development - unlike some mature IBM machines that have progressively improved over 10 years or more.
	www.csm.ornl.gov /PR/NS03-23-03.html (701 words)

	Cray History
		Cray Inc., formed from the March 2000 merger of Tera Computer Company and Cray Research, is the global supercomputing leader.
		Tragically, Seymour Cray died of injuries suffered in an auto accident in September 1996 at the age of 71.
		Upon the merger with the Cray Research division of SGI in 2000, the company was renamed Cray Inc. and the ticker symbol was changed to CRAY.
	www.cray.com /about_cray/history.html (972 words)

	[Cray] CRAY supercomputer project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		UWC Supercomputer Project The SA National Bioinformatics Institute is due to shortly receive a $1 000 000 supercomputer from CRAY computers.
		Supercomputers have in the main, been extremely expensive tools for elite projects.
		All communications with respect to the CRAY project should be via the sending of mail to cray@sanbi.ac.za.
	www.sanbi.ac.za /pipermail/cray/2002-May/000002.html (379 words)

	Cray Inc., Ohio Supercomputer Center Collaborate to Assess Technologies for Cray SV2 Supercomputer
		Cray and OSC signed the memorandum of understanding at SC2001, the annual conference of the high-performance computing community in progress here.
		Cray and OSC also will evaluate data archival tools and related technologies as part of the agreement.
		The Cray SV2 supercomputer will offer extreme performance from tens of gigaflops (billions of calculations per second) to multiple tens of teraflops (trillions of calculations per second).
	www.osc.edu /press/releases/2001/sc2001/craysv1.shtml (635 words)

	© AMDboard.com - AMD & Cray Special
		Cray Inc. today reported an order valued at approximately $8 million from an unnamed international customer for a Cray X1E supercomputer and a Cray XD1 supercomputer.
		The Cray XT3 supercomputer's architecture, co-designed with Sandia as part of the $90 million "Red Storm" system contract, delivers superior scalable application performance and value across a range of configurations from 200 to 30,000 processors, with peak performance of up to 144 teraflops (trillions of calculations per second).
		Cray is working with leading Independent Software Vendors (ISVs) to exploit the Cray XD1 system's advantages on widely used CAE applications.
	www.amdboard.com /cray.html (1878 words)

	NASA - NASA Langley CRAY-2 Supercomputer to be Exhibited at Virginia Air and Space Center
		The CRAY-2 supercomputer, used for nearly a decade to simulate flight for hundreds of research aircraft at NASA’s Langley Research Center, will now be housed at the Virginia Air and Space Center for public display.
		The machine was manufactured by worldwide supercomputer leader Cray Research, Eagan, Minn. and was one of the most powerful computers in the world when it was installed in 1988.
		Cray Research is donating additional exhibitry to the display as well as covering moving costs for the May 30 event.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/langley/news/releases/1996/May96/96_40.html (520 words)

	PRESS RELEASE Largest Cray XD1 Supercomputer to Date Will Be Installed at the Naval Research Laboratory's D.C. Facility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The NRL's Cray XD1 system was purchased through the Department of Defense (DoD) High Performance Computing Modernization Program (HPCMP), an initiative aimed at delivering a world-class computing capability to the DoD's science and technology and test and evaluation communities.
		The Cray XD1 system optimizes both these technologies with a high-speed interconnect that makes communications among the processors faster, and also speeds the interchange between the processors and the FPGA devices.
		Cray is a registered trademark, and Cray XD1 is a trademark, of Cray Inc. AMD, AMD Opteron and combinations thereof are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Xilinx and Virtex are registered trademarks of Xilinx, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
	www.marketwire.com /mw/release_html_b1?release_id=92645 (815 words)

	PRESS RELEASE New Rice Research System Will Feature a Cray XD1 Supercomputer With 672 AMD Opteron Cores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Equipped with 336 Dual-Core AMD Opteron™ processors (672 cores), the supercomputer will be used by Rice researchers for studies that include computer science, biophysics, computational mathematics, earth sciences and cognitive neuroscience.
		The acquisition of the supercomputer was funded by a $2 million federal grant, one of the largest awarded under the National Science Foundation's Major Research Infrastructure program.
		Cray is a registered trademark, and Cray XD1 is a trademark, of Cray Inc. AMD, AMD Opteron, HyperTransport and combinations thereof are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
	www.marketwire.com /mw/release_html_b1?release_id=93118 (1063 words)

	Cray supercomputer ready for use (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The machine is presently leased to MIT as part of a five-year research agreement with Cray Research.
		Those who wish to use the supercomputer must pay either an unburdened usage rate of $125 per hour or a fully-burdened rate of approximately $140 per hour; in addition, a one-page proposal describing planned usage is required of each user on a yearly basis.
		Supercomputing is both a speedy and economical alternative to local computing on workstations and minisupercomputers, Andrew said.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V109/N42/super.42n.html (341 words)

	Seymour Cray
		Supercomputers are defined as computers that have extraordinary high numbers of integrated chips that allow them to process information at much higher speeds than other computers.
		The first Cray supercomputer, the Cray-1, was unveiled in 1976.
		Cray was a co-founder of Control Data Corporation in 1957 and later started Cray Research in 1972.
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0767220.html (119 words)

	[No title]
		And the Cray is just an addition – and a small addition at that – to the main array in Kihei.
		Most, though not all, of the center’s work is for the Department of Defense, and the Cray acquisition was a coup for the center and for Cray.
		Cray, which has not sold hardware to the Maui center before, describes its machine as having 288 processors of 2.6 gigahertz and four gigabytes of memory per processor.
	www.mauinews.com /story.aspx?id=7211 (1370 words)

	IBM ASIC technology helps power new Cray X1 supercomputer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		IBM today announced that it is the sole application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technology provider for the new Cray (Nasdaq: CRAY) X1 supercomputer, which is now being shipped to customers.
		The chips feature gate counts as high as 14.2 million, an average gate count of about 9.5 million, and a total gate count of about 7.5 billion (a gate is a basic logic circuit).
		The ASICs chips provide processing power for the new Cray system, and are used for both scalar computation and vector processing.
	www-3.ibm.com /chips/news/2003/0102_cray.html (465 words)

	Cray's king-of-the-hill supercomputer \| CNET News.com
		Aside from creating the X1 systems, Cray is also under contract to build a supercomputer for Sandia National Laboratories that is capable of 40 teraflops.
		IBM is also working on faster supercomputers, and SGI has introduced a new machine of its own, the Origin 3900.
		Cray plans to ship the final versions of the X1 later this year.
	news.com.com /2100-1001-965805.html (389 words)

	Cray Faq Home page
		Cray virtual museum with good machine pictures at the Charles Babbage Institute.
		ECMWF Supercomputer history Pictures are not all of the machines described.
		NCAR, SCD supercomputer gallery, photos and information on high-performance computers the Scientific Computing Division has supported at the National Center for Atmospheric Research from 1963 to the present
	www.spikynorman.dsl.pipex.com /CrayWWWStuff (520 words)

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