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	Crayfish Plague
		The ban of 1 August 1989 was a response to the fungal disease (Aphanomyces astaci) commonly known as the crayfish plague, spread mainly by the incorporation of alien species of crayfish.
		Recent studies have shown that the crayfish plague is not indigenous to Europe, rather it was introduced by the incorporation of new species of crayfish from the Americas.
		The crayfish plague carried by foreign species of crayfish was seen as a threat to the habitat and living conditions of natural species of German crayfish.
	www.american.edu /TED/crayfish.htm (4419 words)

	Crayfish plague - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Crayfish plague, Aphanomyces astaci, is a water mould that infects and kills the European Astacus crayfish.
		The signal crayfish is, although resistant, a carrier of the plague, and efforts to reintroduce the original European crayfish, has been quite unsuccessful because of subsequent large implantations of signal crayfish, most of them done on private initiative.
		Such implantations of the signal crayfish was the reason for the spread of the disease to United Kingdom and Ireland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crayfish_plague (200 words)

	Signal crayfish - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Due to the crayfish plague that ravaged European crayfish stocks and has almost exterminated the noble crayfish Astacus astacus, Swedish biologists searched for a crayfish that could replace the native European crayfish.
		This was the beginning of the introduction of this crayfish not only to various European countries but also to Japan.
		Unfortunately, this crayfish has been carelessly introduced to various countries without considering the fact that it carries the crayfish plague, and thus causes the eventual extermination of native crayfish.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Signal_crayfish (147 words)

	SocietyGuardian.co.uk \| Society Guardian \| The aliens have arrived
		The plague is a fungus which arrived in Italy in the 1860s and rapidly spread through much of Europe, wiping out the indigenous crayfish populations.
		In England, the signal crayfish was deliberately introduced by crayfish farmers in the 1970s, and by the 1980s the native white-clawed crayfish was being affected.
		Plague outbreaks in Scotland and Ireland are said to have come from fishing tackle carrying spores.
	society.guardian.co.uk /societyguardian/story/0,7843,769967,00.html (1014 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		plague plague, any contagious, malignant, epidemic disease, in particular the bubonic plague and the fl plague (or Black Death), both forms of the same infection.
		crayfish crayfish or crawfish, freshwater crustacean smaller than but structurally very similar to its marine relative the lobster, and found in ponds and streams in most parts of the world except Africa.
		plague -> History The earliest known visitation of the plague to Europe occurred in Athens in 430 BC A disastrous epidemic occurred in the Mediterranean during the time of the Roman emperor Justinian; an estimated 25% to 50% of the population is reported to have succumbed.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Crayfish+plague (445 words)

	Crayfish Plague (Fungus Disease)
		The first sign of a crayfish plague mortality may be the presence of crayfish at large during daylight hours (crayfish are normally nocturnal), some of which may show evident loss of coordination in their movements, and easily fall over on their backs and are unable to right themselves.
		The crayfish plague fungus Aphanomyces astaci - diagnosis, isolation, and pathology.
		Physiological adaptation of an Aphanomyces astaci strain isolated from the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii.
	www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /sci/shelldis/pages/cpfdcy_e.htm (3219 words)

	Signal crayfish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The crayfish plague, which is a fungal disease, arrived in the second half of the nineteenth century from America in Europe, where it destroyed large parts of the indigenous crayfish populations that lacked resistance to the new disease.
		The signal crayfish is similar in appearance and ecology to the noble crayfish.
		Crayfish are omnivorous, which means they will eat anyything, and won't hesitate to eat dead individuals of the same species or even living ones that are still soft shortly after casting their calcareous outer skeleton.
	www.nrm.se /ev/dok/signal.html.en (586 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Klärding, Katrin Morphological studies on crayfish plague (pathogen: Aphanomyces astaci, Oomycetes) in Noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) In the literature section of this doctoral thesis the life cycle and anatomy of Noble crayfish is described.
		Also the literature concerning Aphanomyces astaci, the agent causing crayfish plague, as well as the disease crayfish plague itself and its clinical symptoms, macroscopical and microscopical changes in susceptible and resistant crayfish species is summarised.
		In the study presented Noble crayfish from naturally crayfish plague-infected populations as well as animals that were experimentally infected, either by a contact to diseased crayfish or by spore infection, have been investigated.
	www.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de /english/research/dissertations/promotion/ws00-01/KlaerdingK.txt (464 words)

	Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals - 2003
		The European crayfish species, the Noble crayfish Astacus astacus of north-west Europe, the stone crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes of south-west and west Europe, the related Austropotamobius torrentium (mountain streams of south-west Europe) and the slender clawed or Turkish crayfish Astacus leptodactylus of eastern Europe and Asia Minor are all highly susceptible.
		The first sign of a crayfish plague mortality may the presence of numbers of crayfish at large during daylight (crayfish are normally nocturnal), some of which may show evident loss of co-ordination in their movements, and easily fall over on their backs and are unable to right themselves.
		In susceptible species where sufficient numbers of crayfish are present to allow infection to spread rapidly, particularly at summer water temperatures, infection will spread quickly and stretches of over 50 km may loose all their crayfish in under 21 days from first observed mortality.
	www.oie.int /eng/normes/fmanual/A_00053.htm (2518 words)

	1092 White-clawed (or Atlantic stream) crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes - SAC selection species account
		Crayfish plague can be introduced into a waterbody not only by entry of signal crayfish but also by water, fish or equipment that has been in contact with signals.
		Although crayfish plague outbreaks have occurred in the Midlands, this waterbody is isolated from river systems and is a good example of a ‘refuge’ site in an important part of the species’ former range.
		As with most of the remaining crayfish populations in the south and east of England, the threats from non-native crayfish species and crayfish plague are severe.
	www.jncc.gov.uk /ProtectedSites/SACselection/species.asp?FeatureIntCode=S1092 (956 words)

	Cambridge Green Belt Project - Species - White-Clawed Crayfish
		Crayfish plague is one of the reasons for the decline in white-clawed crayfish populations, especially in the South.
		The disease is caused by a fungus, Aphanomyces astaci.
		Crayfish plague may be spread by spores on nets and waders, so if these are used where there is a non-native crayfish population or where crayfish deaths have occurred, they should be left to dry out completely, then treated with disinfectant and rinsed before further use.
	www.greenbeltproject.org.uk /som0410.html (376 words)

	Crayfish plague -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Crayfish plague, Aphanomyces astaci, is a (additional info and facts about water mould) water mould that infects and kills the European (Type genus of the family Astacidae; Old World crayfish) Astacus (Small freshwater decapod crustacean that resembles a lobster) crayfish.
		Unfortunately, the Swedes tried to find a replacement crayfish in the 1950s and the 1960s and settled on the (additional info and facts about signal crayfish) signal crayfish.
		The signal crayfish is, although resistant, a carrier of the plague, and efforts to reintroduce the original European crayfish, has been quite unsuccessful because of subsequent large implantations of (additional info and facts about signal crayfish) signal crayfish, most of them done on private initiative.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/C/Cr/Crayfish_plague.htm (180 words)

	Crayfish plague
		Crayfish plague is caused by infection with the freshwater oomycete fungus, Aphanomyces astaci.
		The North American crayfish is largely resistant and is a carrier of the disease agent and source of transmission among less resistant species of crayfish.
		Crayfish plague can occur at any time of year, but is more likely in the summer months.
	www.disease-watch.com /documents/CD/index/html/cp001cra.htm (652 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Incorporating Science, Economics, and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary ...
		Crayfish plague is a disease of crayfish native to the United States.
		Crayfish are thought to keep aquatic plant growth in check and their absence is associated with overgrowth of lakes (Unestam, 1973).
		Increased spread of crayfish plague via Signal crayfish introductions appears to have increased the frequency of infections and also may have prevented the extinction of the pathogen with its dying native hosts in isolated bodies of water.
	books.nap.edu /books/0309070902/html/105.html (883 words)

	American crayfish invade Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Crayfish plague had been introduced into Europe in the ballast water of ships.
		Following the epidemic of crayfish plague throughout Europe and the failures at restocking from one pool to another the idea of replacing our species by others from America rapidly took hold.
		The German populations have migrated to the east and the American crayfish is present throughout the whole of Poland and in Lithuania.
	www.sea-river-news.com /116_6_gb.php (557 words)

	minnesota sea grant - aquaculture - northern crayfish: an update
		Crayfish wild harvest and aquaculture may have the potential to develop into a significant industry in Minnesota and Wisconsin.
		The rusty crayfish is not native to either Minnesota or Wisconsin, but it is now found in both states.
		Crayfish periodically molt or shed their hard exoskeleton in order to grow.
	www.seagrant.umn.edu /aqua/northern.html (1582 words)

	Defra, UK - Fisheries - Salmon and freshwater fisheries - Crayfish
		In Britain one of the biggest threats to the native crayfish is the presence of introduced non-native species, particularly the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus).
		The signal crayfish is quite capable of walking overland in its search for a home, it will rapidly colonise freshwater sites and can not only competitively exclude our native crayfish, but it also carries a fungal disease, the crayfish plague, to which the native crayfish has no defence.
		Non-native crayfish to be kept in markets, hotels and restaurants for the purpose of direct supply for human consumption are covered by a general licence issued under the Crayfish Order.
	www.defra.gov.uk /fish/freshwater/crayfish.htm (1359 words)

	Limnology at the University of Lund.Crayfish, Stable Isotopes and Organic Pollutants
		We are a group working with the ecology of freshwater crayfish, with particular emphasis on the interactions within the benthic communities and the structuring effects of crayfish on the benthic ecosystems and on the resulting influence on the dynamics of pollutants in these ecosystems.
		The signal crayfish is an exotic species (introduced from North America in the late 1960s), that may have negative effects on the distribution of the native crayfish by transferring the fungus causing the crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci), and by competitive exclusion.
		Despite a large human consumption of crayfish captured (ca 1000 tons) and imported to Sweden for consumption (ca 2500 tons, mainly Procambarus clarkii farmed in Louisiana, Spain and China), the bioaccumulation of pollutants in crayfish is not known.
	www.limnol.lu.se /limnologen/grupp_sida.asp?id=4 (1028 words)

	Action plan for Austropotamobius pallipes
		Crayfish plague, a disease caused by the fungus Aphanomyces astaci which is carried by some North American crayfish including the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus.
		Seek to control the keeping of non-native crayfish which are not yet established in the wild, and the trade of non-native crayfish as pets or for other ornamental purposes throughout the UK.
		Investigate the potential for recovery of native crayfish in areas affected by crayfish plague, and the feasibility of re-introducing the species to these areas.
	www.ukbap.org.uk /UKPlans.aspx?ID=124 (930 words)

	WHITE-CLAWED CRAYFISH (AUSTROPOTAMOBIUS PALLIPES) ACTION PLAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The only species of crayfish native to Britain, the White-clawed Crayfish has suffered a considerable decline in recent years through loss of habitat and the incidence of Crayfish Plague, which is carried by non-native crayfish.
		However, Signal Crayfish are not always found in the vicinity of plague outbreaks, and it has been shown that its spores can be transmitted in a variety of other ways, including by water, fish, effluent from fish and crayfish farms, and damp equipment, for example equipment used by anglers.
		It is not readily possible to screen Signal Crayfish for the disease and so identify which populations are likely to transmit the disease to native crayfish.
	www.wildlifebcnp.org /northants-bap/Crayfish.htm (1730 words)

	Document sans titre
		White-clawed crayfish populations in the province of Cuenca (Central Spain) had been surveyed periodically with different methodologies, intensity and success since the major outbreaks of crayfish plague at the mid-1980's.
		Whereas adult crayfish occur under stones and boulders in the river, juveniles and small individuals may be found along the margins, among rootlets and vegetation.
		Besides biological reasons (diseases, plague), the impact of toxic and harmful substances (fertilisers, herbicides), or waste water effluents, habitat alteration or fragmentation are responsible for their decline in some regions.
	labo.univ-poitiers.fr /craynet/dublin_abstracts.htm (5559 words)

	Crayfish - UK Safari
		In 1970 the American Signal Crayfish (Pacifastacus lenusculus) was introduced to the UK for the restaurant trade.
		The Signal Crayfish takes over the territories of our native species and also carry the 'crayfish plague', a deadly fungal disease which has virtually wiped out our native White-Clawed Crayfish.
		Signal crayfish dominate in the south and east of the country.
	www.uksafari.com /crayfish.htm (232 words)

	issg Database: Ecology of Aphanomyces astaci
		Native European crayfish populations are not resistant to this fungus.
		This crayfish are known to be responsible for the transmission of the crayfish plague fungus, A.
		Water currents: Soderhall and Cerenius (1999) state that crayfish plague outbreaks directly or indirectly (via sucessive transitions between indigenous crayfish) are caused by transmissions of the crayfish plague fungus from signal crayfish, (Pacifastacus leniusculus) a North American species of freshwater crayfish, and that this alien crayfish has spread the disease to many countries in Europe.
	www.issg.org /database/species/ecology.asp?si=107&fr=1&sts=sss (1746 words)

	White Clawed Crayfish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Maintain the current distribution of white clawed crayfish in the Cheshire region and prevent the further spread of signal crayfish.
		Attempt to maintain the present distribution of this species by limiting the spread of crayfish plague, limiting the spread of non-native species, and by maintaining appropriate habitat conditions.
		White clawed crayfish are protected under Schedule 5 of Wildlife and Countryside Act, Appendix III of the Bern Convention and Annexes IIa and Va of the European Habitats and Species Directive.
	www.cheshire-biodiversity.org.uk /invert-crayfish.htm (644 words)

	River crayfish: trends in numbers - Environmental Data Compendium
		It is thought that crayfish plague is responsible for the species' mortality.
		The disease arrived via exotic crayfish that have since established in freshwater habitats in the Netherlands: the Turkish crayfish, the American red swamp crayfish and the American spiny-cheek crayfish.
		These three species have been able to supplant the native river crayfish in a number of water bodies because they are more tolerant of water pollution and are resistant to crayfish plague.
	www.mnp.nl /mnc/i-en-1087.html (368 words)

	Encyclopedia: Crayfish plague (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Binomial name Aphanomyces astaci Schikora, 1906 Crayfish plague, Aphanomyces astaci, is a water mould that infects and kills the European Astacus crayfish.
		For a Greek place of this name, see Astakos Species Astacus astacus Astacus leptodactylus Astacus pachypus Astacus is a genus of crayfish found in Europe and western Asia, comprising three species: Astacus astacus (Linnaeus, 1758), the noble crayfish, European crayfish, or broad-fingered crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823), the Danube...
		Due to the crayfish plague that ravaged European crayfish stocks and has almost exterminated the noble crayfish Astacus astacus, Swedish biologists searched for a crayfish that could replace the native...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Crayfish-plague (756 words)

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