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Topic: Tidal creeks

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	OzCoast: Conceptual Models - Tidal creeks
		Tidal creeks are the most common type of coastal waterway in Australia, and are most abundant in north-western Australia and the Gulf of Carpentaria, where they occur along mostly macrotidal, low-gradient coastal plains.
		The geomorphology of tidal creeks is usually comprised of a straight, sinuous, or dendritic tidal channel(s) that taper (in a negative-exponential fashion upstream) and shoal to landward (Wolanski et al., 1992).
		Tidal creeks are highly variable in size (Heap et al., 2001) and, due to strong tidal currents generated by large tidal ranges, are usually highly turbid.
	www.ozestuaries.org /conceptual_mods/tc/tc.jsp (753 words)

	Cross Harbour Creek Restoration
		Tidal creeks, one particular type of estuary, are integral components of the coastal zone of the Bahamas.
		More than 40 acres of tidal creek (wetland) habitat were blocked from tidal influence, resulting in an isolated wetland with limited marine input (only seepage through the limestone rocks under the road, and on extremely high tides).
		Fish movement patterns One of the most important purposes of tidal creek restoration is to improve quality of, and access to, important habitat that may serve as “nurseries” for ecologically and economically important fish species.
	www.friendsoftheenvironment.org /crossharbourcree.html (2119 words)

	Charleston Urban Growth Model Used to Identify Resources at Risk
		Tidal creeks were extracted from an estuaries GIS data file from the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC).
		Tidal creeks that were impaired due to NPS pollution were thus identified by intersecting the tidal creeks data set with the DHEC water quality data.
		The area of tidal creeks impacted by urbanization could grow from 41.3 percent of the total in 1994 to 72.6 percent by 2030, meaning that 53.4 percent of the currently unaffected creeks, or 4,661 acres, are at risk.
	gis.esri.com /library/userconf/proc01/professional/papers/pap324/p324.htm (4373 words)

	Conservation & Recreation
		Tidal creeks and sloughs are shallow channels that meander through agricultural lands and are usually diked to prevent flooding of the adjacent areas.
		Tidal creeks are characterized by depressed salinities as a result of upland runoff or stream flow into the channel.
		Jacoby Creek, Eureka Slough, and Elk River Slough are all tidal creeks with a significant amount of freshwater inflow from creeks and rivers.
	www.humboldt.edu /~storage/humboldtbay/con_rec/bay_habitats.html (3186 words)

	OzEstuaries: Conceptual Models - Tidal creeks
		Tidal creeks are the most common type of coastal waterway in Australia, and are most abundant in north-western Australia and the Gulf of Carpentaria, where they occur along mostly macrotidal, low-gradient coastal plains.
		The coastal mudflats that generally surround tidal creeks tend to be at or above the limit of high tide, and seawater is mainly confined to the tidal channel, except during spring tides.
		Tidal creeks are highly variable in size (Heap et al., 2001) and, due to strong tidal currents generated by large tidal ranges, are usually highly turbid.
	www.ga.gov.au /ozestuaries/conceptual_mods/tc/tc.jsp (749 words)

	Benthic Fauna of New Hanover County Tidal Creeks
		These tidal creek systems are dynamic, meaning that the factors that influence the system (and its function) change in relative importance based on seasonal factors and event-driven watershed impacts.
		In 2002 and 2003 we evaluated oyster populations within the various tidal creeks of New Hanover County based on the coverage of oyster reefs and the density of live oyster populations within the various reefs, as well as categorize the reefs by the amount of vertical relief seen in the various creeks.
		No significant differences were detected between high and low relief treatments in any of the tidal creeks (Figure 2), though there was a trend towards higher recruitment within low complexity plots in Hewletts Creek (consistent with previous Sea Grant work at the mouth of that creek).
	www.uncwil.edu /cmsr/aquaticecology/TidalCreeks/AnnualReports/2003-2004/Benthic_Fauna.htm (1978 words)

	REPORT ON TIDAL AREA STUDY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Flooding is mainly shallow, fluctuating tidally, and is by rain water or sweet river water, except on the immediate coast and exceptionally at high spring tides and during cyclonic storm surges.
		Soils in the south of the Ganges tidal floodplain and in the west of the Chittagong coastal plain are slightly to strongly saline in the dry season, but mainly monsaline in the topsoil in the monsoon season.
		Regular tidal flooding, slight to strong salini potential toxicity, rawness of the sediments and risk of river erosion and burial by fresh tidal deposits are the factors which make these soils unsuitable for agricultural Under present situation these soils after being cleaned of mangrove forests are used for shrimp culture.
	www.fao.org /docrep/field/003/AC352E/AC352E05.htm (4632 words)

	Hampton Beach Master Plan: Environment and Open Space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Tidal wetland vegetation is distributed according to tidal range, elevation, and soil salinity and type.
		The stormwater discharged to the tidal wetlands is a source of high fecal coliform counts to the estuary, which contributes to the closure of shellfish beds for recreational harvesting.
		Tidal wetlands are severely impacted by residents and visitors that dispose yard waste such as lawn clippings and hazardous household waste such as used motor oil directly into the marsh and into areas that runoff into the marsh such as storm drains and parking lots.
	www.hampton.lib.nh.us /HAMPTON/town/masterplan/mastplan3d.htm (3869 words)

	Tidal Asymmetry
		We are conducting studies in Okatee Creek, a shallow tidal creek in South Carolina (Fig.
		M2 and M4 tidal harmonics at Stations B and C. Amplitude (amp) is in m/s and phase (phs) is in degrees.
		This was the case at Station B. However, as the head of the creek is approached, the increasing value of a/h causes the crest of the tidal wave to catch up with the trough thereby inducing stronger flood currents.
	www.skio.peachnet.edu /research/coastalphysics/tidalasymmetry.php (1166 words)

	"Hurricane" Turtles of South Carolina's Tidal Creeks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Diamondback terrapins are the only species of turtle in the United States that routinely occupy brackish water habitats, occurring in tidal creeks of estuaries along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Cape Cod, Mass.
		"Taken on the whole, the ability of terrapins to stay in the same tidal creek, despite daily tidal fluctuations and storms is but one reflection of the remarkable resiliency of the salt marsh ecosystem," Lovich said.
		Limited movement among tidal creeks means that once terrapins are trapped out of one area, it will be a long time before another population can become established.
	www.uga.edu /srel/pr11-14-02-2.htm (1057 words)

	Amphibians and Reptiles of Fort Matanzas National Monument-Habitats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Salt marshes, tidal creeks and mangroves - A large salt marsh cuts a wide swatch across the northern section of Rattlesnake Island from the Matanzas River to the Intracoastal Waterway.
		Tidal creeks meander north out of those smaller marshes to join larger creeks that drain the large marsh into the Matanzas River and Intracoastal Waterway.
		The tidal flow through the larger creeks fills them with sea water, but the upper reaches of the tidal creeks and pools in the smaller marshes are hypersaline from evaporation.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /herpetology/FOMA/habitats.htm (1905 words)

	South Carolina Aquarium Online Curriculum, 3rd - 5th grade
		In eight of the creeks, mummichogs, a small fish that is an abundant resident in the tidal creeks of South Carolina, were collected.
		Tidal creeks that drain from highly developed watersheds were found to have major differences in water quality from those draining undeveloped watershed and were also found to have a higher level of sediment contamination.
		For example, grass shrimp, an animal common in tidal creeks and very important for the food chain, was found in the undeveloped creeks with an average of about 60 grass shrimp per square meter.
	www.scaquarium.org /curriculum/iexplore/three_five/units/urban/urban_background.htm (4863 words)

	NH Cooperative Salt Marsh Projects \| New Hampshire NRCS
		The fact that the water in the pipe is higher than the water in the creek indicates that the embankment is acting as a restriction to tidal flow.
		The reason for this is that the tidal creeks in this area of the marsh had become wide and shallow because of lower flows and a softening of the marsh surface (peat degradation).
		Increased flows are causing the tidal creek to cut narrower and deeper as indicated by the deeper channel to the right.
	www.nh.nrcs.usda.gov /technical/Ecosystem_Restoration/Salt_marsh_projects.html (2147 words)

	About the MLO Project
		The LINKS crew is mapping the creeks in which studies are or will be conducted in order to understand the relationship between the results of our experiments and the geomorphology of individual creeks.
		For example, the use of an "artificial" tidal creek allows us to control factors such as water flow, volume, length of isolation, as well as the abundance and biomass of nekton that are in our experimental creek.
		A possible connection of this study to our tidal creek nutrients work is that we expect that if some creeks support greater nekton growth rates (and greater relative biomass), then these same creeks should also be greater contributors of nutrients to the system.
	links.baruch.sc.edu /MLO/About.htm (1682 words)

	NHDES Watershed Management Bureau: Restoration - Special Projects
		Tidal restrictions and filling are the primary reasons for historic marsh loss and continue to cause marsh degradation.
		Loss of tidal cycle flooding with seawater leads to severe impacts that degrade the marsh, including subsidence, fresh water impoundment, native salt marsh plants replaced by invasive species, loss of fish populations and trophic transfer up the food chain to important fish and bird species.
		An added benefit of the excavation of fill is that the tidal prism can be appreciably increased, leading to greater salt water input from tides and maintenance of tidal creeks (due to the increased water flow).
	www.des.state.nh.us /Coastal/Restoration/tidalmarshrestorationplan.htm (2138 words)

	OzEstuaries: Conceptual Models - Processes of hydrology in tidal creeks
		Tidal creeks typically exhibit very well-mixed water circulation conditions, due to the mixing effect of strong tidal currents.
		The tidal range within tidal creeks may be amplified in comparison to the adjacent coastal ocean (depending on the geometry of the channel), and tides also tend to penetrate further inland with increasing tidal range.
		Evaporation is a significant process in tidal creeks due to the extensive intertidal area (also depending on climatic conditions).
	www.ga.gov.au /ozestuaries/conceptual_mods/tc/tc_hydro_pr.jsp (287 words)

	Fishing the Backwaters for Stripers
		Even tidal creeks that are narrow enough to jump across may hold stripers at high tide.
		The tidal estuaries, creeks, marshes, and ponds that comprise the backwaters of the Northeast provide a special kind of fishing adventure.
		Even the run-outs of tiny foot-wide creeks or culvert pipes are worth trying, since baitfish use them to exit the marsh or else risk becoming stranded at low tide.
	reel-time.com /feature/richardson/backwater/default.asp (3247 words)

	Tidal Wetland Ecology of Long Island Sound
		Tidal action is still operative, and typical salt marsh plants and animals still dominate, but some characteristics of salt marshes are lost, while less salt tolerant plants and animals appear.
		As previously explained, there are many factors, such as marsh elevation, duration of tidal flooding, salinity and soil aeration that can affect the distribution of both the plant and animal populations as one moves from the tidal creeks that dissect these wetlands to the low and high marsh and on to the upper border.
		The fish of the tidal creeks and ditches are eaten in turn by larger predatory fish such as Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), Fluke (Paralichthys dentatus) and Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) that forage in shallow water.
	camel2.conncoll.edu /ccrec/greennet/arbo/publications/34/CHP3B.HTM (2021 words)

	Proposal For (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Tidal creeks also serve as a primary pathway through which non-point source pollutants are delivered from terrestrial sources to the larger estuarine drainage systems.
		For the purposes of this study and the SCECAP program, a large tidal creek represents estuarine water bodies of less than 100 meters (m) in width from marsh bank to marsh bank and greater than 3m deep at mean high water.
		For the purposes of this study and the TCP, a headwater tidal creek is defined as the point where water depth in the channel is approximately 1 m deep at mean high water and continuing down the creek for 600 m.
	sc.water.usgs.gov /districtPrograms/MayRiver/proposal.htm (7054 words)

	Suffolk County Mosquito Control Plan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Tidal and freshwater wetlands were selected from the north and south shores of Suffolk County for study as “Primary Study Areas” (PSAs).
		tidal creeks, ponds and pannes), upland development, and stormwater discharge structures.
		Temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen concentrations were measured in ditches, pannes, ponds, and tidal creeks.
	www.suffolkmosquitocontrolplan.org /psa.htm (406 words)

	Elkhorn Slough Tidal Wetland Project
		In the past, the Parsons Slough/South Marsh Complex was dominated by tidal salt marsh and tidal creeks.
		By 1956, the entirety of South Marsh was enclosed with large levees, cleared, leveled, and drained, converting the tidal marsh and duck ponds to pastureland for dairy cattle.
		The proposed plan consisted of creating four experimental tidal salt marsh (including tidal creeks, mudflats, and islands) areas at two different scales behind levees and dams (that could be manipulated), two smaller freshwater wetlands, and causeways for public access on 50 acres.
	www.elkhornslough.org /tidalwetland/twmap06.htm (966 words)

	Journals- Anna Hilton, March 26: Research Experiences: ARMADA Project 2006/2007
		That means the tidal creeks can provide scientists with an early warning of the harm pollution is causing to the living organisms in the estuarine habitats.
		The tidal creeks and rivers are the first areas in the coastal environment to be affected by human land use.
		Another goal of the Tidal Creeks Monitoring and Assessment Project is to develop and evaluate improved tools to determine the environmental quality of the tidal creeks and the human health risks of interaction with the coastal environment.
	www.armadaproject.org /journals/2006-2007/hilton/3-26.htm (309 words)

	MBNMS Ecosystem Observations 2005: Wetlands and Watersheds
		GIS analysis of Elkhorn Slough tidal habitats demonstrates that the mean percent cover of salt marsh vegetation in undiked marshlands decreased approximately 44 percent between 1931 and 2003.
		The panel acknowledges that the process of marsh loss is complex, but the increased tidal range and duration of tidal inundation on the marsh plain (due to the mouth modifications and land subsidence) in combination with the decrease in sediment supply are contributing factors.
		Their predictions for tidal habitats over the next 50 years, if no actions are taken, include the continued deepening and widening of the channel and tidal creeks, increase in salt marsh conversion to mudflat and tidal creeks, and erosion of sediments in soft-bottom areas.
	bonita.mbnms.nos.noaa.gov /reports/2005/eco/wetlands.html (989 words)

	Cape Fear Chapter of the Surfrider Foundation Water Quality Page
		The Tidal Creeks are water bodies connected to the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway in eastern New Hanover County.
		Tidal Creeks Project and Year 6 of the Wilmington Watersheds Project.
		Elevated nitrogen and phosphorus levels enter the creek in both the north and south branches, one minor algal bloom occurred in the south branch (BC-SB) and one major bloom occurred in the creek at College Acres.
	www.surfrider.org /capefear/beachscape/WaterQuality2004.htm (2428 words)

	RI Salt Marshes
		Restriction of tidal flow by installation of small culverts or drainage pipes under roads and rail beds leads to changes in salinity and alteration of the natural vegetation community due to a reduction in duration and frequency of tidal flooding.
		Tidal restrictions can reduce the amount of habitat available for estuarine-dependent fish that travel up into tidal creeks in search of food.
		As early as the 1950s, studies had shown that changes to the tidal flushing, or hydrology, of a salt marsh would degrade its quality as habitat, and that the restoration of historic hydrology could restore the habitat value of the marsh.
	www.edc.uri.edu /restoration/html/intro/salt.htm (2056 words)

	Tidal Wetlands Restoration in Connecticut
		The plan was to restore tidal flushing during the summer to the extent necessary to maximize the emergent vegetation and minimize the conversion of salt marsh to open water (similar to the Lost Lake scenario).
		Restoration began as a DEP and Mosquito Control Unit partnership in the fall of 1989, when the overburden of dredged sediment in the northwest corner was excavated by a lightweight bulldozer and transported to the adjacent uplands.
		restoration of tidal flows to their pre-disturbance volumes is not always desirable, especially in the case of subsided wetlands.
	camel2.conncoll.edu /ccrec/greennet/arbo/publications/34/bu/CHP5C.HTM (1261 words)

	Untitled Document
		If there is a change in the location of the fish in tidal creeks during the ebb and flow of the tides, development of the area would have an impact on the fish population.
		Fish that are regularly in the lower salinity areas of the tidal creek migrate farther up tidal creeks away from the approaching high salinity water and with the lower salinity water.
		Some factors beyond salinity that may influence the distribution of fish in tidal creeks are the availability of food and presence of predators.
	bio.fsu.edu /eeo/SatsRept3.html (969 words)

	Maryland Vegetation Classification: TYPHA (ANGUSTIFOLIA, DOMINGENSIS) TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE
		Brackish marshes are most extensive on large tidal rivers, but smaller marshes of this alliance also occur at the upper limits of larger tidal creeks.
		1981); fresh-brackish marsh (Klotz 1986); Estuarine Intertidal: Brackish Tidal Marsh (Swain and Kearsley 2001)
		Concept: This community is a brackish tidal marsh of the northern to central Atlantic coast, occurring along the margin of tidal rivers and at the upper margins of some high salt marshes and coastal salt ponds where water salinity ranges from 0.5-18.0 ppt.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /wildlife/Md_Veg_Com/105_.asp (831 words)

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