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	Creeping barrage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Creeping Barrage is a military tactic in which massed artillery support an infantry advance by firing continuously at positions just in front of the advancing troops.
		The rolling barrage was rendered obsolete by technology — the miniaturization of radios to the point where they could be carried by infantry enabled troops to request artillery support — and the changing nature of warfare from static trench warfare to mobile armoured operations.
		However, techniques like the rolling barrage were seen sporadically in later wars such as the Vietnam War, in which the United States Army sometimes used artillery as a shield for infantry advances.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Creeping_barrage (358 words)

	First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Creeping Barrage
		Although considered as a battlefield tactic as early as 1915 (and initially deployed by Bulgarian artillerists during the Adrianople siege of March 1913) the so-called 'creeping barrage' was not actually deployed until August 1916 by the British (Sir Henry Horne) during the Battle of the Somme on the Western Front.
		French Commander-in-Chief Robert Nivelle placed over-reliance upon the merits of the creeping barrage as a primary form of attack during his disastrous Second Battle of the Aisne in April 1917, the failure of which led to widespread mutiny in the French Army.
		Variations upon the creeping barrage included the so-called 'fire waltz' whereby a hail of artillery fire would ravage a position and move onwards, only to then reverse course in order to catch defensive forces rushing to the devastated line.
	www.firstworldwar.com /atoz/creepingbarrage.htm (339 words)

	FIRE PLANNING
		For a creeping barrage normal practice was for a field regiment to engage a regimental lane two batteries wide (560 yards maximum), with the third battery superimposed across the full width of the depth lane (ie open on b-b in Figure 1).
		One of the advantages of a continuous barrage moving steadily forward was that the infantry at least knew where they had to be in relation to it, which reduced the chance of fratricide from the infantry being in the wrong place when fire opened on a target.
		Barrages (and concentrations) could be entirely predicted to achieve surprise, as was the case at Cambrai in 1917.
	members.tripod.com /~nigelef/fireplan.htm (4793 words)

	First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Barrages
		Artillery barrages were routine during the First World War, perhaps nowhere more so than in the static trench conditions found on the Western Front.
		Depending upon the number of shells fired per minute a barrage was locally classified as light, moderate or heavy.
		A moderate barrage would comprise some 30 or so shells per minute; 50-60 upwards per minute would be viewed as heavy.
	www.firstworldwar.com /atoz/barrage.htm (105 words)

	Somme1
		The intention was that, as the men advanced, they would be preceded by a 'creeping barrage' of artillery fire, planned to move forward at a steady pace, thus ensuring that the enemy would remain under cover until the infantry were almost upon them.
		The creeping barrage was, in the event, an almost total failure for a number of reasons.
		The creeping barrage was worked out so precisely that it was almost impossible to alter whilst in operation, and it rapidly moved well ahead of the advancing troops.
	www.ajbrown.eu.com /TynesideScottish/Somme1.htm (2287 words)

	6 Division
		Because of this mistake much of the barrage was brought down on the rear trench and beyond, rather than the strong point itself.
		The Fourth Army plan called for a creeping and a stationary barrage, in the area of 6th Division the stationary barrage would be laid down by 18 pounder guns, and its target was the Divisional Objective, the Green Line.
		The creeping barrage would normally start some 100 yards in front of the troops start position and move forward at the rate of 50 yards a minute, but in this case it was planned to start some 100 yards beyond the Quadrilateral to assist the Guards on the left of the 6th.
	www.btinternet.com /~NavRadar/yorkandlancs/6_division.html (856 words)

	WW1 HISTORY PROJECT
		One exception to this gauge was the extreme case of a single shell landing in one's lap — this was classified as 'bad luck'.
		A creeping barrage was designed to place a curtain of artillery fire just ahead of advancing infantry, a barrage which would constantly shift - or creep - forward directly ahead of attacking troops.
		Variations on the creeping barrage included the so-called 'fire waltz' whereby a hail of artillery fire would ravage a position and move onwards, only to then reverse course in order to catch defensive forces rushing to the devastated line.
	www.thelearningcentre.org /ww1/sect2_p4.htm (467 words)

	World War One world war 1 - Stothers.com
		This was a creeping barrage which eventually settled on an S.O.S. line which covered the main road into Givenchy.
		There were no casualties amongst the barrage personnel but the guns and equipment suffered considerably from the wear and tear of prolonged and heavy firing.
		During the operation, the whole front of the attack was covered by a creeping barrage 800 yards in depth, and at night all approaches and assembly points were covered.
	www.stothers.com /momex/NavCode/cmgc/WritingID/56.html (1577 words)

	The Price of Glory game rules
		Artillery Assets may be plotted for use as a Drumfire or Smoke Barrage on a 1-for-1 basis; Drumfire Barrages use the ï¿½30ï¿½ column of the CRT as the basis for resolution (column shifts apply normally).
		On the turn a Creeping barrage is plotted to begin, the owning player makes a dice roll to determine if the coordination between the attacking infantry and artillery was accurate.
		To plot a Box barrage, make a side note of the general position to be affected, the turn on which it commences, the length in turns, the Asset cost, and the strength of the barrage.
	www.freewargamesrules.co.uk /Rules/World_War_1/pog/pogrules.htm (8043 words)

	Weapons & Artillery
		A moderate barrage was thirty shells a minute and a heavy one was fifty to sixty shells a minute.
		In 1916 both sides employed creeping barrage as a means of capturing enemy trenches.
		Although creeping barrage was sometimes successful, it failed to provide the means to end the stalemate on the Western Front.
	www.pwsd76.ab.ca /~savannaschool/students/social/20/CDE/weapons.html (951 words)

	Terminology of World War I
		Barrage: A barrier of continuous artillery or machine gun fire on a specific area.
		Creeping Barrage: A creeping barrage was intended to suppress the enemy long enough to enable one’s own troops to occupy his position.
		The trick was to act in the brief interval between the lifting of the barrage and the return of the enemy.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Acropolis/2354/directory.html (1584 words)

	The Canadian artillery barrage - Living Memory - Library and Archives Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		I guess it was the most perfect barrage of the war...
		On March 20, 1917, a barrage began which would drop one million artillery shells on the German lines.
		On April 9, Easter Monday, at 5:30 a.m., behind a creeping barrage — a Canadian technique — the Corps went over the top into "no-man's-land." Three days later, they had taken the Ridge.
	www.collectionscanada.ca /05/0509/050951/05095156_e.html (138 words)

	creep information. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		7 (of the flesh) feel as if insects etc. were creeping over it, as a result of fear, horror, etc.
		6 a low arch under a railway embankment, road, etc. creeping barrage a barrage moving ahead of advancing troops.
		creep up on approach (a person) stealthily or unnoticed.
	www.hostkhiladi.com /spellcheck/c/creep.html (204 words)

	The Evolution of Battleship Gunnery in the U.S. Navy, 1920 - 1945 - Part 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Assuming a barrage to be 30% as efficient as aimed fire, and dividing the total number of hits equally amongst six incoming ships would yield less than one hit per ship.
		The 1-minute barrage was designed to place a high concentration of fire in a predefined "box" through which the enemy bombers would pass during the last minute prior to releasing their bombs.
		The Creeping Zone method was a variation on this theme whereby successive fuze settings were decreased as the target(s) passed through a given zone, thus (to some extent) accounting for the decrease in range.
	www.navweaps.com /index_inro/INRO_BB-Gunnery_p2.htm (7702 words)

	Creeping Barrage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On the Western Front this strategy was largely unsuccessful and so in 1916 both sides began to use what became known as a creeping barrage.
		First used at the Battle of the Somme, a creeping barrage involved artillery fire moving forward in stages just ahead of the advancing infantry.
		Although creeping barrage was sometimes successful when the commander had limited objectives, it failed to provide the means to end the stalemate on the Western Front.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /FWWcreeping.htm (217 words)

	[No title]
		Rolling barrages are better referred to as creeping; the arty like to push them forward and then bring them back to sweep the same ground several times and let the infantry catch up.
		The only creeping barrage I worked under was from mortars and that was to lay a mix of HE and smoke.
		We also used to use our medium machine guns with a different colored tracer for each company to indicate our lines of advance to specific enemy positions when they would switch to the next position or "tactical bound".
	www.strategypage.com /messageboards/messages/4-495.asp (599 words)

	Lone Sentry: A German Company in the Defense (U.S. WWII Intelligence Bulletin, March 1944)
		It was stated that, since a creeping barrage always preceded an attack, this type of fire was to be a signal for each man to go at once to his alert station and make a further brief check of his weapons.
		Even during the barrage, every man was to keep a continual lookout, frequently raising his head above the parapet.
		This was described as particularly important when the fire moved, or "lifted", because, it was said, a hostile advance would follow the barrage closely, and the opposition would use mortar fire and grenades for purposes of deception.
	www.lonesentry.com /articles/companyinthedefense/index.html (612 words)

	Map - Donald Fraser - We were there - Canada and the First World War - Library and Archives Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The heavy guns concentrated on German gun emplacements, ammunition dumps and key communication nodes.
		The field artillery fired for three minutes on the front German trenches and then began to lift the barrage forward, 90 metres at a time, every three minutes, in order to allow Canadian troops to advance behind its protective curtain.
		Because the topography of the ridge varied considerably from north to south, allowances had to be made in the barrage pattern where the infantry might have more difficulty keeping up with the advance.
	www.collectionscanada.ca /05/0518/05180105/051801050412_e.html (152 words)

	Glossary
		In British practice a barrage had precise meaning, it was a moving or stationary ('standing') belt of fire providing a protective screen behind which the attackers advanced or defenders were positioned.
		In a creeping barrage the fire of all units remained in the same relative position throughout, in a rolling barrage fire of units leap-frogged.
		Secondly concentration was a fire discipline term for switches to individual guns in a troop to correct for their layout either to aim all the guns at a common aimpoint or to spread out their aimpoints along a line.
	members.tripod.com /~nigelef/glossary.htm (6422 words)

	Bruchmuller, G. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		So the bombardments which he planned were more intense than others in terms of rate of fire and made extensive use of chemical shell.
		He was also an early advocate of the 'creeping barrage '.
		The German preparatory bombardments which played a major role in the German successes in the spring and summer of 1918 owed much to the adoption of Bruchmüller's methods and to his planning; the opening barrage at St. Quentin on 21 March, 1918 fired 3.2 million shells and inflicted 15,000 British casualties.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/bio/b/bruch.html (362 words)

	OVHS CG Notes
		And in them, his forces on the front slope were quickly neutralized by return fire from OBA, creeping barrages, gyro Shermans, MGs, MTRs and firegroups.
		+2 for barrage, +2 for moving, +1 for small target and it is not a guarantee.
		This was risky, because it exposed the non entrenched 88s to attack by the creeping barrage.
	www.isomedia.com /homes/delwood/OVHS_Jeff.html (4986 words)

	WWI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The "rolling barrage," or "creeping barrage," claimed to be introduced by both the French and British.
		This method kept a barrage moving forward about one hundred yards in front of advancing infantry.
		With the artillery barrage and the infantry moving about one hundred yards every 3 to 5 minutes, attacking infantrymen could move into an enemy’s trench line before the defenders could come out of their shelters and occupy their firing positions.
	home.snu.edu /~dwilliam/s97/casualties/WWI.html (480 words)

	C6b Glory on the Aisne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		schedule the artillery commenced a rolling barrage and commanders up and down the departure line blew their whistles for the infantry to go over the top.
		Caught by surprise, the German artillery dropped "a few shells promisciously [sic] along the front and in the rear apparently at a loss as to what was going on," wrote Lieutenant Colonel Hawley who observed the action from a point near the center of the line.
		After the barrage passed on, the troops, who had scattered for protection, reassembled and continued the advance.
	www.kwanah.com /txmilmus/36division/archives/wwi/white/chap6b.htm (3427 words)

	Military History: First World War: Battlefront, 1917: Vimy Ridge
		The creeping barrage had originally been introduced by the Canadians at Courcelette in September 1916.
		The organization and tactics of "storm troops" and trench raiding parties were developed by Victor Odlum in the 1st Canadian division in 1915.
		It was like flying through a storm of gigantic and deadly hailstones." (1) After the initial bombardment, the Canadian troops surged forward behind a protective curtain of artillery fire, employing the creeping barrage.
	www.lermuseum.org /ler/mh/wwi/vimy.html (543 words)

	Our Sons at war
		The troops in desperation would attempt to move out of the zone of the barrage, only to be met by the withering fire of the Germans, who raked the position with their deadly machine-gun fire.
		The barrage lasted for an hour and thirty-five minutes, with each minute seeming a day, while between shells the men were busy defending themselves from another attack by the enemy.
		The heavy losses suffered by the Germans from the American barrage during the day, and the accuracy of the American riflemen on the hillside during the last attack, had caused them to be thankful for the darkness of night, as well as were the men of the beleaguered battalion.
	www.longwood.k12.ny.us /history/upton/mcoll7.htm (6237 words)

	HARRY WALLACE DANIELS
		However, at the end of the month, during which 29 soldiers had died, the Diary records “During the month, a continuous artillery duel was carried out, assuming great intensity at times.
		The system of creeping barrage in depth was continued before, during and after each attack.
		In addition, harassing fire was carried out night and day as well as organised bursts of fire and periods of silence.
	members.aol.com /john1hartley/html/daniels.htm (276 words)

	Tactics used - Armchair General Forums
		Yes, bar tanks, the idea of a creeping barrage, with fire and movement to cover the last tens or hundred meters, as the barrage moved onto the enemy guns and secondary line.
		And they figured out the creeping barrage, they had their 75mm guns, that they had fire just infront of them, with some firing into the enemy positions behind the first line, when the Chasseurs had got close enough so that the barrage lifted from the enemy lines, the Chasseurs turned into fire and movement.
		Also, the French and Americans had tanks too, and although the US troops were much more of the mind that they shoudl try all tank formations, the French who trained them on their Renault tanks, were more for infantry support.
	www.armchairgeneral.com /forums/showthread.php?t=39101 (1209 words)

	Artillery Techniques of 2 NZ Divisional Artillery
		Although barrages and heavy concentrations had often been a feature of the battles in which the New Zealanders were involved on the Western Front during WW1 their practice had lapsed by the late thirties.
		The advent of World War 11 with the declaration of war on Germany introduced the new organisation of a Field Artillery Regiment of twenty-four of the new 25 pounder QF guns (gun howitzers as they were then known).
		(Late that year the first creeping barrage of WW11 was fired at Alamein at the instigation of Brigadier Weir).
	www.riv.co.nz /rnza/hist/tech1.htm (915 words)

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