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Topic: Creole language

	Creole Language in Haiti
		Although within the country the language issue is viewed as a divisive force, for Haitians within a foreign place the language can warm the heart because it is an almost unquestionable indication that this is a brother or sister from the country which is near and dear to their hearts.
		She believes it is necessary to have Creole in the schools because as in her case and in many cases Creole is the first language for children.
		Rolande’s first language was Creole and she said that when attending school she had to pick up the French language in school as she similarly had to do when attending school in the United States.
	www.saxakali.com /caribbean/LanahL.htm (0 words)

	Language - MSN Encarta
		In northern Asia there are a number of languages that appear either to form small, independent families or to be language isolates, such as the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family of the Chukchi and Kamchatka peninsulas in the far east of Russia.
		The Austronesian languages, formerly called Malayo-Polynesian, cover the Malay Peninsula and most islands to the southeast of Asia and are spoken as far west as Madagascar and throughout the Pacific islands as far east as Easter Island.
		Languages of the Algonquian and Iroquoian families constitute the major indigenous languages of northeastern North America, while the Siouan family is one of the main families of central North America.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570647_5/Language.html (1296 words)

	Speaking Slavery Language in Eighteenth Century Mauritius (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ile de France creole may have acquired its own identity by the middle of the eighteenth century, but there was certainly a moment in the late nineteenth century when some Mauritians (now under British rule) felt that ‘their’ creole language was in danger of being lost.
		The absence of the ‘I’ in creole languages is intriguing, but is not, in fact, unique to them, and there is no easy interpretation of this and other aspects of language created under slavery[ix].
		Yet their language, the creole language, contained within it both traces of these multiple ‘mother tongues’ as well as the absences and scars sustained in the violent passage from here to there.
	www.encyclopedia.mu /Society/Language/SpeakingSlavery.htm (5380 words)

	CREOLE ENGLISH AND BLACK ENGLISH
		Creoles are languages which evolve from Pidgins when the pidgins become first languages for some or all of their speakers.
		Other Creole languages are spoken in the Pacific area (including New Guinea and Hawaii), North Australia, and off the coast of Africa, in the Cape Verde Islands to the West, and in Mauritius and Seychelles to the East.
		Creole languages have been used in education and books have been published in many of them (often the Bible is among the first to be published) but no creole language is currently used officially as the main medium of education.
	www.ling.lancs.ac.uk /staff/mark/resource/creole.htm (3305 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Creole language
		A creole is a language descended from a pidgin that has become the native language of a group of people.
		The majority of creole languages are based on English and other Indo-European languages (their superstrate language), with local or immigrant languages as substrate languages.
		Haitian Creole[?] is a language spoken primarily in Haiti.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/cr/Creole_language (361 words)

	AllRefer.com - creole language (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		creole language[krEOl´] Pronunciation Key, any language that began as a pidgin but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the original mother tongue or tongues.
		Examples are the Gullah of South Carolina and Georgia (based on English), the creole of Haiti (based on French), and the Papiamento of CuraCao (developed from pidgin Spanish and Portuguese).
		Similarities among creoles worldwide have led some linguists to speculate that they share a common origin, probably Sabir (see lingua franca); others attribute the similarities to universal laws governing human language.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/creolela.html (215 words)

	Creoles
		Creole people were held in low esteem by European colonizers and their languages were regarded as rudimentary, unrefined, and even primitive.
		Sãotomense is the naational language of São Tomé Island.
		In the past, orthographies for creole languages were mostly developed by missionaries or Western educational groups who applied the orthographic traditions of their own languages to represent the sounds of the creole languages.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/january2005/creoles.html (1544 words)

	Creole Translations
		Creole is a language spoken by the entire population of Haiti (estimated at seven million people).
		It’s the expansion of formal education in the native language of a community that favors the use of this language in different domains of knowledge.
		Unfortunately article 5 of the 1987 constitution proclaiming that Creole is the sole language uniting all Haitians and one of the two official languages of the country is not yet seriously implemented in government offices.
	www.creoletrans.com /faq.htm (0 words)

	Jamaican Creole Information
		Jamaican Creole, also known to foreigners as Patois/(Patwa) or simply Jamaican, is an English/African-based language --not to be confused with Jamaican English nor with the Rastafarian use of English-- used primarily on the island of Jamaica.
		Mesolectal forms are similar to Belizean Creole, and a mutually intelligible variety is found in San Andres Islands, Colombia, brought to the island by decendants of Jamaican maroons in the 18th century.
		Jamaican Creole displays similarities to the pidgin and creole languages of West Africa due to their common descent from the blending of European substrate languages with African native tongues and, behind the barrier of very different accents, is actually mutually intelligible to many of them, such as Sierra Leone's Krio and Nigerian Pidgin English.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Jamaican_Creole (1204 words)

	Creole
		Because Creole is not strong in particular areas of knowledge, parents fear (and they are partly right) that a child speaking Creole in his formative years would be disadvantaged in comparison with another who only spoke French, the language of knowledge.
		According to traditional textbooks, Creole is a patois that is incapable of abstract though and therefore unable to convey "knowledge." We should state that, taken in this sense (as an exclusive privilege of superior languages), abstraction is a presumption of Western thought, a presumption based on technological expertise and the means of dominating nature.
		Creole is impoverished because terms relating to professions disappear, because vegetable oils disappear, because animal species disappear, because a whole series of expressions that were linked to forms of collective responsibility in the country are disappearing as this responsibility diminishes.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /wyrick/DEBCLASS/CREOLE~1.HTM (1938 words)

	Cajun French: Creoles: Creole Language: French: Cajuns (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As their children were humiliated and punished in schools for speaking the language of their ancestors, Cajuns and fl Creoles alike were convinced that the French dialects they spoke were cultural, social, political and economic liabilities.
		An already complex socio-linguistic situation was compounded during the first half of this century by a hostile climate that actively sought to eliminate the French language in Louisiana as part of the Americanization of the Cajuns and Creoles.
		Creole is somewhat complicated by its greater distance from the French language.
	ccet.louisiana.edu /Cajun_French_and_Creole.html (1413 words)

	creole language - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		creole language, any language that began as a pidgin but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the original mother tongue or tongues.
		Examples are the Gullah of South Carolina and Georgia (based on English), the creole of Haiti (based on French), and the Papiamento of Curaçao (developed from pidgin Spanish and Portuguese).
		Creoles, pidgins, and sundry languages: essays in honor of Pieter Seuren(1).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-creolela.html (655 words)

	Haitian Creole Translation - Translate Haitian Creole Language Translator
		Translation Services USA provides professional, high quality Haitian Creole to English translations and English to Haitian Creole translations.
		Translation Services USA's Haitian Creole translation teams are professional linguists performing translation from English to Haitian Creole and Haitian Creole to English for a variety of documents in various industries including:
		Haiti is a country situated on the western third of the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba.
	www.translation-services-usa.com /languages/haitiancreole.shtml (725 words)

	The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures (APiCS)
		On the other hand, the properties of creoles are often dependent on their geographical distribution, as similar creoles are often spoken next to each other.
		Since pidgins and creoles are not distributed equally around the world, and because some areas, such as the Caribbean, have a high density of creoles, the main world map of each feature will be accompanied by blowup maps showing certain areas in detail.
		Each language will be the responsibility of a single author or a team of authors, which are requested to fill out a questionnaire for the 150-200 structural features and to write a sociohistorical and grammatical survey article for their language.
	email.eva.mpg.de /~michaels/apics/index.html (729 words)

	Verbix -- Creole. Conjugate verbs in 100+ languages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Creole, term first used in the 16th century in Latin America to distinguish the offspring of European settlers from Native Americans, fls, and later immigrant groups.
		French creoles also are used in French Guiana and, though dying out, in the U.S. state of Louisiana; Haitian immigrants also account for a large number of the French creole speakers in the United States.
		In Brazil a Portuguese creole was once widespread, extending even to Suriname, where Portuguese Jews and their slaves fled in the 17th century; the creole is now virtually extinct.
	www.verbix.com /languages/creole.asp (473 words)

	Virgin Islands Language
		The Dutch Creole language that formed is known as 'Negerhollands' and it was generally used by slaves amongst themselves.
		As the Creole language alone was too basic to translate such works, words from the standard Dutch language were utilized, thus creating an almost new Creole or blended Dutch Creole.
		Creole English is seen as ‘bad English’ and is often associated with the poor and uneducated, therefore parents and teachers often criticize and correct children when they use Creole English rather then standard American English.
	www.vinow.com /general_usvi/culture/language.php (1209 words)

	Creole Language in Haiti
		Creole is viewed as a poor and uneducated language.
		Creole speakers were obviously seen as an unimportant part of the country.
		Although she may have had some good points, as far as being able to further yourself with the French language, she has not taken into account that Creole is a language.
	saxakali.com /caribbean/LanahL.htm (3862 words)

	AHAD - What is Haitian Creole?
		Creoles are believed to be pidgins that have expanded both their linguistic structures and their communicative functions and have become the native language of an entire speech community.
		Linguistically speaking, creole languages are in no way inferior to their lexifier languages or to other languages spoken in the world.
		The Indian Ocean Creoles are comprised of the Creoles spoken in Mauritius, Seychelles, and Réunion.
	www.ahadonline.org /eLibrary/creoleconnection/Number20/haitiancreole.htm (3135 words)

	Salikoko Mufwene: Pidgin and Creole Languages
		Strictly speaking, PCs are new language varieties, which developed out of contacts between colonial nonstandard varieties of a European language and several non-European languages around the Atlantic and in the Indian and Pacific Oceans during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries.
		Thus, Creoles have been defined inaccurately as `nativized pidgins,' i.e., pidgins that have acquired native speakers and have therefore expanded both their structures and functions and have stabilized.
		For instance, Adolfo Coelho (1880±1886) partly anticipated Bickerton's (1984) `language bioprogram hypothesis' in stating that Creoles' owe their origin to the operation of psychological or physiological laws that are the same everywhere, and not to the influence of the former languages of the people among whom these dialects are found.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /faculty/mufwene/pidginCreoleLanguage.html (3599 words)

	Creole Language
		And they took the words and phrases from the European language, mixed with mispronunciations and words from their parents native tongue, and a new language was born, a fully expressive and extensible language; this is what we call a "Creole".
		In general then, the term Creole is used to refer to any language which was once a Pidgin and which subsequently became a native language; some scholars have extended the term to any language, ex-Pidgin or not, that has undergone massive structural change due to language contact.
		Many Creoles that derived the majority of their vocabulary from English heavily use the word "belong", for instance, but the spelling is chancy; it may be spelled "bilong" or "beelong" or whatever the missionary thought was reasonable.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?CreoleLanguage (1727 words)

	creole language
		Any pidgin language that has ceased to be simply a trade jargon in ports and markets and has become the mother tongue of a particular community, such as the French dialects of the New Orleans area.
		The name creole derives through French from Spanish and Portuguese, in which it originally referred both to children of European background born in tropical colonies and to house slaves on colonial plantations.
		According to circumstance, in such places as Jamaica, Haiti, Mauritius, and West Africa, there may be a ‘creole continuum’ of usage between the strongest forms of a creole and the standard version of the language with which the creole is associated.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0005925.html (344 words)

	Creole patois Translation Service - English to Creole patois Translation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		You probably don't speak Creole patois yourself, so there are a few questions you'll need to consider when choosing a translation company.
		Language is a living thing it develops and changes constantly.
		Intelligibility of Saint Lucia Creole is 78%, of KaripÃÂºna Creole of Brazil 77%.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/creole_patois_translation.shtml (479 words)

	Learn Creole Online - Write or Speak in Creole Language Exchange
		A language exchange complements other forms of learning such as classroom, cultural immersion and multimedia, because you get to practice all that you have learned with native speakers in a safe and supportive environment.
		Language exchange learning is also inexpensive because we provide free tips and conversation lesson plans that allow you to do a language exchange on your own.
		I am a native creole speaker, I learned Hindi in a classroom from the age of 5-10, after which I was exposed to the language through movies and songs until I was 18, after which English became the daily language I communicate in.
	www.mylanguageexchange.com /learn/Creole.asp (1052 words)

	SULAIR: Reference Guide for Pidgin and Creole Languages
		Speakers of different languages at first evolved some form of auxiliary contact language, native to none of them, known as a Pidgin(1), and this language, suitably expanded, eventually became the native or Creole (2) language of the community that exists today.
		In general then, the term Creole is used to refer to any language which was once a Pidgin and which subsequently became a native language ; some scholars have extended the term to any language, ex-Pidgin or not, that has undergone massive structural change due to language contact.
		Some clearly Creole languages are classified as a Pidgin or "other" mixed languages, some are classified as dialects of their "target" languages (English, French, etc.,), and some are classed sometimes as a dialect and sometimes as a "mixed" language.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/pidgins/pidgin.html (2296 words)

	BigRedGarage.com - Learn to Speak Haitian Creole with Pimsleur Hatian Creole Language Courses
		A creole language is a pidgin that has developed and become the mother tongue for a community of people.
		Haitian Creole is primarily spoken in the Caribbean on the western part of the island of Hispaniola and has the largest number of speakers of all the Caribbean creoles.
		Pimsleur devoted his life to language teaching and was one of the world’s leading experts in applied linguistics.
	www.bigredgarage.com /haitiancreole.htm (264 words)

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