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	CREOSOTE BUSH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Creosote bush is one of the most common and important plants of the warm deserts (Sonoran, Chihuahuan and Mojave Deserts) of North America, but cold winters exclude it from the Great Basin Desert.
		A single creosote bush, in the shade of which (right-hand side) is a clump of the grey, spreading, mat-forming cactus termed clavellina (Opuntia schottii) The cylindrical stems of this plant - a cholla similar to the large, erect chollas) grow to only about 10 cm high.
		Creosote bush is the most drought-tolerant perennial plant of North America.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/desertecology/creosote.htm (908 words)

	Creosote
		Creosote is the name used for a variety of products: wood creosote, coal tar creosote, coal tar, coal tar pitch, and coal tar pitch volatiles.
		Wood creosote is a colorless to yellowish greasy liquid with a smoky odor and burned taste.
		Brief direct contact with large amounts of coal tar creosote may result in a rash or severe irritation of the skin, chemical burns of the surfaces of the eyes, convulsions and mental confusion, kidney or liver problems, unconsciousness, and even death.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/cr/Creosote.html (553 words)

	Creosote Bush - MSN Encarta
		Creosote Bush, common name for five related species of bushes of the evergreen family.
		An individual creosote bush can live for up to 100 years, but the crown of the bush also splits into several lobes that eventually bend over into the surrounding soil and develop their own roots and branches.
		Because these new shoots are genetically identical to, or clones of, the original bush, the spreading plants may be thought of as still constituting the original one.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761558503/Creosote_Bush.html (180 words)

	Creosote bush - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Creosote bush is most common on the well-drained soils of bajadas and flats.
		In terms of negative water potential, creosote bushes can operate fully at -50 bars of water potential and have been found living down to -120 bars, although the practical average floor is around -70 bars, where the plant's need for cellular respiration generally exceeds the level that the water-requiring process of photosynthesis can provide.
		Creosote bush commonly forms clonal colonies, which may be very long-lived; a ring of creosote bushes in the Mojave Desert is believed to be at least 12,000 years old.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Creosote_bush (694 words)

	Medicinal Planst of the SW - Larrea tridentata
		Larrea tridentata, of the Zygophyllacceae family, commonly known as Chaparral or Creosote Bush, is a common inhabitant of the deserts of the Southwestern U.S. and Mexico (Chevallier, 1996, p.224).
		Creosote leaves are small and curled (Moore, 1989, p.27) with a yellow-green color, and have a "greasy-leathery" texture (Tilford, 1997, P.44).
		Another reason for the controversial use of Creosote bush is because of its "potential toxic effect on the liver" (Chevallier, 1996, p.224).
	medplant.nmsu.edu /creosote.html (523 words)

	Friends of Saguaro National Park - About Saguaro National Park: Creosote Bush
		The creosote bush is a common, characteristic, and often dominant shrub of the deserts of southwestern North America.
		Creosote bushes of the Mojave Desert (southern California, western Arizona) have 78 chromosomes, those of the Sonoran Desert (southern Arizona) have 52 chromosomes, while those of the Chihuahuan Desert (west Texas) have only 26.
		The genetic and fossil evidence indicate that the Mojave creosote is a relative newcomer to the Mojave Desert.
	www.friendsofsaguaro.org /creosote.html (747 words)

	Eco-USA: Creosote
		Coal-tar creosote is usually a heavy, oily, liquid that is typically amber to brown in color.
		Creosote does not occur naturally in the environment but it can be released to water and soil through its use as a wood preservative.
		Creosote can enter your body through the lungs as a contaminant of air, through the stomach and intestines after eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water, or through the skin.
	www.eco-usa.net /toxics/creosote.shtml (1048 words)

	Creosote Bush
		The Creosote Bush is a member of the caltrop family.
		Creosote Bush gets its name from the odor the leaves emit after a rain (or when crushed), though creosote is a petroleum product and unrelated to the bush.
		The roots of the creosote bush have been shown to inhibit the growth of bursage roots and the roots of other creosote bushes (which is why the plants often grow at evenly spaced intervals in the desert).
	www.toddshikingguide.com /FloraFauna/Flora30.htm (386 words)

	Joshua Tree NP
		The creosote bush is the signature plant of the southern part of the park and a common, characteristic, and often dominant shrub of the deserts of southwestern North America.
		Creosote bushes of the Mojave Desert have 78 chromosomes, those of the Sonoran Desert (southern Arizona) have 52 chromosomes, while those of west Texas (Chihuahuan Desert) have only 26.
		Although creosote bushes produce large numbers of fuzzy seeds at each flowering, few of them are able to germinate.
	www.nps.gov /jotr/nature/plants/shrubs/creosote.html (727 words)

	Creosote Bush — fragrance of the desert:Southern New Mexico Travel and Tourism Information
		Creosote bush is hard to miss in Southern New Mexico - its wiry form and sparse olive-green foliage are often all you see on alluvial fans, mesas and other sandy or gravelly soils.
		Creosote bush's distinctive odor and the leaves' shiny appearance are due to a resinous, varnish-like coating which helps the plant keep from drying out.
		Creosote bush's complex chemical armor contains a veritable medicine chest: Native desert-dwellers drink teas steeped from the fragrant branches and inhale the pungent smoke to treat complaints from colds to fungal infections to rheumatism.
	www.southernnewmexico.com /Articles/Plants/CreosoteBush-fragranceoft.html (491 words)

	Desert Survivor - North America's creosote bush Natural History - Find Articles
		Since all of these creosote bush insects are of North American origin (not having migrated from South America along with the bush itself), their specializations presumably evolved as a response to the introduction and eventual dominance of this new resource.
		Given the tremendous adaptability of insects and their ability to generate large populations in a brief time, the question "Why does the world remain green (or brown, in the case of the creosote bush)?" joins "Why are there so many kinds of insects?" as another of the major issues in ecology.
		Creosote bush and its resident insects offer an exceptional opportunity to address these questions: the plant's small size allows us to identify its well-known insects and exhaustively count (even manipulate) their numbers, as well as to alter the top-down forces by restricting predator access to individual plants.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_1_108/ai_53682802 (868 words)

	Native American Herbs and Plants of the Southwest Creosote
		Creosote is a large bush, 4 to 6 ft high, with small curled leaves that are usually waxy and olive drab but turn brown in drought.
		The resin of the creosote bush was used by Native Americans to mend pottery and fix arrowheads.
		Creosote is known as a blood cleanser, an antioxidant, antiviral and antibiotic agent, and is used for infections, skin problems, and auto-immune diseases such as arthritis, and may help to lower blood cholesterol.
	www.angelfire.com /art/nativeherb/creosote.html (365 words)

	A description and list of plants that occur in the desert plant community Creosote scrub.
		Creosote Bush Scrub is a plant community dominated by Larrea tridentata or creosote bush.
		Creosote Bush Scrub in California occurs in the south eastern deserts.
		Creosote Bush Scrub is open and sparse with an abundance of bare soil between plants.
	www.laspilitas.com /comhabit/California_Creosote_Bush_Scrub.html (771 words)

	Creosote bush
		A Creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) is an evergreen shrub (Zygophyllaceae[?]), sometimes growing to a height of 12 feet but usually smaller, which is a prominent species of large parts of the semi-arid regions of California, Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, and northern Mexico.
		In parts of its range the plant may occupy large areas as a practically pure stand.
		Creosote bush bears small yellow flowers and has a characteristic odor of creosote.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/cr/Creosote_bush.html (72 words)

	Creosote (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Creosote is the name used for a variety of products that are mixtures of many chemicals; those products include wood creosote, coal tar creosote, coal tar, and coal tar pitch.
		Creosotes do not occur naturally in the environment; they are created by high-temperature treatment of beech and other woods (wood creosote) or coal (coal tar creosote), or from the resin of the creosote bush (creosote bush resin).
		Creosotes and coal tars are complex mixtures of variable composition containing primarily condensed aromatic ring compounds or phenols; therefore, it is not possible to represent the chemical formula and structure for these materials.
	www.nsc.org /ehc/chemical/Creosote.htm (1599 words)

	Creosote Bush - Larrea tridentata
		The Creosote Bush is named that way because it smells a lot like the creosote tar that is used on telephone poles to preserve the wood.
		The bush is basically a group of 4 to 12 plants that shoot up from one plant in all directions.
		The Creosote Bush has small (1-2 inch) pointy green leaves that are covered with a varnish.
	www.blueplanetbiomes.org /creosote_bush.htm (281 words)

	On the Trail of the Creosote (DesertUSA)
		The creosote, with its gray stems ringed with fl, is abundant from southern California to western Texas.
		At the turn of the century, Anglos considered creosote a remedy for consumption (tuberculosis), and it was given to horses with colds or distemper.
		A creosote bush was featured on the guided tour of the botanical gardens, and we were invited to crush and smell the leaves.
	www.desertusa.com /mag98/april/stories/creosote.html (993 words)

	CREOSOTE BUSH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Creosote bush in a period of abundant water availability - note the many small, resin-coated leaves and the many flowers or flower buds.
		As a consequence, the only permanent plants (such as creosote bush) are those with extensive and deep root systems and with special adaptations to survive long periods of intense heat and drought.
		The leaves of creosote bush contain anti-herbivory resinous compounds, so the plant is seldom eaten by grazing animals.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/desbiome/larrea.htm (409 words)

	Creosote Bush Scrub - Desert Habitats
		Creosote bushes are said to be some of the world's oldest living things; some colonies in the Mojave Desert are 11,500 years old.
		Creosote bush scrub covers the lower elevations, mixing with desert scrub at the middle elevations, while at the highest elevations grows a juniper-pinyon...
		Creosote bush scrub cacti, yucca and other desert shrub species cover the bajadas, giving the mountains their barren character.
	mojavedesert.net /desert-habitats/creosote-bush-scrub.html (516 words)

	Herbalist - Creosote
		Larrea tridentata "durned old creosote bush", or chaparral, also called Greasewood, that covers vast portions of the west, had a prominent place in the healing kits of native Americans, Spanish and Anglo settlers.
		Anglo and Hispanic settlers used creosote for diarrhea, upset stomach, menstrual problems, and cancer of the liver, kidney and stomach.
		Creosote may be picked any time of the year, but is most potent in the spring.
	www.mountaintimes.net /Wildlife/F-W-Creosote.htm (895 words)

	Interpopulation Differences In Tolerance To Creosote Bush Resin In Desert Woodrats - Neotoma Lepida - Statistical Data ...
		We studied tolerance to phenolic resin from creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in two populations of desert woodrats as a first step in understanding phenotypic habituation and genetic adaptation of this species to creosote resin.
		The results are consistent with the idea of differential tolerance to creosote bush phenolic resin in desert woodrat populations.
		Creosote bush phenolic resin is known to deter feeding by arthropods and to complex with protein in vitro (Rhoades and Cates 1976).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2120/is_8_81/ai_65197813 (892 words)

	Creosote: Environmental Toxin, Toxic Coal Tar, Cancer, Environmental Contamination, Pennsylvania Lawyers
		One type results from high-temperature treatment of coal (coal tar creosote), one results from high-temperature treatment of beech and other woods (beechwood creosote), and one comes from the resin of the creosote bush (creosote bush resin).
		Coal-tar creosote is usually a heavy, oily, liquid containing mainly alkylnaphthalenes, naphthalene, diphenyl, acenaphthalene, fluorene, plus small amounts of higher phenols, diphenylene oxide, quinoline base and indole.
		Acute toxicity: Reports describing coal-tar creosote poisoning in workers or accidental or intentional ingestion of coal-tar creosote indicate that brief exposures to large amounts of coal-tar creosote can cause harmful effects on the skin, eyes, nervous system, and kidneys; produce abdominal pain and vomiting, heart damage, anemia, and can result in death.
	www.munley.com /toxic_creosote_toxin.html (883 words)

	Creosote, With Reference to Beekeeping
		Wood creosote is a colorless to yellowish greasy liquid with a smoky odour and burned taste.
		Coal tar creosote is a thick, oily liquid that is typically amber to fl in colour.
		Eating large amounts of herbal remedies containing creosote bush leaves may cause liver damage, while large amounts of coal tar creosote may result in severe skin irritation, eye burns, convulsions, unconsciousness and even death.
	website.lineone.net /~dave.cushman/creosote.html (1175 words)

	Creosote Bush (Larrea tridentata)
		Creosote Bushes grow in ever-widening circles, with their center bushes dying out and sprouting new bushes to the outside (thus no one twig is 11,000 years old).
		Of all perennial plants in North America, the Creosote Bush is thought to be the most drought-tolerant.
		One man in his 70s that I knew in Idaho drank tea made from the creosote bush ("chaparral tea") every day and claimed he had never been sick since the day he started drinking the tea (on the other hand there have been deaths blamed on drinking the tea [ASDM 2000]).
	wc.pima.edu /~bfiero/tucsonecology/plants/shrubs_cb.htm (455 words)

	NCAMP-Poison Poles-Appendix A-Creosote
		The major chemicals in coal-tar creosote that can cause harmful health effects are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenol, and cresols.1 Coal-tar creosote is usually a heavy, oily, liquid containing mainly alkylnaphthalenes, naphthalene, diphenyl, acenaphthalene, fluorene, plus small amounts of higher phenols, diphenylene oxide, quinoline base and indole.
		Creosote can enter the body through the lungs as a contaminant of air, through the stomach and intestines after eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water, or through the skin.
		Reports describing coal-tar creosote poisoning in workers or accidental or intentional ingestion of coal-tar creosote indicate that brief exposures to large amounts of coal-tar creosote can cause harmful effects on the skin, eyes, nervous system, and kidneys; produce abdominal pain and vomiting, heart damage, anemia, and can result in death.
	www.ncamp.org /poisonpoles/creosote.html (718 words)

	Creosote Rings Preserve, Lucerne Valley / Johnson Valley
		Creosote bushes, sometimes referred to as greasewood have been found in the Mohave desert near Old Woman Springs and dead pieces of the wood have been radiocarbon dated to be over 9,000 years old.
		The rings of creosote bushes certainly are not easily spotted in the area, especially if you are not sure what you are looking for.
		He theorized that the entire distance to the center of the creosote ring was at one time solid wood, the outer ring of bushes comparable with the outer layer of living bark on a redwood tree.
	www.lucernevalley.net /creosote (1319 words)

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