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Topic: Crescentius II

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	Otto III - LoveToKnow 1911
		Early in 984 the king was seized by Henry II., the Quarrelsome, the deposed duke of Bavaria, who claimed the regency as a member of the reigning house, and probably entertained the idea of obtaining the kingly dignity himself.
		Before he reached Rome, Pope John XV., who had invited him to Italy, had died, whereupon he raised his own cousin Bruno, son of Otto duke of Carinthia, to the papal chair as Pope Gregory V., and by this pontiff Otto was crowned emperor on the 21st of May 996.
		The mystic erratic temperament of Otto, alternating between the most magnificent schemes of empire and the lowest depths of self-debasement, was not conducive to the welfare of his dominions, and during his reign the conditions of Germany deteriorated.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Otto_III (662 words)

	A HISTORY OF THE CHURCH To the Eve of the Reformation : L.4, C.5.
		Crescentius was beheaded; and John XVI, his ears and nose slit, his eyes and tongue torn out, was solemnly deposed.
		Crescentius "III" predeceased his last nominee by a matter of months, and when Sergius IV died (May 12, 1012) there was a double election.
		The new emperor, Conrad II (1024-1039), was too interested in his chances of making money out of abuses to regret the appearance of a pope in whom abuses found the highest of sanctions.
	www.franciscan-sfo.org /ap/hu/hb4-5.htm (4321 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Crescentius
		Crescentius the Elder was a descendant of this family, being a son of Theodora, the daughter of Theophylactus.
		His protector Crescentius towards the end of his life, whether before or after the restoration of Boniface VII is uncertain, took the monastic habit in the monastery of St. Alexius on the Aventine, where he died, 7 July, 984, and was buried within the cloister.
		Crescentius the Younger took the title of Patricius Romanorum, by which he meant to express that he was ruler in Rome, though not altogether independent of the imperial authority; he considered himself as a lieutenant of the emperor.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04484c.htm (1506 words)

	Pope John XV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At the time he mounted the papal chair Crescentius II was Patrician of Rome, but, although his influence was on this account very much hampered, the presence of the Empress Theophano in Rome from 989 to 991 restrained also the ambition of Crescentius II.
		On her departure, the Pope, whose venality and nepotism had made him very unpopular with the citizens, died of fever before the arrival of Emperor Otto III (983–1002), who elevated his own kinsman Bruno to the papal dignity under the name of Gregory V (996–999).
		The turn of events outran the messages, when Hugh Capet captured both Charles and Archbishop Arnulf and convoked a synod at Reims in June 991, which obediently deposed Arnulf and chose as his successor Abbot Gerbert, afterwards Pope Silvester II (999–1003).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_John_XV (740 words)

	Pope Gregory V - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Robert II of France (996–1031), who had been insisting on his right to appoint bishops, was ultimately forced to back down, and ultimately also to put aside his wife Bertha, by the rigorous enforcement of a sentence of excommunication on the kingdom.
		Until the council of Pavia (997) Gregory V had a rival in the person of the antipope John XVI (997–998), whom Crescentius II and the nobles of Rome had chosen, in revolt against the will of the youthful Emperor Otto III, the Pope's cousin.
		The Castel Sant'Angelo was besieged, and when it was taken, Crescentius II was hanged upon its walls (998).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Gregory_V (438 words)

	Justin Martyr - LoveToKnow 1911
		In Rome he made a fairly long stay, giving lectures in a class-room of his own, though not without opposition from his fellow-teachers.
		19), that the accusation of Justin before the authorities, which led to his death, was due to Crescentius.
		But we know, from the undoubtedly genuine Acta SS Justini et sociorum, that Justin suffered the death of a martyr under the prefect Rusticus between 163 and 167.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Justin_Martyr (1436 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Gregory V
		Unfortunately for himself and the peace of the Church, he prevailed upon the emperor not to banish from Rome the turbulent noble Crescentius Numentanus, "of the Marble Horse".
		Crescentius did not stop here, but caused an antipope to be proclaimed in the person of the crafty Italo-Greek John Philagathus of Rossano, who had artfully made a position for himself at the court of the Ottos and now took the title of John XVI (997).
		At a synod which Gregory had ordered to meet at Pavia, not only were Crescentius and his antipope anathematized, but King Robert of France was threatened with excommunication if he did not put away Bertha whom he had married though she was related to him not only by spiritual relationship but by blood.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06790a.htm (719 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. \| Christian Classics Ethereal Library
		Crescentius was treated with great leniency, but after the departure of the German army he stirred up a rebellion, expelled the German pope and elevated Philagathus, a Calabrian Greek, under the name of John XVI.
		According to several Italian writers he was poisoned by Stephania, under the disguise of a loving mistress, in revenge of the murder of Crescentius, her husband.
		The anti-imperial party regained the ascendency, and John Crescentius, the son of the beheaded consul, ruled under the title of Senator and Patricius.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc4.i.iv.xviii.html (2076 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hadrian II (867-872) was so well respected that he was elected to the papacy twice, in 855 and 858, and turned it down before finally accepting it the third time.
		Crescentius was beheaded on the battlements of Castel Sant' Angelo.
		Callistus II (1119-1124) was able to affect a compromise with the emperor, Henry V, on the investiture issue known as the Concordat of Worms, held in 1122.
	emp.byui.edu /marrottr/352Folder/Popes-History.html (22508 words)

	US Bazaar.com : Encyclopedia Pages : Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
		Shortly after his coronation, Henry II, deposed Duke of Bavaria, seized him in an attempt to procure the regency, but in May 984 he was forced to return Otto to his mother, the Byzantine Greek princess Theophanu, who served as regent until her death in 991.
		Otto II's mother, Adelaide of Italy, then served together with Willigis, archbishop of Mainz, as regent until Otto III reached his majority in 994.
		Otto returned to Italy and retook the city in 998: Crescentius was executed in the Castel Sant'Angelo, the antipope mutilated and blinded, and Gregory reinstated.
	encyclopedia.us-bazaar.com /?title=Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (941 words)

	983. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Otto III, on his first expedition to Italy, deposed the patricius Crescentius II and (at the request of the Roman people) nominated as pope his cousin Bruno, Gregory V (996–99), the first German pope, an ardent Cluniac.
		Sylvester II (Gerbert of Aurillac), the first French pope, a man of humble origin but one of the most learned men of his day (Arabic, mathematics, and science).
		The synods of Sutri and of Rome, under pressure from the reforming emperor Henry III, deposed three rival popes and made Suitgar, bishop of Bamberg, pope as Clement II (1046–47).
	www.bartleby.com /67/466.html (916 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Crescentius the Younger
		As the Romans and their leader, Crescentius, did not care at this time to nominate a successor to the deceased pope, they sent a delegation to the emperor with the request that he provide a suitable candidate for the Holy See.
		Crescentius was deprived of his title of Patricius, but was permitted to live in retirement at Rome.
		Crescentius, far from being moved by these proceedings against him, completed his work of rebellion by appointing an antipope, Philagathus, Bishop of Piacenza, who had just returned from an embassy to Constantinople on behalf of Emperor Otto III.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Crescentius_the_Younger (925 words)

	History of the Mass (9histort.htm)
		Silvester II sent the royal crown to King Stephen I of Hungary in January 1001 as a sign of unification and solidarity between the Church and Hungary.
		John II's father had been executed in 998 by Otto III for his involvement in the revolt against Pope Gregory V. Now his son wanted revenge, but Otto III was out of harm's way in respect to the Romans reaching him but not the elements.
		Benedict's alliance with Henry II and his all-consuming battle against Byzantine rule further alienated him and the Western Church from the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Patriarch Sergius II retaliated by dropping Benedict VIII from the diptychs of Constantinople as the rift worsened.
	www.dailycatholic.org /hist/9histort.htm (2288 words)

	Antipope Boniface VII
		In 974.06, Crescentius, the son of Theodora and brother of Pope John XIII (965-972), threw Pope Benedict VI (973-974) into the Castle of Saint' Angelo, where Crescentius later had him strangled.
		Crescentius then had Antipope Boniface VII (974) appointed as Pope.
		After the death of Otto II in 983.12.07, Boniface VII returned to Rome in 984.04, where he overpowered Pope John XIV (983-984), and threw him into the dungeons of Saint'Angelo, where he died 4 months later.
	www.archelaos.com /popes/details.aspx?id=151 (235 words)

	Pope Gregory V (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Sometimes Pope Boniface II (530-532) is considered the first German pope, although he was an Ostrogoth.
		Robert II of France, who had been insisting on his right to appoint bishops, was ultimately forced to back down, and ultimately also to put aside his wife Bertha, by the rigorous enforcement of a sentence of excommunication on the kingdom.
		Until the council of Pavia (997) Gregory had a rival in the person of the antipope John XVI, whom Crescentius and the nobles of Rome had chosen, in revolt against the will of the youthful emperor Otto III, Gregory's cousin.
	pope-gregory-v.iqnaut.net (377 words)

	JOHN XVII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Crescentius III was now Patrician and the real power in Rome; and Crescentius III was the son of Crescentius II who had set up antipope John XVI.
		Consequently, Crescentius III would naturally insist that the pope whose election he had secured should assume the style of John XVII.
		Crescentius III dominated the papacy during this period and carried matters with so high a hand that by one chronicle he is called "the destroyer of the apostolic see." This however, was probably because he usurped the popes' temporal power.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp141.htm (254 words)

	LumenGentleman Apologetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Crescentius holed up in the Castle of St. Angelo; the antipope fled to a castle in the country.
		Crescentius was beheaded on the battlements and his body tossed into the moat.
		When Alexander II died on April 21, 1073, he had prepared the way for Hildebrand, and he had fired the opening gun in the great fight against lay investiture.
	www.lumengentleman.com - !http: //www.lumengentleman.com/content_print.asp?id=11 (8105 words)

	Vikings and Feudal Europe 900-1095 by Sanderson Beck
		After Blois Count Odo II was killed trying to invade Lorraine in 1037, his sons Stephen and Theobald plotted to make King Henri's younger brother Odo king; but they were captured and imprisoned with the assistance of Geoffrey Martel, who was rewarded with Tours, though he was not able to conquer it until 1044.
		Heinrich II was born May 6, 973 and energetically tried to protect people's rights against their lords by traveling around to dispense justice, though he was quite busy fighting wars to maintain his empire.
		Gunnhild died of a pestilence in Italy, and Conrad II died of illness at Utrecht in 1039.
	www.san.beck.org /AB17-FeudalEurope.html (23987 words)

	The Inevitable Dossier - 3. History of Civilization (3.13-3.14)
		He took the name Silvester II in relations to Pope Silvester I who was the advisor of Constantine the Great.
		Interesting knowledge regarding Otto III was that he devised a dream of restoration of a universal Empire formed by the union of the Papacy, Byzantium and ancient Rome with himself at the head of a theocratic state.
		Crescentius was degraded in public and got his nose, ears, tongue and eyes cut of/out.
	www.theinevitabledossier.com /us/content/view/93/98 (1067 words)

	981-82. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Otto's first expedition to Italy ended Crescentius II's sway in Rome; Otto designated his cousin Bruno as pope (Gregory V).
		Returning to Rome on his second expedition to Italy, Otto deposed the Crescentine pope, John XVI, and decapitated Crescentius.
		Henry II (son of Henry the Wrangler, cousin of Otto, great-grandson of Henry the Fowler) emerged from the contest for the throne, and was crowned emperor at Rome (1014).
	www.bartleby.com /67/417.html (468 words)

	EUROPEAN HISTORY 1000 - 1049
		Dissatisfied with foreign rule the Romans revolted and the Emperor Otto III (996-1002) the German and Silvester II alias Gerbert (999-1003) a Frenchman and bishop (duchy) of Rome fled the city.
		John XVIII alias John Fasanus (Cock) (1003-1009) a Roman is appointed by John II Crescentius (1003-1012) as bishop (duchy) of Rome.
		Damasus II alias Poppo (1048-1048) a Bavarian is nominated by Emperor Henry II (1039-1056) as bishop (duchy) of Rome.
	www.agt.net /public/dgarneau/euro48.htm (2765 words)

	Ancestors and Family of Otto III of Germany
		Son of the Holy Roman emperor Otto II and Empress Theophano, Otto III was elected German king in June 983 and crowned at Aachen in December, shortly after his father's death.
		But the child king was seized by Henry II the Quarrelsome, the deposed duke of Bavaria, in an attempt to secure the regency, if not the throne, for himself.
		In May 984, however, Henry was forced by the imperial diet to turn the child over to his mother, who served as regent until her death in 991; Otto's grandmother, the dowager empress Adelaide, assumed the regency until the King came of age in 994.
	nygaard.howards.net /files/2522.htm (490 words)

	My Lines - Person Page 369
		Crescentius II "the Younger", Patricius Romanorum was born circa 955.
		She was the daughter of Crescentius II "the Younger", Patricius Romanorum.
		Crescentius, daughter of Crescentius II "the Younger", Patricius Romanorum.
	homepages.rootsweb.com /~cousin/html/p369.htm (4148 words)

	11th Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Otto III died and John Crescentius became the new master of Rome trying immediately to get the pope under his thumb.
		He was elected by the desire of John Crescentius and his pontificate lasted 6 months.
		Followig a popular uprising led by the Crescentius family, Benedict was deposed.
	www.italycyberguide.com /History/popes/11th.htm (1002 words)

	10Th Century A.D.: The People's Chronology
		Pope Marinus II dies at Rome in April or early May after a reign of nearly 4 years and is succeeded May 10 by a Rome-born cleric who gains election with the support of the Roman despot Alaric II of Spoleto and will reign until 955 as Agapetus II.
		The Scottish king of Alba Kenneth II tries to restore order in part of his realm, kills the son of a man who controls the region, and so angers the young man's mother that she lays a trap for the king.
		The nobleman Crescentius II is beheaded April 29 for having raised a rebellion 2 years ago against Pope Gregory V; his body is thrown into a moat, after which it is hung upside down by the heels.
	history.enotes.com /peoples-chronology/year-10th-century-d (11712 words)

	History of the Mass (8histort.htm)
		With Crescentius' son Crescentius II succeeding him after the former's death in 988, any loyalty to the Pope deteriorated and, with mounting opposition to the pontiff's reputation for nepotism and avariciousness, Crescentius II made his move in March 995.
		Crescentius II, seeing the folly of pursuing the path he had taken, sought reconciliation with John XV to save his own neck.
		Though it was a noble act, it would come back to haunt Gregory for after Otto returned to Germany in the fall of 996, Crescentius II amassed troops and stormed the Vatican, stripping Gregory of his papal crown and banishing him.
	www.dailycatholic.org /hist/8histort.htm (2340 words)

	JOHN XVIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Crescentius seems to have kept the Pope from taking any part in this struggle.
		Now in the pontificate of John XVIII the breach was healed and Constantinople once more returned to Catholic unity.
		If John XVIII had been unable to help Henry II in his Italian campaign, he did work closely with the pious Emperor in his German affairs.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp142.htm (405 words)

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