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Topic: Creswellian

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	History of Shoreham
		Gough's Cave (Devon) recolonisation after the Ice Age
		Creswellian hunters focused on the wild horse (Equus ferus) or the red deer (Cervus elaphus), probably depending on the season, although the arctic hare, reindeer, mammoth, Saiga antelope, wild cow, brown bear, lynx, arctic fox and wolf were also exploited.
		New genetic evidence has altered all of this.
	www.glaucus.org.uk /History.htm (9632 words)

	Family Ancestry Britain Upper Paleolithic
		There advanced techniques with ivory and stone were again discovered in the form of jewellery and other personal ornaments whose purpose is still unknown.
		This shows home sapiens distinct culture (Creswellian) and grouping became more complex and more and more food recourse were said to be found for a permanent settlement.
		Archaeological remains proved that these humans were very much capable of making boats and harpoons and performed a lot of artistic work like cave painting were was found on many location in Europe starting year 2003 after which the search for many other went fast and result were positive.
	www.family-ancestry.co.uk /history/prehistoric/britain/upper_paleolithic (0 words)

	AHOB Picture Library-Repopulation
		Fossil localities from the fringes of Western Europe to Alaska indicate an expansion of dry steppic conditions across the Northern Hemisphere at ~ 12 kya.
		Late Upper Palaeolithic (Creswellian) blades from the 1987 excavation.
		Excavations in the 1820s recovered the spectacular burial of an adult male covered in red ochre and accompanied by numerous grave goods.
	www.nhm.ac.uk /hosted_sites/ahob/Picture_Library/repopulation/index.html (268 words)

	Palaeolithic cave art in Britain?
		Equine engraving on rib fragment, presumed to be from the Creswellian of Robin Hood's Cave, Derbyshire, England, excavated in 1876.
		While the Creswellian at about 12 000 years BP is contemporary with the very final Magdalenian, its lithic typology seems to be more closely related to the Tjongerian of Holland and Belgium, the Hamburgian and subsequent Ahrensburgian of Holland and adjacent parts of Germany, and the Brommian of Denmark.
		The issue is not whether any of the many markings in Church Hole are of the Creswellian, it is that so far no credible evidence to that effect has been presented, their mode of documentation is inadequate, and their mode of debate is appalling.
	mc2.vicnet.net.au /home/cara13/web/Ripoll.html (3197 words)

	Archaeology Wordsmith (Site not responding. Last check: )
		DEFINITION: The type site of the Creswellian culture, a gorge about 1500 feet long near Creswell, England, which has caves that have yielded one of the most important British series of extinct vertebrate remains, accompanied by implements of Paleolithic hunters.
		The Creswellian culture is regarded as a variant of the Magdalenian culture of southwestern France and occurred during the final stages of the Würm glaciation.
		The Creswellian culture never used the stone ax but their tools were Gravettian-type of blunted-back blades showing development in manufacture over a long period.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?exact=1&terms=Creswell%20Crags (127 words)

	Creswellian
		The Creswellian is a British Upper Palaeolithic culture named after the type site of Creswell Crags in Derbyshire by Dorothy Garrod in 1926.
		Analysis of debitage at occupation sites suggests that flint nodules were reduced in size at source and the lighter blades carried by Creswellian groups as 'toolkits' in order to reduce the weight carried.
		Food species eaten by Creswellian hunters focused on the wild horse (equus ferus) or the red deer (Cervus elaphus), probably depending on the season, although the arctic hare, reindeer, mammoth, Saiga antelope, wild cow, brown bear, lynx, arctic fox and wolf were also exploited.
	www.libraryoflibrary.com /E_n_c_p_d_Creswellian.html (449 words)

	Nick Template
		In both regions rare evidence for human presence during the Lateglacial Stadial (Younger Dryas), usually associated with an "arctic" fauna characterised by reindeer, is followed at the beginning of the Holocene by a rapid dispersal of microlithic Mesolithic assemblages found with a temperate fauna.
		The British Creswellian hunted fauna has elements in common with the continental sites (horse, arctic hare, perhaps mammoth), but a major difference is the presence of red deer instead of reindeer.
		For example, reindeer are known to be capable of very long range migrations, while an animal the size of a mammoth could clearly also cover large distances, maybe leading to seasonally differentiated faunas which remain unrecognised at the level of archaeological site analysis.
	www.dbp.ox.ac.uk /NB%20Projects%20SW%20Caves.htm (1712 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Creswell Crags (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie).
		The caves contain occupation layers with evidence of flint tools from the Mousterian, proto-Solutrean, Creswellian and Maglemosian cultures.
		Maglemosian is the name given to a culture of the early Mesolithic period in Northern Europe.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Creswell-Crags (1069 words)

	"Hugging the glaciers"
		The Late-glacial reoccupation of the British Isles and the Creswellian.
		The British Creswellian sites offer evidence of this earliest resettlement, which is mainly focused on the upland margins of western and central Britain.
		Creswellian as a regional facies of the Late Magdalenian, as
	www.palanth.com /forum/index.php?topic=370.0 (1916 words)

	Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
		This in turn is later influenced by Azilian cultural diffusion from western France and northern Spain.
		The Aurignacian which came to England, and from which Creswellian developed, apparently came from central Europe.
		During the Mesolithic, a northern extension of Creswellian, strongly mixed with Azilian, extended to southwestern Scotland, where it has been found in the Oban caves of Argyllshire.
	www.snpa.nordish.net /chapter-III08.htm (2231 words)

	CJO - Abstract - Cannibalism in Britain: Taphonomy of the Creswellian (Pleistocene) faunal and human remains from ...
		CJO - Abstract - Cannibalism in Britain: Taphonomy of the Creswellian (Pleistocene) faunal and human remains from Gough's Cave (Somerset, England)
		Cannibalism in Britain: Taphonomy of the Creswellian (Pleistocene) faunal and human remains from Gough's Cave (Somerset, England)
		One exception to this is seen in the slight differences in skull treatment compared with other sites, suggesting a possible element of ritual cannibalism (cf Fontbrégoua, the French Neolithic site, ca 4000 BC).
	journals.cambridge.org /action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=226528 (244 words)

	Creswell, Cheddar and Paviland: Current Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The earliest evidence for the human re-colonisation came from Creswellian assemblages, and were dated to a short lived warm period (Interstadial) circa 13,000 - 12,000 years ago.
		The accepted interpretation was that it had been a major residential camp for late ice age hunters, with an economy based on the exploitation of woolly rhinos.
		This was supported by the AMS dating of woolly rhino remains which were shown to predate the Creswellian occupation by at least 20,000 years, alongside the dating of individual cut marked bones indicating that hare exploitation took place broadly 12,400 years ago.
	web.onetel.com /~ruthcharles/CurrentArch.htm (2562 words)

	News and views
		Dr Paul Pettitt, one of the research team added that, 'The art, like the objects from the Ice Age occupations in the Creswell caves, shows striking similarities to what is found in continental Europe.
		As Britain was connected to the Continent across the North Sea at the time, this emphasises the intimate connection between the Creswellian hunters and their European neighbours.
		The art can be seen as one part of a Europe-wide hunter-gatherer culture'.
	www.creswell-crags.org.uk /CHT/News_and_views/rock_art_july2004.html (0 words)

	INORA - Reflections on a supposed controversy
		The remains of geometric markings, omitted by us in the group of figures criticised by Bednarik, are likewise modern graffiti.
		Secondly, normal stylistic comparisons – the means by which almost all rock art is inevitably dated – were extremely strong with the art of the continental caves of the same date (Final Magdalenian) as the Creswellian occupation of Church Hole (which had already been well established by radiocarbon estimates).
		And finally, samples were taken from the calcite flows which covered some of the engravings, and the resulting Uranium/Thorium dates have provided absolute proof of the Pleistocene antiquity of these figures (Pike et al., in press).
	www.bradshawfoundation.com /inora/debate_42_2.html (761 words)

	3 - The Late Upper Palaeolithic (Epi-Palaeolithic) and the Mesolithic periods
		One is the Cheddar point with a double- angled back that produces a trapeze-like shape and the other the Creswellian point with a single-angled blunted back and both were probably used as either knives or points.
		On the basis of human remains recovered, although not all preserved, mainly from Aveline's Hole, a tentative suggestion has been made that, during the Epi-Palaeolithic period, the number of hunter- gatherers in Britain lay somewhere between 500 and 5000.
		The main sources of animal food seemed to have been horses and reindeer involving hunting using Cheddar and Creswellian points, shouldered points and tanged points.
	www.btinternet.com /~ron.wilcox/onlinetexts/onlinetexts-chap3.htm (1694 words)

	Animal magic - Independent Online Edition > Science & Technology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In this beautiful little limestone valley, there are a number of caves, such as Robin Hood cave and Mother Grundy's Parlour, which were occupied at the end of the last Ice Age in what has become known to archaeologists as the Creswellian period.
		We started on 14 April by visiting the caves on the Derbyshire side, which faced south - and in Mother Grundy's Parlour we spotted what appeared to be an ancient engraving, although we still don't know what it represents.
		The style of the animal figures we have encountered is well known on the Continent and fits such a date perfectly.
	news.independent.co.uk /world/science_technology/article51170.ece (1782 words)

	Creswell Crags, Cresswell Crags visitors centre, Attractions in the Peak District, Caves in the Peak District, Peak ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In contrast the neatly made stone tools that were found amounted to some two hundred and forty, of which less than a third originated from the cave's Neanderthal residents.
		The enterprising inhabitants of Creswell, particularly those in Mother Grundy's Parlour, developed their own local flint `industry', which has become known in archeaology as the `Creswellian Culture'.Their blades were characteristically small and blunted along one edge for holding, or setting into a handle.
		Creswellian products have also been found as far away as caves in Somerset and as close as Dowel Cave, at Earl Sterndale in Derbyshire's White-Peak.
	www.peakdistrictonline.co.uk /content.php?categoryId=1751 (1712 words)

	Pelobates - Issue 69 - Cave Sites and Human Occupation of Britain during the Upper Palaeolithic Period - Croydon Caving ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The first of these, "Mother Grundy's Parlour, is the Type Site (the international standard of comparison) for the Creswellian stone tool industry" [Jenkinson,1989~p93] This industry is characteristic of the LUP; "the characteristic tools are large trapezes, obliquely blunted blades and small backed blades" [Bray and Trump,1982,p69].
		In these four caves alone a total of 98 backed tools of LUP date are known out of a total stone tool assemblage of 201 [Campbell,1977,v2ppl30-7].
		This flint industry is thus "Creswellian in type" but Tratman [1975,p367]notes that "it does have its own specialities known as Cheddar points, but this is not sufficient to dub it a separate culture".
	www.croydoncavingclub.org.uk /Archive/Pelobates/069/S07.htm (1747 words)

	Prehistoric Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The environment during this ice age period would have been a largely treeless tundra, eventually replaced by a warmer climate, perhaps reaching 17 degrees Celsius (62.6 Fahrenheit) in summer which encouraged the expansion of birch trees as well as shrub and grasses.
		The first distinct culture of the Upper Palaeolithic in Britain is what archaeologists call the Creswellian industry.
		It produced more refined flint tools but also made use of bone, antler, shell, amber, animal teeth, and mammoth ivory.
	www.lastproxy.com /php-proxy.php?hl=&q=aHR0cDovL2VuLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS9QcmVoaXN0b3JpY19Ccml0YWlu (3129 words)

	Human Recolonisation of Europe: Back into the North (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Further publication relating to the dating of other archaeological groups (the Creswellian, Tjongerian and Ahrensburgian) present within this study area during the Lateglacial is planned.
		Radiocarbon dating is so well known that it is unnecessary to describe its basic principles and applications here, and the refinements of calibration crucial to the later periods of prehistory are only now beginning to be extended to become of direct relevance in Upper Palaeolithic research (cf.
		The associated lithics from the site have not yet been published in any form, and the precise nature of Lateglacial use at the site is currently unclear.
	web.onetel.com /~ruthcharles/pps.htm (8987 words)

	Show Caves of Great Britain: Creswell Crags
		One fact proofing this is the word Creswellian.
		The Creswellian is a Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) culture of Britain, named after the locus typicus (="type site") at Creswell Crags.
		Later this place was visited by modern man, for example they were used during the middle ages.
	www.showcaves.com /english/gb/showcaves/CreswellCrags.html (736 words)

	Nottinghamshire Heritage Gateway \| Research Pathways \| Places \| Ancient sites and monuments: Printed
		Publications on Creswell Crags and the Creswellian industry in Nottinghamshire in the Transactions of the Thoroton Society are:
		Jacobi Roger, D Garton and Jenny Brown 2001 Field walking and the late Upper Palaeolithic of Nottinghamshire, Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire, 105, 17- 21.
		This includes a detailed account of the Creswellian flints from s Church Hole.
	www.thorotonsociety.org.uk /gateway/places/ancientsites/cresswellcraggs/cresswell6.htm (434 words)

	Great Sites: Paviland Cave
		As such, the Paviland evidence lends support to the argument that the roots of modern Europeans lie not with Neolithic farmers but with the ingress into Europe of human populations who were to replace the Neanderthals.
		Restudy of the Goat's Hole lithic collections has confirmed material ranging from about 40,000 BP to about 13,000 BP (including Mousterian, leaf point, late Aurignacian, early Gravettian, Creswellian, and Final Upper Palaeolithic phases), although the earliest and latest phases are not dated by radiocarbon.
		These artefacts were made from a range of imported and local raw materials.
	www.arcl.ed.ac.uk /a1/stoppress/stop901.htm (2390 words)

	South Leeds Archaeology group - SLAG
		The environment during this ice age period would have been a largely treeless tundra, eventually replaced by a warmer climate, perhaps reaching 17 degrees Celsius in summer which encouraged the expansion of birch trees and also scrub and grasses.
		The first distinct culture of the Upper Palaeolithic in Britain is what archaeologists call the Creswellian industry.
		It produced more refined flint tools but also made use of bone, antler, shell, amber, animal teeth and mammoth ivory.
	www.homeguardsecurity.co.uk /archaeology/periods_palaeolithic.shtm (1143 words)

	Nottinghamshire Heritage Gateway \| Research Pathways \| Places \| Ancient sites and monuments: Overview
		The stone tools are peculiar to the people and are termed Creswellian.
		There were also a few bones from the cave floors engraved with the art of the people.
		In Nottinghamshire these Creswellian tools are also found to the south of Newark around Farndon beside not a stream along a valley floor but by the river Trent, swollen by melting ice at this time and attracting animals to come to drink where they were easy prey.
	www.thorotonsociety.org.uk /gateway/places/ancientsites/creswellcrags/creswell1.htm (1575 words)

	Consuming Passions: Reviewing the Evidence for Cannibalism within the Prehistoric Archaeological Record
		Therefore, based on the methodology specified for this paper, and due to the species diversity found within the same layer as the hominin remains (indicating a possible ready and plentiful food source), and the similar post-processing discard of animal and hominin remains, it is suggested that the type of cannibalism practiced at Moula-Guercy, was gastronomic.
		I would also like to thank Professor C. Stringer and Dr R. Jacobi for their help in the beginning stages of my BA dissertation, from which this paper ensued, written at the University of Southampton.
		Andrews, P. and Fernandez-Jalvo, Y. Cannibalism in Britain: Taphonomy of the Creswellian (Pleistocene) faunal and human remains from Gough’s Cave.
	www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk /issue9/cole.html (7514 words)

	ArchNet Discussion Forum Forum Top Level (Site not responding. Last check: )
		But as far as I know, most schools of architecture adhere to a Creswellian descriptive and non-interpretive approaches to teaching Islamic architecture.
		For the case of Egypt, AUC is strictly Creswellian and sometimes Grabarian.
		In the faculty of Fine Arts, where I graduated and where I worked as a T.A., history was taught in a Creswellian manner.
	archnet.org /forum/view.tcl?message_id=2528 (1642 words)

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