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Topic: Cretaceous long normal

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	Palaeos Mesozoic: Cretaceous: The Cretaceous Period: p. 2
		The normally conservatively coiled ammonoids take on bizarre shapes, which was at one time attributed to a sort of racial senility.
		Curiously, the most abundant and diverse of the Cretaceous herbivores were the unarmoured ornithopod dinosaurs, specifically the hypsilophodontids and iguanodontian lines, all of which achieved cosmopolitan distribution.
		The Cretaceous and the entire Mesozoic was brought to an end by one of the greatest mass extinctions of all time, the K-T event or terminal Mesozoic extinction.
	www.palaeos.com /Mesozoic/Cretaceous/Cretaceous.2.htm (2385 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It has long been postulated, and is now widely accepted, that the earth's magnetic field originates in the liquid outer part of the core.
		The long period of normal magnetism from 83 to 120 is known as the Cretaceous Superchron (a "chron" is a magnetic interval), or the Cretaceous long-normal
		Recent work by Randy Enkin of the Pacific Geoscience Centre in Sidney shows that the end of the Cretaceous Long-normal is actually represented in the Nanaimo Group rocks in the lower part of the Malaspina Cut.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~earles/reversals.htm (807 words)

	JAMAICA - LoveToKnow Article on JAMAICA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The foundation of the island is formed by a series of stratified shales and conglomerates, with tuffs and other volcanic rocks and occasional bands of marine limestone.
		It is served by the Long Island railroad, the lines of which from Brooklyn and Manhattan meet here and then separate to serve the different regions of the island.
		Kings Park (about 10 acres) comprises the estate of John Alsop King (1788-1867), governor of New York in 1857-1859, from whose heirs in 1897 the land was purchased by the village trustees.
	98.1911encyclopedia.org /J/JA/JAMAICA.htm (4466 words)

	Dinosaurs in California article, page 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For this reason, paleontologists have long considered Lambeosaurus to be a dinosaur that preferred the low, swampy habitats of a coastal plain.
		Edmontia fossils have been found in Late Cretaceous sediments as far south as Texas, where it was originally described as “Palaeoscincus.” For such slow-moving animals, this broad dispersal is especially remarkable.
		In a normal posture, this dinosaur would have held the head low to the ground, an ideal orientation for browsing on shrubs.
	www.sierra.cc.ca.us /museum/caldino5.html (1232 words)

	Qilong - Titanosaurus, Giraffe of the Cretaceous
		The arms were certainly long, and would indicate an animal roughly 12.4 feet or 3.75 meters at the shoulder, though this is based on the orientation of the scapula.
		While the forelegs are very long and relatively slender, as in other titanosaurids, the forearms (ulna, radius, carpus, and hand) are very short, overall only a little over half the length of the humerus, with a short but compact manus.
		The continent broke apart by as early as the middle or late Early Cretaceous with the formation of the incipient Atlantic between South America and Africa; later, India broke off by the early Late Cretaceous, and Antarctica and Australia by the late Late Cretaceous.
	qilong.8m.com /Titanosaurus_colberti.html (1544 words)

	K-T Impact Winter: No Definitive Evidences
		Long the topic of scientific inquiry and debate, the Cretaceous/Tertiary, or K/T, extinctions are cited as one of the top 10 to 20 unsolved mysteries in science.
		Carpenter (1983) notes that because of the assumption that all Latest Cretaceous dinosaurian taxa persisted to the end of the Cretaceous before becoming extinct permeates the popular and scientific literature, it is no wonder that single-cause catastrophic hypotheses abound.
		Isotopic evidence, and the long duration of carbon enrichment, indicate that it cannot originate from world forest fires, and that ultrabasic volcanism is the likely origin of the carbon fl.
	filebox.vt.edu /artsci/geology/mclean/Dinosaur_Volcano_Extinction/pages/impwintr.html (9708 words)

	When Did Angiosperms First Evolve? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Normally auriculae occur at the apical ends of pollen grains, but can be widely distributed as sculptural elements (clavae) over the entire pollen grain.
		The problem Cretaceous paleobotanists seem to have is reconciling these facts with their Cretaceous origin and radiation theory.
		That will require a paradigm shift and/or a major indisputable discovery in the earliest Cretaceous of fossil angiosperms too advanced to be the oldest angiosperms (if molecular chronology can be accepted by paleobotanists, and the Magnoliales and Winterales are recognized as existing by the late Neocomian, that milestone has already been passed).
	www.unifiedworlds.com /cornet/Why02/why2.htm (7120 words)

	Pyramid: The Tyrants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Its long and powerful hind legs and bird-like feet enabled it to outrun most herbivores, and may also have been used to pin down smaller or weakened prey (Contest of ST to pin; does 3d cutting damage).
		Damage taken is equal to half the damage normally done by the animal it is butting heads with, or half the damage it normally does itself if it butts an inanimate object such as a car.
		Deinonychus was only 8' to 10' long including a rigid tail, and stood 5' or 6' feet high, but it was apparently able to bring down large prey such as Tenonto-saurus by using pack tactics, speed, and the claws for which it was named.
	www.sjgames.com /pyramid/sample.html?id=1412 (2037 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For a long time there has been a problem with the theory of how the sun's luminous energy is generated.
		Example 2 (Geometry): For a long time (around 2 millinea) it was thought that the Eucledian Parallel Postulate: Given a line L and a point P not on L, there is exactly one line L' which contains P and is parallel to L. could be proven from the other Euclidean axioms, i.e.
		We have investigated its conservation in a bovid ruminant, the domestic sheep, by comparing parthenogenetic and normal control embryos.Our study establishes that, like in the mouse, parthenogenetic development in sheep is associated with growth-retardation and does not proceed beyond early fetal stages.
	www.grahamkendall.net /Main_Files/B25-ScienceC.txt (20920 words)

	[No title]
		The metal hammer head is approximately six inches (15 cm) long, with a nominal diameter of one inch.
		Normal carbon has an atomic weight of 12, and is called carbon-twelve, or
		To estimate a date, the amount of each type of carbon is measured and the numbers are plugged into a complicated mathematical formula which gives a date.
	home.texoma.net /~linesden/cem/hamr/hamrfs.htm (1072 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: GEOLOGY
		Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits formed broad carbonate shelves that were periodically buried in places by deltaic sandstones and shales at the edge of the widening Gulf of Mexico.
		By the Early Cretaceous, the shallow Mesozoic seas extended inland, covering much of the state-as far west as the Trans-Pecos region and north almost to the state line.
		Late Cretaceous volcanoes were widespread in a band roughly parallel to and south and east of the buried Ouachita Mountains.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/GG/swgqz.html (2381 words)

	La fine del mondo? - Fabriano \| Forums \| Attualità
		Over very long periods, geomagnetic reversal seems to have occurred with a frequency of 1 to 5 events per million years; however, this duration is highly variable.
		Cretaceous Long Normal), the Earth’s magnetic field is observed to maintain a single orientation for tens of millions of years.
		A long period of time during which there were no magnetic pole reversals, the Cretaceous Long Normal (also called the Cretaceous Superchron or C34) lasted from about 120 to 83 million years ago.
	www.fabrianopoli.it /link.asp?view=lasttopic&TOPIC_ID=1706 (2829 words)

	Allospiziformes
		Instead, the allospiziforms are part of the ancient and strange clade Enantiorniths, as evidenced by their shoulder joints and relatively slow metabolisms.
		The beak is usually stout and triangular and, as in parrots, the upper beak has a hinge-like articulation with the rest of the skull, allowing it to be lifted independently to a greater degree than usual among birds.
		As the colony grows, additional chambers and entrances are built and the city soon fills most of the lower branches and eventually extending down the trunk towards the ground.
	www.bowdoin.edu /~dbensen/Spec/Aves-Af.html (1574 words)

	The Plesiosaur Site - Liopleurodon
		The largest skull definitely belonging to L.ferox are about 1.5 meters long, and if the head was about a seventh of the body length (as reconstructed by Tarlo) it would make the length a little over 10 meters.
		Very rough calculations (based on measuring the volume of a plastic model of a pliosaur) suggest that the normal weight range was from about a quarter to three quarters of a ton, and up to around 2.5 tons for the biggest animals.
		This does not allow for changes in body proportion as animal increase in size, and it is not unlikely that larger animals were also proportionally bulkier, as is the case in modern crocodiles.
	www.plesiosaur.com /plesiosaurs/liopleurodon.php (1410 words)

	Apologetics Press - National Geographic Shoots Itself in the Foot—Again!
		Second, he published and lauded an article (which consumed 33 pages of the magazine!) that is so filled with ancient, time-worn canards that long ago were discarded as “proofs” of evolution, that even stalwart evolutionists surely must be shaking their heads in disbelief and hiding under their laboratory benches out of sheer embarrassment.
		The long neck of the giraffe and the short neck of the hippopotamus are both explicable by natural selection, as are both the dull coloration of the peppered moth and the brilliant colors of the bird of paradise.
		By the end of the nineteenth century, evolutionists had compiled a long list of such vestigial and rudimentary structures alleged to exist in both animals and humans—structures that evolutionists claimed were degenerate, and thus useless.
	www.apologeticspress.org /modules.php?name=Read&cat=5&itemid=2644 (18138 words)

	Dinosaurs - Extinction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		At the end of the Cretaceous Period, there was a mass extinction that killed off the last of what is traditionally called dinosaur species and many other living things.
		While extinction is a normal part of evolution, it usually happens to a species over a long period of time.
		At the end of the Cretaceous Period, about half of all life forms died out, including all the remaining dinosaurs.
	home.comcast.net /~ntal3/dinosaurs/extinction.html (280 words)

	SUDDEN CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH HUMAN HISTORY:
		Most of what I did was to take Jonathan Adams’ long and detailed Web Page piece and edit it (with his assistance and permission, of course).
		According to the Greenland ice-cores, conditions remained slightly cooler than present for a while; 'normal' Holocene warmth may not have been attained immediately however, instead taking a further 1500 years (up until around 10,000 calendar years ago) before it was reached.
		It is not yet clear if the general pattern of the transition between the Younger Dryas and Holocene is representative of other rapid warming and cooling events in the past 110,000 years.
	dieoff.org /page127.htm (4152 words)

	Gall Flowers In Figs
		Since the normal course of events is to abort unpollinated syconia, the entire syconium could be viewed as a gall occupied by nonpollinator wasps.
		Other bogus fig wasps may simply insert their long ovipositors into long-style flowers which are normally reserved for fig seeds and not fig wasps.
		With its very long ovipositor, the bogus fig wasp is essentially beating the system of long-style female flowers which prohibit egg laying (oviposition) by typical symbiotic pollinator wasps.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /gallfig.htm (2546 words)

	Majungatholus atopus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Majungatholus has long been known for being a carnivorous dinosaur, but it wasn’t until recently that researchers revealed that this dinosaur was probably a cannibal.
		during the Late Cretaceous period, the environment was seasonal and had a semi-arid climate.
		Majungatholus to cannibalism and whether or not this is normal in nature.
	www.priweb.org /ed/ICTHOL/ICTHOL04papers/17.htm (1009 words)

	Therizinosauria (As)
		The hips of a therezinosaur are much wider then is normal for a maniraptor, and the pubis is swept backward in the manner of a bird or ornithischian dinosaur, to make room the large belly needed to digest plant matter.
		Misfits even in the varied and bizzare clade Maniraptora, and in the face of stiff competition from the hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, and other ornithischian herbivores, the therizinosaurs have nonetheless flourished in the past 130 million years, and have spread themselves across Eurasia and the Americas.
		An arctotitan's claws are long and flattened side-to-side, forming tools the massive herbivore uses to dig for food under the snow.
	www.bowdoin.edu /~dbensen/Spec/therizinosauria-As.html (2508 words)

	Origin of Dinosaurs and Mammals - Erickson
		Like kangaroos, the ectothermic archosaurs may have relied on elastic storage and rebound to hop at high speeds over long distances at a low metabolic cost, which gave them a competitive edge over the proto-endothermic therapsids.
		A post-Jurassic gravity increase (associated with terrestrial contraction?) may have fostered the transition from faunas dominated by large, high-browsing sauropods in the Jurassic to faunas dominated by smaller, low-browsing ornithischian dinosaurs in the Cretaceous.
		Finally, a gravity increase in the latest Cretaceous may have played a role in the wholesale extinction of the remaining dinosaurs at the K-T boundary.
	microlnx.com /dinosaurs/OriginOfDinosaursAndMammals.html (347 words)

	NOAA Paleoclimatology Global Warming - The Story
		From a human perspective, climate change is the departure from the expected average weather or climate normals (temperature and precipitation) for a given place and time of year.
		Climate change reflects significant shifts in the mean state of the atmosphere-ocean-land system that results in shifts in the atmosphere and ocean circulation patterns, which in turn impacts regional weather.
		From the paleoclimate perspective, climate change is normal and part of the earth's natural variability related to interactions among the atmosphere, ocean, and land, as well as changes in the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /paleo/globalwarming/climate.html (277 words)

	Holocene Sediments of the Belize Shelf, Belize History
		The long eastern coast of Belize faces the Caribbean Sea and is protected by the second longest barrier reef in the world; in perspective, it is about 10% the length of Australia's Great Barrier Reef.
		Bulkhead Shoals is a large three-pronged mudmound complex (Figure 76) about seven miles long E-W and about two miles wide N-S. It nearly blocks the mouth of Chetumal Bay, limiting the exchange of marine waters of the open shelf with seasonally hyposaline and hypersaline waters of the bay.
		Considering that the Holocene transgression inundated the northern part of Belize long after flooding the deeper southern part of the shelf, the reefs at Mexico Rocks must be the youngest on the shelf.
	ambergriscaye.com /pages/mayan/holocene.html (11073 words)

	Excerpts from
		Bone fragments from the 30 ft. long Acrocanthosaurus dinosaur, excavated by members of CEM of Glen Rose TX and CRSEF of Columbus OH (Carl Baugh, Collector), were subjected to the radiocarbon dating process at three different laboratories.
		Again this was an attempt to falsify the fossil foot print evidence and the successful radiocarbon dating of carbonized wood from the cretaceous period.
		So, for the reader who philosophically likes the results presented here permit us to quote a few of the comments from scientists who learned from reporters that we have used their facilities to date cretaceous fossils directly; or, obtained fossil bone fragments from their museum.
	www.blacksheepbistro.com /dinodatingpage.htm (1178 words)

	The truth about Earth's core?
		This normal process of sediment accumulation and slippage probably goes on all the time.
		The asteroid that caused mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous Period probably struck the Earth vertically and did not disrupt the geodynamo.
		This would be followed not only by enormous flood basalts but also by a very long period during which there were no magnetic field reversals at all, because not enough sediment had accumulated for avalanches to occur and trigger them.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/Phys-earth-core.html (1621 words)

	gp53a in sm04
		Although the lack of tiny wiggles in the Cretaceous Quiet Zones might reflect a difference in field behavior during the Cretaceous Long Normal Polarity Interval, it more likely reflects the lack of good surveys in areas where tiny wiggles are most likely to be preserved.
		Although the age of the Osbourn Trough is uncertain, it is likely to have formed around 95 or 100 MA, in the middle of the Cretaceous Long Normal Period.
		The magnetic profiles straddling the Osbourn Trough document a magnetic anomaly pattern that is very similar in appearance to classic tiny wiggles; that is, they are not as strongly linear as would be expected for anomalies generated by true reversals, but they are definitely linear and have a unique pattern.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=sm04&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/sm04/sm04&maxhits=200&="GP53A" (1964 words)

	s12c in fm00
		This is because convective motion of the core is probably sensitive both to the amount of heat flowing across the CMB, as well as to changes in the large-scale shape of the thermal field imposed by the mantle.
		One of the most radical transitions in the condition of the core dynamo came with the end of the Cretaceous long-normal event, but little is known about the low-order change in CMB structure that accompanied it.
		Anomalous SPdKS records can be effectively modeled as long as the contrast in properties between the boundary layer and the overlying mantle is strong; models with a sharp or gradational top to the ULVZ are equally permissible (with bearing on thickness of solution structure).
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm00&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/fm00/fm00&maxhits=200&="S12C" (3848 words)

	Pan Yun PhD dissertation abstract
		These data suggest that onset of intense uplift of southern Lhasa terrane was long after (20 Ma later than) the beginning of collision between India and Asia, and that the uplift has been episodic rather than steady.
		It is suggested that the shearing deformation occurred between 30-40 Ma, not long after the emplacement of the Quxu pluton.
		We interpret this shear zone as a N-S extensional fault in the upper crust, and its origin is probably similar to that of the younger, large-scale, E-W trending low-angle normal faults documented in the Higher Himalayas to the south of the suture zone.
	www.albany.edu /geosciences/panyunab.html (738 words)

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