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Topic: Crimean Gothic

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	Crimean Gothic language
		Crimean Gothic language is derived from the Gothic language that was spoken in Crimea (now Ukraine) until the 18th century.
		Few fragments of the Crimean Gothic remained to this day, as the only things we know about it are from a 16th century letter by the Flemish ambassador Busbecq, which gives us knowledge about some eighty words and a bit of insight into its grammar.
		Crimean Gothic is almost universally recognized as Gothic on the grounds of its phonological features: the word ada "egg", for instance, shows the typical Gothic "strengthening" of Proto-Germanic -jj- into -ddj- (as in Ulfilian Gothic* iddja "went" from PGmc.
	www.wapipedia.org /wikipedia/mobiletopic.aspx?cur_title=Crimean_Gothic (148 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Gothic language
		Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths.
		Gothic is rich in fricative consonants (although many of them may have been approximants, it is hard to separate the two) derived by the processes described in Grimm's law and Verner's law and characteristic of Germanic languages.
		Gothic had nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases, as well as vestiges of a vocative case that was sometimes identical to the nominative and sometimes to the accusative.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Gothic_language (5257 words)

	Gothic language - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The Gothic language (*gutiska razda, 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺) is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths and specifically by the Visigoths.
		Gothic is rich in fricative consonants (although many of them may have been approximants, it's hard to separate the two) derived by the processes described in Grimm's law and Verner's law and characteristic of Germanic languages.
		Gothic is unusual among Germanic languages in having a [z] phoneme which is not derived from an [r] through rhotacization.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=11885 (4680 words)

	The Crimean Goths
		However, in the beginning Goths' primary loyalties were to the militarized local groups to which they belonged rather to the Gothic nation, and the southern Goths were also transformed by the new landscape and by their new associations (becoming Scythized or Hunnified in many respects).
		Crimean Gothia is an inconsequential footnote to history, lacking much deep significance and apparently short on anecdotes too.
		The Gothic King Cannabas / Cannabaudes was defeated and killed by the Romans in 271 A.D., and it would be another century before the Goths challenged Rome again.
	www.idiocentrism.com /crimea.htm (874 words)

	Gothic language information - Search.com
		The language was in decline by the mid-6th century, due in part to the military defeat of the Goths at the hands of the Franks, the elimination of the Goths in Italy, massive conversion to primarily Latin-speaking Roman Catholicism, and geographic isolation.
		Gothic is rich in fricative consonants (although many of them may have been approximants, it's hard to separate the two) derived by the processes described in Grimm's law and Verner's law and characteristic of Germanic languages.
		Gothic had nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases, as well as vestiges of a vocative case that was sometimes identical to the nominative and sometimes to the accusative.
	www.search.com /reference/Gothic_language (4785 words)

	Gothic language - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gothic is rich in fricative consonants (although many of them may have been approximants, it's hard to separate the two) derived by the processes described in Grimm's law and Verner's law and characteristic of Germanic languages.
		Gothic is unusual among Germanic languages in having a [z] phoneme which is not derived from an [r] through rhotacization.
		Gothic had nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases, as well as vestiges of a vocative case that was sometimes identical to the nominative and sometimes to the accusative.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Gothic_language (4826 words)

	tScholars.com \| Crimean Gothic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Crimean Gothic was a dialect of Gothic that was spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea (now Ukraine) perhaps until as late as the 18th century.
		Few fragments of the Crimean Gothic have survived: All our knowledge is based on a letter by the 16th century Flemish ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, which gives a list of some eighty words and a bit of insight into its grammar.
		The Vikings may have discovered their presence, since the Gutasaga relates that a third of Gotland's inhabitants had to leave the island and settle in the land of the Greeks, where they still retained much of the same language as Old Gutnish.
	www.tscholars.com /encyclopedia/Crimean_Gothic (197 words)

	Crimean Tatars (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Crimean Tatars (Qırımtatar (aka Qırım, Qırımlı and Qırım türkü), Pl. Qırımtatarlar (aka Qırımlar, Qırımlılar, Qırım türkleri)) are a Turkic ethnic group originally residing in the Crimean peninsula.
		Crimean Tatars are descendants Turkic (Bulgars, Khazars, Petchenegs and Kypchaks) and non-Turkic (Scythians, Alans, Greeks, Goths) peoples who had settled in eastern Europe as early as the 7th century.
		Slavic colonization, the Crimean War of 1853 and the laws of 1860-63 and 1874 caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars.
	www.punweb.com /article/Crimean_Tatars (717 words)

	Crimean Goths - Karr.net (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Crimean Goths were those Gothic tribes who remained in the lands around the Black Sea, especially in Crimea.
		A Gothic principality around the stronghold of Doros (modern Mangup) continued to exist through various periods of vassalage to the Byzantines, Khazars, Kipchaks, Mongols, Genoese and other empires until well into the 1500’s, when it was finally incorporated by the Khanate of Crimea and the Ottoman Empire.
		Nonetheless, Crimean Gothic language texts from this region exist as late as the late 1500’s and Gothic communities appear to have survived intact until the late 1700’s, when many were deported by Catherine the Great.
	209.68.55.246 /encyclopedia/Crimean_Goths (401 words)

	Crimean Goths (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The least-powerful, least-known, and paradoxically longest-lived Gothic communities were those that remained in the lands around the Black Sea, especially in the Crimea.
		A Gothic principality around the stronghold of Doros (modern Mangup Kale) continued to exist through various periods of vassalage to the Byzantines, Khazars, Kipchaks, Mongols, Genoese and other empires until well into the 1500’s, when it was finally incorporated by the Girai Khanate.
		Crimean Gothic language texts from this region exist as late as the late 1500’s and Gothic communities appear to have survived intact until the late 1700’s, when many were deported by Catherine the Great.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/cr/Crimean%20Goths.htm (217 words)

	Crimean Tatars: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Crimean Khanate was a Turkic-speaking Muslim state which was among the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the beginning of the 18th century.
		The Crimean Khanate became a protectorate of the Ottoman Empire in 1475, when the Ottoman general Gedik Ahmed Pasha conquered the southern coast of Crimea.
		The bilingual Crimean Tatar-Russian newspaper Terciman-Perevodchik he published in 1883-1914, functioned as a school through which a national consciousness and modern thinking emerged among the whole Turkic-speaking population of the Russian Empire.
	www.winelib.com /wiki/Crimean_Tatars (1327 words)

	Crimean Tatars: Encyclopedia - Crimean Tatars (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Crimean Tatars (Qırımtatar (aka Qırım, Qırımlı and Qırım türkü), Pl. Qırımtatarlar (aka Qırımlar, Qırımlılar, Qırım türkleri)) are a Turkic ethnic group originally residing in the Crimean peninsula.
		Crimean Tatars are descendants of Turkic (Bulgars, Khazars, Petchenegs and Kypchaks) and non-Turkic (Scythians, Sarmatians, Cimmerians, Alans, Greeks, Goths) peoples who had settled in Eastern Europe as early as the 7th century.
		Ismail Bey Gaspirali (1851-1914) was a renowned Crimean Tatar intellectual, whose efforts laid the foundation for the modernization of Muslim Tatar culture and the emergence of the Crimean Tatar national identity.
	www.experiencefestival.com /a/Crimean_Tatars/id/2025935 (1247 words)

	Fake Gothic Cathedrals
		Real Gothic architecture can be seen in Ravenna, where Theodoric King of the Ostrogoths (A.D. ruled the Ostrogoth kingdom which he founded in 493 A.D. (Theodoric also had Boethius killed, and contributed indirectly to the foundations of German opera via the epic Nibelungenlied, in which he played a major role).
		The actual Gothic Alphabet, which is not at all like Fraktur.
		Gothic edifices are to be seen at San Juan de Baños de Cerrato, Palencia; Quintanilla de las Viñas, Burgos; Santa Maria de Melque, Toledo; Santa Comba de Bande, Ourense; and Santa Lucia del Trampal, Alcuescar.
	www.idiocentrism.com /gothic.htm (333 words)

	Gothic Online: Selected Annotated Bibliography
		There are few available editions of the Gothic corpus as a whole, the most accessible sources being the reading excerpts contained in the grammars listed in the next section.
		Streitberg put considerable effort into reconstructing the form of the Greek Bible on which the Gothic translation was based, and the result is set on pages facing the accompanying Gothic.
		MacDonald Stearns, Jr., Crimean Gothic: analysis and etymology of the corpus.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/eieol/gotol-E.html (1209 words)

	Crimean campaigns campaign Poland Russia coalition Ukraine steppe Ivan Mazepa village fortress siege (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 (Крымские походы in Russian), military campaigns of the Russian army against the Crimean Khanate.
		On May 15, the Russians collided with the Crimean Tatars not far from the village of Zelenaya Dolina.
		The Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 diverted some of the Turkish and Crimean forces in favor of Russia's allies.
	en.powerwissen.com /SQ8HAo%7C%7CSL%7C%7CoBqLlSSO4vmNYUA%3D%3D_Crimean_campaigns.html (389 words)

	Omnipelagos.com ~ article "Crimean Gothic language"
		The Crimean Gothic language is dialect of the Gothic language that was spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in the Crimea (now Ukraine) perhaps until as late as the 18th century.
		Few fragments of the Crimean Gothic have survived: All our knowledge is based on a letter by the 16th century Flemish ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, which gives a list of some eighty words and a bit of insight into its grammar.
		The Vikings may have discovered their presence, since the Gutasaga relates that a third of Gotland's inhabitants had to leave the island and settle in the land of the Greeks, where they still retained much of the same language as Old Gutnish.
	www.omnipelagos.com /entry?n=crimean_%47othic_language (174 words)

	Gothic Online: Lesson 10
		Crimean Gothic (CG) is the name given to the language though to be the dying throes of the East Germanic branch of languages.
		The phonology of Crimean Gothic is both the primary avenue of investigation into the language and the greatest source of consternation.
		In either scenario, one may be certain that the pronunciation of Crimean Gothic words was colored by some degree of interference from Greek phonology of the region and period.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/eieol/gotol-10-X.html (6994 words)

	Gothic Online: Series Introduction
		Gothic is also unique in preserving a full class of reduplicating verbs, the seventh class of strong verbs.
		Gothic is the only language of the Germanic family to employ a polysyllabic dental suffix in forming the preterite of weak verbs.
		The corpus of the Gothic language consists chiefly of large portions of a translation of the New Testament Gospels and Epistles; the only surviving remnants of the Old Testament are chapters 5-7 of Nehemiah.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/eieol/gotol-0-X.html (2555 words)

	gothmod
		Materials for the study of late Crimean Gothic are very scanty, but that does not mean we cannot get an insight of its grammar and structure by comparing a few elements of Busbeq's vocabulary with Wulfilian grammar and other Germanic tongues.
		This would mean that Crimean Gothic had retained its feminine gender (at the contrary of Danish, for instance, which merged it with masculine into a 'common' gender).
		As a rule, such greetings are at the accusative in Germanic tongues which have not lost their declensions, it is not, therefore, unreasonnable to suppose it was so in Crimean Gothic too.
	www.geocities.com /erwan-ar-skoul/gothmodgramm.htm (586 words)

	The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation
		This is a systematic study of the loss of Crimean land suffered by the Crimean Tatar peasants and villagers due to Russian land confiscations in the late 18th and 19th centuries.
		The Crimean Tatars in the Aftermath of the Migration of 1860.
		This chapter proves that the republic was indeed established in recognition of the Crimean Tatars as the autonomy's officially recognized native population (korennoi narod) and that all the state institutions of this republic recognized the Crimean Tatars' unique status in the Crimea and claim to this republic.
	www.iccrimea.org /scholarly/bwilliams.html (2774 words)

	Brian Williams:The Book (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This chapter demonstrates that the Crimean Tatar Muslims were subjected to considerable loss of land to Russian landowners, deprived of access to pastures and wells and subjected to a massive disruption of their traditional agrarian and social systems.
		This was a revolutionary break with a time honored Crimean Muslim tradition of abandoning the Crimea for the ak toprak (holy or white soil of the Ottoman Caliph) and laid the seeds for the later dissemination of a sense of territorialized national identity to the Crimean Tatar masses.
		This chapter proves that the republic was indeed established in recognition of the Crimean Tatars as the autonomy’s officially recognized native population (korennoi narod) and that all the state institutions of this republic recognized the Crimean Tatars’ unique status in the Crimea and claim to this republic.
	www.stetson.edu /~gwilliam/bgwilliams/book_summary.html (2748 words)

	Crimean Gothic language
		The Palace of the Crimean Khans in Bakhchisaray
		Crimean Tatars are the native ethnic group of Crimea.
		Gothic Journal is the only news and review magazine for readers,writers, and publishers of romantic suspense, romantic mystery,and gothic, supernatural, and woman-in-jeopardy romance novels.
	www.omniknow.com /common/wiki.php?in=en&term=Crimean_Gothic_language (1377 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, Alabama (AL)
		Crimean Gothic was a dialect of Gothic that was spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea (now in Ukraine) perhaps until as late as the 18th century.
		Few fragments of the Crimean Gothic language have survived: All our knowledge is based on a letter by the 16th century Flemish ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, which gives a list of some eighty words and a bit of insight into its grammar.
		The Vikings of Gotland may have discovered their presence, or maintained contact with them, since the Gutasaga relates that a third of Gotland's inhabitants had to leave the island and settle in the land of the Greeks.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Crimean_Gothic_language (218 words)

	exclusively got their homepage at Neopets.com
		The Gothic language is a dead language which was spoken by the East Germanic group of the Germanic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Gothic cathedrals are often seen as a microcosm representing the world, with the purpose of passing along the message that God was glorious and great, while mortal beings found themselves insignificant in comparison.
		Gothic Satanism is an imagined branch of stereotypical Satanism, characterized by animal sacrifices, fl mass, selling souls to the devil, and all that jazz.
	petpages.neopets.com /~exclusively (9155 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The only East Germanic language of which texts are known is Gothic; other languages that are assumed to be East Germanic include Vandalic, Burgundian, and Crimean Gothic.
		Crimean Gothic is believed to have survived until the 18th century.
		In fact, the Scandinavian influence on Pomerania and northern Poland from period III and onwards was so considerable that this region is sometimes included in the Nordic Bronze Age culture (Dabrowski 1989:73).
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=East_Germanic_languages (238 words)

	Gothic - Language Directory
		The native name for the language is unattested, and the reconstruction gutiska razda is based on Jordanes' Gothiskandza, read as gutisk-andja, "gothic end (or border)".
		The largest body of surviving documentation consists of codices written and commissioned by the Arian bishop Ulfilas (also known as Wulfila, 311-382), who was the leader of a community of Visigoth Christians in the Roman province of Moesia (modern Bulgaria).
		The few fragments of their language from the 16th century show significant differences from the language of the Gothic Bible, although some of the glosses, such as ada for "egg", imply a common heritage.
	language-directory.50webs.com /languages/gothic.htm (612 words)

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