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Topic: Crimean Gothic language

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Gothic language

Lombardic language

Gutnish language

Germanic languages

Gothic alphabet

Old High German

Gaulish language

Frankish language

The Origin and Deeds of the Goths

Gothic revival

Latin language

Gothic language fragments

Old French

Luxembourgish language

Ulster Scots language

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	Danish_language information. LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		Danish is the national language of Denmark, one of two official languages of Greenland (the other is Greenlandic), and one of two official languages of the Faroes (the other is Faroese).
		Furthermore, Danish is one of the official languages of the European Union and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council.
		Under the Nordic Language Convention, citizens of the Nordic countries speaking Danish have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable to any interpretation or translation costs.
	language.school-explorer.com /Danish (3015 words)

	Crimean Goths - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Crimean Goths were those Gothic tribes who remained in the lands around the Black Sea, especially in the Crimea.
		A Gothic principality around the stronghold of Doros (modern Mangup) continued to exist through various periods of vassalage to the Byzantines, Khazars, Kipchaks, Mongols, Genoese and other empires until well into the 1500’s, when it was finally incorporated by the Girai Khanate.
		Nonetheless, Crimean Gothic language texts from this region exist as late as the late 1500’s and Gothic communities appear to have survived intact until the late 1700’s, when many were deported by Catherine the Great.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crimean_Goths (326 words)

	Crimean Gothic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Crimean Gothic language is dialect of the Gothic language that was spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea (now Ukraine) perhaps until as late as the 18th century.
		Few fragments of the Crimean Gothic have survived: All our knowledge is based on a letter by the 16th century Flemish ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, which gives a list of some eighty words and a bit of insight into its grammar.
		Crimean Gothic is almost universally recognized as Gothic on the grounds of its phonological features: the word ada "egg", for instance, shows the typical Gothic "strengthening" of Proto-Germanic -jj- into -ddj- (as in Ulfilian Gothic* iddja "went" from PGmc.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crimean_Gothic_language (220 words)

	Gothic Language Encyclopedia Article @ LaunchBase.org (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The language was in decline by the mid-6th century, due in part to the military defeat of the Goths at the hands of the Franks, the elimination of the Goths in Italy, massive conversion to primarily Latin-speaking Roman Catholicism, and geographic isolation.
		The language survived in the Iberian peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal) as late as the 8th century, and Frankish author Walafrid Strabo wrote that it was still spoken in the lower Danube area and in isolated mountain regions in Crimea in the early 9th century (see Crimean Gothic).
		Gothic had nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases, as well as vestiges of a vocative case that was sometimes identical to the nominative and sometimes to the accusative.
	www.launchbase.org /encyclopedia/Gothic_language (3600 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Goths (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The number of similarities that existed between the Gothic language and Old Gutnish, made the prominent linguist Elias WessÃ©n consider Old Gutnish to be a form of Gothic.
		The fact is that virtually all of those phonetic and grammatical features that characterize the North Germanic languages as a separate branch of the Germanic language family (not to mention the features that distinguish various Norse dialects) seem to have evolved at a later stage than the one preserved in Gothic.
		Gothic in turn, while being an extremely archaic form of Germanic in most respects, has nevertheless developed a certain number of unique features that it shares with no other Germanic language (see Gothic language).
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Goths (2988 words)

	GOTHS - LoveToKnow Article on GOTHS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gothic, not Roman or Spanish, is its formal title; only a single late instance of the use of the formula regnum Hispaniae is known.
		Of Gothic legislation in Latin we have the edict of Theodoric of the year 500, edited by F. Bluhme in the Monumenta Germaniae historica; and the books of Variae of Cassiodorus may pass as a collection of the state papers of Theodoric and his immediate successors.
		Gothic Language.Our knowledge of the Gothic language is derived almost entirely from the fragments of a translation of the Bible which is believed to have been made by the Arian bishop Wulfila or Ulfilas (d.
	27.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GO/GOTHS.htm (7148 words)

	intro
		As the majority language of a semi-autonomous ottoman province, it is widely used in local administration and education up to university level.
		It is from this latter group that Gothic emerged as a separate language during the first century B.C in the Danubian region.
		An exemple of Wulfilan Gothic from circa 300 A.D is
	www.geocities.com /erwan-ar-skoul/intro.html (913 words)

	Wikipedia:Tlatlahtoaloyan - Wikipedia
		Speakers of a language should not be concerned about how foreigners have written words borrowed from their language when they write the language in an everyday environment.
		Now, some standard versions of modern languages, especially those which have fragmented into an array of dialects, are actually older versions of the spoken language at a time when the dialects were still relatively unified, generally between 300 and 700 years ago.
		Classical Nahuatl is the most important Nahuatl language and the established, traditional orthography for it is the classical orthography (which is not to say it is perfect nor anything along those lines, it's just to say it's the traditional, well-established standard); to deny this is to deny facts.
	nah.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wikipedia:Tlatlahtoaloyan (6047 words)

	Swedish_language information. LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		Standard Swedish is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well-established by the beginning of the 20th century.
		Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages.
		Swedish is the national language of Sweden and the first language for the overwhelming majority of roughly eight million Swedish born inhabitants and acquired by one million immigrants.
	language.school-explorer.com /Swedish (6197 words)

	EJVS 7-3.htm
		The older languages of an area, even when they are no longer spoken, continue to influence the younger languages as substrates, not in the least in their sound system; new, dominant classes influence the language of the conquered as superstrates in many ways.
		Autochthonists further neglect that language replacement, such as visible during the Vedic period, depends on a range of various socio-linguistic factors and not simply on the presence of nomads, increasing population density, etc. Rather, the situation differs from case to case, and the important factors for any particular replacement must be demonstrated.
		For example, the famous Satem innovations all are limited to the IE languages in the east of the IE settlement area, with the exception of the (western-type) Centum language Tocharian, which actually is the easternmost IE language, in China (Xinjiang; to which add the Bangani substrate).
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~witzel/EJVS-7-3.htm (17476 words)

	Gothic - Language Directory
		The Gothic language (gutiska razda) is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths and specifically by the Visigoths.
		The relationship between the language of the Crimean Goths and Ulfilas' Gothic is less clear.
		Generally, the Gothic language refers to the language of Ulfilas, but the attestations themselves are largely from the 6th century - long after Ulfilas had died.
	language-directory.50webs.com /languages/gothic.htm (612 words)

	codex argenteus: lingua gotorum aut lingua gotica? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In addition specimens of the language are preserved in the five Codices Ambrosiani and the Codex Carolinus (all of which are codices rescripti, and fragmentary), and the fragmentary Codex Turiensis.
		The language of the Codex Argenteus and virtually all of the other Gothic fragments may be regarded as an ideolect used by Wulfila for his translation, and which may or may not represent Gothic as it was spoken by any of the Gothic peoples.
		The Gothic homeland and migrations are the subject of controversy; what is not in doubt is that there were very substantial movements of people over a large geographical area.
	www.shakespeare.uk.net /journal/1_3/davis1_3.html (1758 words)

	Gotisch im WWW — eine kommentierte Linksammlung
		Gothic Dictionary" ist ein etwas vollmundiger Titel für diese Seite, tatsächlich handelt es sich um eine von Eric Craven abgetippte Wörterliste aus dem Lehrbuch der Gotischen Sprache von Johannes Friedrich (Bibliothek der Sprachkunde, A. Hartlebens Verlag).
		Glossar aus Joseph Wrights Grammar of the Gothic Language von 1910 — eingescannt und korrigiert von
		Database of the Gothic Language von David Landau.
	www.reimar.de /gotisch.html (1595 words)

	Goths - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However, the Gothic culture also appears to have had continuity from earlier cultures in the area[5], suggesting that the immigrants mixed with earlier populations, perhaps providing their separate aristocracy.
		The Wielbark culture shifted south-eastwards towards the Black Sea area from the mid-2nd century, and interestingly it was oldest part of the Wielbark culture, located west of the Vistula and which had Scandinavian burial traditions, that pulled up its stakes and moved[6].
		Interestingly, Gapt, the earliest Gothic hero, recorded by Jordanes, is generally regarded as a corruption of Gaut.
	www.voyager.in /Goths (2755 words)

	Folkspraak language: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Folkspraak (also Folksprák, Folksprahk, Folksprak, and hyphenated versions such as Folk-Spraak) is an international auxiliary language (international auxiliary language: an international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as ial or auxlang)...
		These 'dialects' might better be described as people's 'versions' on the language - that is, their individual take on what Folkspraak should be.
		As an example of Folkspraak in comparison to other Germanic Languages, consider three proposed versions of the Lord's Prayer (Lord's Prayer: the lords prayer (sometimes known by its first two latin words as the pater noster,...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/folkspraak_language (259 words)

	The Dekavurian Language
		Dekavurian is an East Germanic language closely related to Gothic; it is thus a kind of second cousin once removed from English, or a first cousin of Old English and Old Norse.
		Gothic is the name given to the East Germanic language spoken by the Goths, the most powerful of the various Germanic tribes who contributed to the decline and fall of the Roman Empire.
		Gothic Dictionary which at least understands who the Goths actually were.
	www.cix.co.uk /~morven/lang/dek.html (3757 words)

	What happened to the Visigoths? - Stormfront White Nationalist Community (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gothic Spain settled down into a period of relative peace and resultant prosperity, with the only discordant note being sounded by the large Jewish population.
		In 475 the Gothic king Euric declared the Gothic possessions a kingdom independent of Rome, but most of the Gallic part of that kingdom was stripped away from his son by the Franks in 507.
		Even granting the inadequacy of the corpus, most scholars are reasonably confident in assigning this language to the East Germanic branch of the Germanic family, and its similarities to Wulfila's Visigothic language cannot be denied.
	www.stormfront.org /forum/showthread.php?t=219800 (2730 words)

	Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology - UA Ukraine, Ukraine, Ukraine - Sprache, Langue, Language (Site not responding. Last check: )
		ethnologue - Czech - Language of UA (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ces
		ethnologue - Polish - Language of UA (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pol
		ethnologue - Uzbek, Northern - Language of UA (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=uzn
	www.etymologie.info /~e/u_/ua-sprach.html (626 words)

	Ethnologue 14 report for language code:GOF
		The following is the entry for this language as it appeared in the 14th edition (2000).
		It has been superseded by the corresponding entry in the 15th edition (2005).
		Ethnologue data from Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 14th Edition
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=GOF (62 words)

	Non-Biblical Textual Criticism
		Sorbian (Wendish, Lusatian) is a Slavic language spoken in primarily in Germany in the region of the Polish and Czech borders.
		The languages of Serbia and Croatia are mutually comprehensible in speech, but both parties insist that the languages are different; the Serbs are Orthodox Christians and write their language in the Cyrillic alphabet, while the Croats are Catholic and write using the Roman alphabet.
		Bokmål, the "book language," was influenced by Danish (the two were united from 1380 to 1814), while Nynorsk was invented in the nineteenth century based on several dialects and was an attempt to return the language closer to its roots.
	www.skypoint.com /~waltzmn/NonBiblical.html (20034 words)

	Untitled Document
		Some of the linguistic problems that we will be discussing include: Gothic and , IE bh,dh,gh (in Gothic), the -nan class of weak verbs, reduplication of strong verbs, the Glottalic Theory of Indo-European, and the Gothic* alphabet.
		By the end of the term, you should be able to read Gothic with minimum difficulty, be able to translate it into English, and to parse the major word classes and grammatical categories of Gothic.
		This course is a graduate seminar on the language and structure of Jalal al-Din Rumi's magnum opus "Masnavi." Special emphasis will be given to the discussion of the philosophical foundation of Rumi's thinking and its relation to the holistic philosophical systems of his time--the Avicennan and the Illuminationist.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /cmrs/Courses/course_main_gradwinter03.htm (2287 words)

	Ethnologue: Bulgaria
		Of those, 11 are living languages and 1 is extinct.
		Different sign languages are used in the classroom and by adults outside.
		The Turkish language is gradually being replaced by Bulgarian, although Islam and ethnic identity remain strong.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Bulg.html (589 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Misc. Germanic
		You have reached the page for Miscellaneous Germanic languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		The languages of the West Germanic branch, particularly English and German, are very widely spoken; thus, Germanic languages are known in all parts of the world.
		Gothic was spoken until the sixth century in two dialects, Visigothic and Ostrogothic.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/miscgmh.htm (2608 words)

	The Lost Goths of the Crimea (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gothic clans settled on the steppes north of the Black Sea from the Second Century onwards and there is evidence of a Gothic presence on the Crimean Peninsula from this period.
		Barbaro's report on the language of the Crimean Goths in the Sixteenth Century is the next indication that they were maintaining their ethnic identity and speech.
		And Busbecq's word-list, slightly garbled and third-hand though it may be, gives clear indications how close Crimean Gothic was to the Gothic of Wulfila's Bible of 1200 years earlier - the extent that some elements of Crimean Gothic's grammar can be reconstructed.
	www.ancientworlds.net /25833 (395 words)

	Cross-currents
		Further evidence against the supposedly Franco-Rhenish origin of Eastern Jewry is provided by the structure of Yiddish, the popular language of the Jewish masses, spoken by millions before the holocaust, and still surviving among traditionalist minorities in the Soviet Union and the United States.
		As a matter of fact, the Gothic language survived in the Crimea (and apparently nowhere else) at least to the middle of the sixteenth century.
		He thinks the Crimean Goths kept contact with other Germanic tribes and that their language was influenced by them.
	www.biblebelievers.org.au /13trib07.htm (3256 words)

	Málvísindastofnun (Site not responding. Last check: )
		the Old and New testament fragments and the Skeireins, the Gothic Calendar and the Deeds from Naples and Arezzo, the Gotica Veronensia and the Codex Vindobonensis 795.
		The first chapter is a review of the literature on narrative inversion in the old language; furthermore the relationship between narrative inversion and basic word order is discussed.
		This book presents the first Icelandic translation of Grammatica Islandica, one of the most important sources of information on the Icelandic language in the 18th century; at the same time the text illustrates the ideas of the time of how languages should be described.
	www.hi.is /stofn/malvis/ritens.htm (3456 words)

	Gothic: Non-Codex Materials
		By far the best-preserved and most useful Gothic text is the translation of most of the New Testament by Wulfila, contained in the Codex Argenteus manuscript in Uppsala.
		Latin historians wrote commentaries and explanations of the "barbaric" Gothic culture, some of which are of course subject to bias, but which nonetheless tell us a great deal about everyday Gothic behavior, sometimes even transcribing drinking toasts or other common sayings.
		The Crimean Gothic attestations transcribed by the Flemish nobleman Busbecq are fascinating for their historical value: that a small enclave of Ostrogoths survived in the Crimea, nearly to the modern age, is truly amazing.
	www.nthuleen.com /papers/755gothfinal.html (745 words)

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