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Topic: Crimean Khanate

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	Crimean Khanate
		Tatar state in the Crimean Peninsula, bordering on the southern
		Horde; after its demise, beginning with the mid-15th century, the khanate was an independent state ruled by the
		In 1478 it became a vassal state of Turkey, and from 1774 it was under the protection of Russia, which finally occupied it in 1783.
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/C/R/CrimeanKhanate.htm (73 words)

	Crimean Khanate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Crimean Tatar: QÄ±rÄ±m HanlÄ±ÄÄ±; Russian: ÐÑÑÐ¼ÑÐºÐ¾Ðµ ÑÐ°Ð½ÑÑÐ²Ð¾ - Krymskoye khanstvo; Ukrainian: ÐÑÐ¸Ð¼ÑÑÐºÐµ ÑÐ°Ð½ÑÑÐ²Ð¾ - Kryms'ke khanstvo; Turkish: KÄ±rÄ±m HanlÄ±ÄÄ±) was a Crimean Tatar state from 1441 to 1783.
		The Crimean Khanate was founded when certain clans of the Golden Horde Empire ceased their nomadic life in the Desht-i Kipchak (Kypchak Steppes of today's Ukraine and South Russia), decided to make Crimea their yurt (homeland) and invited a Chingizid contender for the Golden Horde throne, HacÄ± Giray, to be their khan.
		In the 16th century the Crimean khanate pretended to be the successor authority of the former Golden Horde territory, Ulugh Yurt and hence over the Mongol khanates of Caspian-Volga region, particularly the Kazan Khanate and Astrakhan Khanate.
	en.encyclopediahome.com /wiki/Crimean_Khanate (2016 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The Crimean Khanate was a Turkic-speaking Muslim state which was among the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the beginning of the 18th century.
		Russia violated the treaty and annexed the Crimean Khanate in 1783.
		Particularly, the Crimean War of 1853-1856, the laws of 1860-63 and the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878 caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Crimean_Tatars (1272 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The Khanate of Astrakhan (Xacitarxan Khanate) was a Tatar feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the Golden Horde.
		The Khanate existed in the 15th and 16th centuries in the area adjacent to the mouth of the Volga river, where the contemporary city of Astrakhan is now located.
		The North-Western Caspian seaside was a southern boundary and the Crimean Khanate bounded Astrakhan on the west.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Khanate_of_Astrakhan (537 words)

	TURAN - CRIMEAN TATARS
		An independent Crimean Khanate was established at the end of the 14th c., and attracted substantial Tatar immigration.
		The Crimean Khanate became a buffer state between the Ottomans in the south and Muscovy and Poland-Lithuania in the north, and enjoyed financial stability through support grants from the Ottomans (in return for military service) and tribute payments from Muscovy and Poland.
		The disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 was a setback for Crimean Tatar repatriation.
	www.hunmagyar.org /turan/caucasus/krim.html (905 words)

	Crimean Khanate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Crimean Tatar: Qırım Hanlığı; Russian: Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; Ukrainian: Кримське ханство - Kryms'ke khanstvo; Turkish: Kırım Hanlığı) was a Crimean Tatar state from 1441 to 1783.
		The Crimean Khanate was founded when certain clans of the Golden Horde Empire ceased their nomadic life in the Desht-i Kipchak (Kypchak Steppes of today's Ukraine and South Russia), decided to make Crimea their yurt (homeland) and invited a Chingizid contender for the Golden Horde throne, Hacı Giray, to be their khan.
		In the 16th century the Crimean khanate pretended to be the successor authority of the former Golden Horde territory, Ulugh Yurt and hence over the Mongol khanates of Caspian-Volga region, particularly the Kazan Khanate and Astrakhan Khanate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crimean_Khanate (2025 words)

	Tatars: Crimean Tatars
		T[H]e Crimean Tatars are the descendants of the native Crimean population and of the Tatars who occupied the peninsula in the thirteenth century.
		The Khanate of the Crimea was founded in 1443 as a remnant of the Golden Horde.
		The Crimean Khanate exercised considerable power in eastern Europe from the beginning of the 16th century up until the end of the 17th.
	lycos.cs.cmu.edu /info/tatars--crimean-tatars.html (651 words)

	The Crimean Tatars by Greta Lynn Uehling
		The Crimean Khanate was one such khanate, and possessed all the characteristics of a fully developed, pre-modern state.
		Although the Crimean Khanate was under Ottoman influence for much of its history, it was an important state from the early sixteenth to the end of the seventeenth centuries.
		The Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic represents a fleeting Golden Age before this status was revoked and Crimea, along with the rest of the USSR, was plunged into mass repression of intellectuals and clergy, state-sanctioned famine, and forced collectivization of agriculture.
	www.iccrimea.org /scholarly/krimtatars.html (4241 words)

	[No title]
		After the Crimean War (1855-6), the Russian empire sought to expel, and indeed induced by force, large numbers of Tatars from Crimea, on the ground that the tatars sided with the invading allied forces.
		However, those Crimean Tatars remaining in their homeland were also to be subjected to another type of ideological struggle as well --the struggle between kadim (old) and jadid (new).
		Those Crimean Tatars who followed this movement and in all spheres of life advocated adapting to the age of science and were known as the Jadidists.
	www.angelfire.com /on/paksoy/crimean.html (3674 words)

	Turkism and Tatarism: Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate
		In the period of the Crimean Khanate, Cenghiz Khan and the identity of Tatars were continuously advocated against the Ottomans.
		The Crimean Khans that are the ancestry of Cenghiz Khan naturally underlined the identity of Tatars insistently.
		As it is known, the Crimean Khanate got separated from the Ulug Khanate in 1449 and appeared to be an independent khanate in the Crimean and northern steppes.
	www.ozturkler.com /data_english/0007/0007_05_05_2.htm (1246 words)

	Welcome to tatarworld.com !
		Crimean peninsula, today a part of Ukraine is the homeland of the Crimean Tatars, who are Sunni Muslims of Hanafi School and speak Kipchak Turkic language.
		The remaining Crimean Tatars in the homeland were deported on the 18 th of May, 1944 by the Soviet government, being unjustly accused of collaboration with the Nazis.
		In some sources, it is referred as the “Khanate of Qipchak” as the Qipchak Turks were predominant in numbers, and the Mongols constituting the ruling minority.
	www.tatarworld.com /history.htm (1466 words)

	Crimean Khanate - Definition, explanation
		In the 16th century the Crimean khanate pretended to be the successor of authority of the former Golden Horde over the Turkic khanates of Caspian-Volga region.
		The capital of the Khanate was placed initially in Salaciq near the Qirq Yer fortress, then moved to Bakhchisaray founded in 1532 by Sahib Giray I. Internally, the khanate was organized in provinces, each under a vali (the same governor-style as in most Ottoman provinces).
		The main principle of external policy of the Crimean Khanate was keeping balance between two powers of Eastern Europe: the Princedom of Muscovy (later Russia) and the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/cr/crimean_khanate.php (591 words)

	History
		Until the 1860s, the Crimean Khanate was involved in the cruel fight between Russia and Turkey, whose military operations were numerous and expansive.
		Then they interfered in the internal affairs of Khanate, which was formally independent, but under the influence of Russia, and forced its government to agree to the annexation of their state.
		In November of 1772, the Crimean nobility signed a treaty with the Russian prince that proclaimed Crimea to be an independent khanate under the protection of Russia.
	www.qurultay.org /linkshow.asp?AD=../links/eng/history/rus_period/3_1.html (1229 words)

	Crimean Tatars
		The Crimean Khanate exercised considerable power in eastern Europe from the beginning of the 16th century up until the end of the 17th.
		The national awakening of the Crimean Tatars began in the last quarter of the 19th century nurtured by the rise of Pan-Islamism and the Pan-Turkish movements.
		In 1945 the Crimean ASSR was downgraded to an autonomous region and in 1954 it was incorporated into the Ukraine.
	www.kresy.co.uk /krym.html (1148 words)

	Crimean Tatar Architecture
		The early Crimean Khans had their capital in Solhat until the first part of the 16th century, when the capital was moved to Bahçesaray, and Solhat gradually lost its importance as a cultural and economic center.
		Bahçesaray served as the capital of Crimean Khanate from the early 16th century until the Russian annexation of Crimea in 1783.
		Han Saray, the residence of the Khans as well as the administrative center of the Khanate, was built by Mengli Giray in the early 16th century and eventually grew into a complex of buildings and courtyards.
	www.iccrimea.org /monuments/monuments.html (1019 words)

	Parallel Report - PART ONE
		The evidence of autochtonousity of Crimean Tatars is proofed both by their anthropology, mainly European, and culture, organically harmonizing with general traditions of Mediterranean and Middle East's cultural heritage.
		Crimean Khanate was a sovereign state, which had been in political and military alliance with Ottoman Empire (it might remind relations between Scotland and England till XVII century).
		Crimean Tatars are practically in minority in all administrative districts of their Motherland, in the smallest ones.
	www.minelres.lv /reports/ukraine/Part_I.htm (2741 words)

	Bakhchisaray - Bakhchisaray Khan Palace - Official website : Rise of Bakhchisaray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		While the Crimean Khanate was arguing in the plains of the Volga region for the rich heritage of the Golden Horde, its powerful southern neighbour, the Ottoman Empire, increased its influences over the Crimea itself.
		The history of union between the Crimean Khanate and Turkey began in 1475 when an Ottoman military expedition of the sultan Mehmed II Fatih conquered two Christian states of the Crimean peninsula (the Princedom of Gothia and the Genoese Gazaria).
		At the very beginning of the history of the independent Crimean Khanate the locality of the later Bakhchisaray Palace was the place where a noble person called Dere bey lived, as a local legend stated.
	www.hansaray.org.ua /e_ist_bgcs.html (1021 words)

	[No title]
		The State system of Crimean Tatar people - the Crimean Khanate - was abolished in 1783 as a result of annexation of the Crimea by the Russian empire.
		Crimean Tatars are awfully discriminated against, collectively, individually, and at the national level.
		Recently the difficult situation of the Crimean Tatar people is becoming complicated because of the fact that the administration of the Crimea follows the separatist policy against the will of the Indigenous People in order to take out the peninsula from the Ukrainian jurisdiction and join Russia.
	www.cwis.org /fwdp/Eurasia/tatar94.txt (882 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
		The formation of the Krymchaks as an ethnic group began in the 13th--14th centuries on the Crimean Peninsula and the process was completed by the end of the 19th century.
		A purely Crimean Jewish way of worship had been created by the turn of the 15th century based on the book of prayers of the Kafa ritual.
		The Crimean Tatar language was the universal means of communication in the Crimea from the 15th to the 19th centuries.
	www.eki.ee /books/redbook/crimean_jews.shtml (1097 words)

	The International Law standards applicable to the Crimean Tatar situation including the land property issues
		Crimean Khanate was a sovereign state, which had been in political and military alliance with Ottoman Empire (it might remind relations between Scotland and England till XVII century).
		Crimean Tatars are not simply ethnic group or national minority, but the entire people so far as all elements of the definition are characteristic to its which were appeared during discussion of the definition by United Nation.
		Crimean Tatars have no statehood through which they would be able to promote their interests in Ukraine through the external protection and bilateral agreements because the own State of Crimean Tatars Crimean Khanate doesn't exist now and whose territory is under complete jurisdiction of Ukraine.
	www.unpo.org /article.php?id=1753 (7537 words)

	Brian Williams:The Book (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		This chapter analyzes the culture of the Crimean Tatars (both urban and rural) during the period of the Crimean Khanate and Ottoman rule on the south Crimean coast.
		The Crimean Tatars in the Aftermath of the Migration of 1860.
		This chapter proves that the republic was indeed established in recognition of the Crimean Tatars as the autonomy’s officially recognized native population (korennoi narod) and that all the state institutions of this republic recognized the Crimean Tatars’ unique status in the Crimea and claim to this republic.
	www.stetson.edu /~gwilliam/bgwilliams/book_summary.html (2748 words)

	Chapter 1:Crimean
		Nevertheless, the deportation of the Crimean Tatars is noteworthy for its vast scale and ruthless efficiency.
		Virtually from the moment of Crimean Tatars' emergence as a distinct national group in the 15th Century, their relationship with Russians was strained, marked by mutual distrust.
		The free-fall continued during the Communist era, as the Tatar portion of the Crimean population fell to 20.7 percent in 1937.
	www.osi.hu /fmp/html/chapter_1_crimean.html (4965 words)

	Government portal :: Regional and City State Administrations
		The Black Sea and the Azov Sea that belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin wash the territory of the Crimean peninsula.
		Crimea is situated on the latitude of the Earth distanced equally from the equator and the Northern pole.
		There are also: Crimean Academic Russian Drama theatre named by Gorky M., Crimean Ukrainian Music theatre, Drama Music theatre of the Crimean Tatars, the State theatre of Chamber music, the Crimean Puppet theatre.
	www.kmu.gov.ua /control/en/publish/printable_article?art_id=301361 (702 words)

	Southwest Asia Time Line 1500 to Now
		Baqi Muhammad Bahadur, Khan 1598-1605 establishes the Astrakhanid dynasty in the Khanate of Bukhara.
		Blocked by his government from annexing the khanate, Kaufman managed to force the Khan to cede all of his lands north of the Amu Darya to the conquerors.
		In the spring of 1918 the khanate fell into hands of the Yomut chief Junaid Khan.In January 1920 Junaid Khan was overthrown by Soviet troops, who had invaded the khanate assisted by Uzbek and Turkmen opposition to Junaid Khan.
	www.spongobongo.com /time.htm (3187 words)

	[No title]
		The Crimean Tatars for a long time were group with all the rest of the Tatars within the Russian boarders.
		The Crimean Tatars’ original homeland was the Crimean Peninsula.
		century the Crimean Tartars were forced out or left the area and they became a minority in their own homeland.
	filebox.vt.edu /p/peckenro/Crimean.htm (240 words)

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