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Topic: Crimean struggle

	Crimean Khanate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Crimean Tatar: Qırım Hanlığı; Russian: Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; Ukrainian: Кримське ханство - Kryms'ke khanstvo; Turkish: Kırım Hanlığı) was a Crimean Tatar state from 1441 to 1783.
		In the 16th century the Crimean khanate pretended to be the successor authority of the former Golden Horde territory, Ulugh Yurt and hence over the Mongol khanates of Caspian-Volga region, particularly the Kazan Khanate and Astrakhan Khanate.
		The rule of the last Crimean khan Şahin Giray was marked with increasing Russian influence and outbursts of violence from the side of the khan administration towards internal opposition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crimean_Khanate (1865 words)

	TURAN - CRIMEAN TATARS
		The Crimean Khanate became a buffer state between the Ottomans in the south and Muscovy and Poland-Lithuania in the north, and enjoyed financial stability through support grants from the Ottomans (in return for military service) and tribute payments from Muscovy and Poland.
		The disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 was a setback for Crimean Tatar repatriation.
		Crimean Tatars made progress in the struggle for recognition of their rights and for resettlement of repatriated Tatars.
	www.hunmagyar.org /turan/caucasus/krim.html (905 words)

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		After the Crimean War (1855-6), the Russian empire sought to expel, and indeed induced by force, large numbers of Tatars from Crimea, on the ground that the tatars sided with the invading allied forces.
		However, those Crimean Tatars remaining in their homeland were also to be subjected to another type of ideological struggle as well --the struggle between kadim (old) and jadid (new).
		Those Crimean Tatars who followed this movement and in all spheres of life advocated adapting to the age of science and were known as the Jadidists.
	www.angelfire.com /on/paksoy/crimean.html (3674 words)

	Chapter 1:Crimean
		There was a reign of terror in Simferopol, the Crimean capital, with the corpses of the punished hung from trees throughout the city.
		Virtually from the moment of Crimean Tatars' emergence as a distinct national group in the 15th Century, their relationship with Russians was strained, marked by mutual distrust.
		The free-fall continued during the Communist era, as the Tatar portion of the Crimean population fell to 20.7 percent in 1937.
	www.osi.hu /fmp/html/chapter_1_crimean.html (4965 words)

	U.S.ENGLISH Foundation Official Language Research - Ukraine: Miscellaneous
		In Crimea, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities complain of discrimination by the Russian majority and demand that the Ukrainian and Tatar languages be given equal treatment to that of the Russian.
		While the Crimean government, pleading insufficient funds, did not assent to requests from the Crimean Tatar community for assistance in reestablishing its cultural heritage through Tatar language publications and educational institutions, the central Government is working with the UNHCR, OSCE, and the International Organization for Migration on support for the Crimean Tatar community.
		Crimean Tatar leaders have complained that their community has not received adequate assistance in resettling, and that the onerous process of acquiring citizenship has excluded many of them from participating in elections and from the right to take part in the privatization of land and state assets.
	www.us-english.org /foundation/research/olp/viewResearch.asp?CID=23&TID=8 (1514 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Crimean Khanate
		The Crimean Khanate was one of the remnants of the Golden Horde, the north-western division of the seprated Mongol Empire.
		But in 1578 he led an enormous Crimean army that amounted almost to 50 thousands men against the Persian Shah, who at the same time was involved in a struggle with the Ottomans.
		Struggle for power was carried on in 1635 — 37 and again the Crimea Khan following his predecessors took advantages of the aid of Cossacks in a final strife.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=44&PN=1 (7645 words)

	EurasiaNet Culture - Headed Home: Crimean Tatars Struggle to Leave Uzbekistan
		Almost 100,000 Crimean Tatars are said to live in Uzbekistan today, the survivors and offspring of more than 150,000 people deported here during the lightning-strike deportations of May 1944.
		Crimean Tatars estimate that 46 percent of their people died during deportation, resettlement and the hard labor that followed.
		In the late 1950s, many Crimean Tatars were given land in Uzbekistan by their employers.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/culture/articles/eav062504.shtml (1505 words)

	Brian Williams:The Book (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Crimean Tatars in the Aftermath of the Migration of 1860.
		This was a revolutionary break with a time honored Crimean Muslim tradition of abandoning the Crimea for the ak toprak (holy or white soil of the Ottoman Caliph) and laid the seeds for the later dissemination of a sense of territorialized national identity to the Crimean Tatar masses.
		This chapter proves that the republic was indeed established in recognition of the Crimean Tatars as the autonomy’s officially recognized native population (korennoi narod) and that all the state institutions of this republic recognized the Crimean Tatars’ unique status in the Crimea and claim to this republic.
	www.stetson.edu /~gwilliam/bgwilliams/book_summary.html (2748 words)

	Ukraine: Interview -- 61 Years After Deportations, Crimean Tatar Leader Still Seeking Justice - RADIO FREE EUROPE / ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The name of Mustafa Cemilev is synonymous with the Crimean Tatars’ decades-long struggle to obtain reparations for their suffering due to the deportations ordered by Soviet leader Josef Stalin in 1944.
		Crimean Tatars throughout the former Soviet Union prepare to commemorate the 61st anniversary of their deportation to Central Asia, just days after the Crimean legislature approved a power-sharing agreement giving Crimean Tatars three ministerial portfolios in the regional government.
		Not only does Russia not provide financial assistance [to the Crimean Tatars], but it also views the whole repatriation issue with hostility because it fears Crimea’s demographic balance might be altered to the detriment of its Russian-speaking population -- even though Russians currently account for approximately 60 percent of the peninsula’s population.
	www.rferl.org /featuresarticle/2005/5/87033A1A-5D77-45A5-B180-7BE3BC35C659.html (1799 words)

	The Crimean Tatars by Greta Lynn Uehling
		Although the Crimean Khanate was under Ottoman influence for much of its history, it was an important state from the early sixteenth to the end of the seventeenth centuries.
		The Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic represents a fleeting Golden Age before this status was revoked and Crimea, along with the rest of the USSR, was plunged into mass repression of intellectuals and clergy, state-sanctioned famine, and forced collectivization of agriculture.
		The Crimean Tatars' primary objectives are government sponsored return of the Crimean Tatar people to Crimea; full restoration of their rights and property; recognition of the Crimean Tatar Mejlis as the official representative body; and representation of the Crimean Tatars in the Crimean Parliament.
	www.iccrimea.org /scholarly/krimtatars.html (4241 words)

	INTERVIEW: Crimean Tatar leader Mustafa Jemilev (10/25/98)
		The Crimean Tatars are outraged by this state of affairs.
		I told them that for the sake of stability in Crimea it is important to give Crimean Tatars the opportunity to defend their interests legally in Parliament, and not leave them with no option but to do so outside it and resort to forms of civil disobedience.
		I was filled with the hope that we have really made significant headway in solving the problem of the return of the Crimean Tatars to their historical homeland.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1998/439807.shtml (1702 words)

	[No title]
		It took the Gromyko Commission eleven months to study the Crimean Tatar problem, and on July 9, 1988, it declared that due to the demographic changes in the Crimea it was not possible for the Crimean Tatars to return to Crimea and have their autonomous republic reinstated.
		On June 26, 1991, the historic Second Crimean Tatar Kurultay was convened and Mustafa Jemilev was elected the chairman and Refat Chubarov as the deputy chairman of the thirty-three member Crimean Tatar Mejlis.
		* A judicious representation of the Crimean Tatars in the Crimean Parliament.
	www.euronet.nl /users/sota/ctnm.htm (3813 words)

	my_pictures_page
		Experience of these horrible events, regarded by the Crimean Tatars as genocide pushed them to strive for the restoration of their rights and unified them into a cohesive group with a high level of national consciousness.
		The aim of this paper is to describe the origins and development of the Crimean Tatars drive for repatriation to their homeland, the tactics their movement used and reflection of this struggle in Samizdat literature.
		Therefore somewhat linear history of the dramatic struggle of heroic nation appears leaving in the shade all the problems and conflicting nature of the leadership and struggle itself.
	www.personal.ceu.hu /students/04/Saidolimhon_Gaziyev/my_pictures_page.html (385 words)

	FWB, Februrary 1993
		In part, this may be because in 1954 Khrushchev transferred the Crimean Oblast to the Ukrainian SSR as a present, to mark the 300th anniversary of the "reunification" of Russia and Ukraine.
		In September 1991, the Crimean Supreme Soviet, dominated by Russians, declared the state sovereignty of the peninsula.
		But the Crimean Supreme Soviet, in reaction, passed a resolution supporting the resettlement of nearly 70,000 Armenians, Greeks, and Germans to the Crimea by the end of the century.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /fwc/Issue4/ussr.html (1267 words)

	"And this Must be Remembered!" Stalin’s Ethnic Cleansing of the Crimean Tatars
		Crimean Tatars were particularly noted for their brutal reprisals towards Soviet partisans, and also assisted the German occupiers in organizing the forcible sending of Soviet people to German slavery and mass destruction.
		Crimean Tatars actively collaborated with the German occupying powers, participating in the so called “Tatar National Committees” organized by German intelligence and were extensively used by the Germans to infiltrate the rear of the Red Army with spies and diversionists.
		In fact the local Crimean authorities with the approval of the central government used this means to deny residency permits to almost all Crimean Tatars returning to the peninsula prior to 1988.
	www.iccrimea.org /surgun/pohl-asn-2004.html (8614 words)

	Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of the Netherlands - Welcome
		The struggle between Moscow and Lithuania for the lands of Kyivan Rus' lasted several centuries.
		The Crimean Khanate recognized the suzerainty of the Sultan.
		In this continuous struggle against Crimean Khanate, the Cossacks took shape.
	www.oekraine.com /core/history_e.htm (1842 words)

	MRG - recent News and Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		She stated that the Crimean Tatars were excluded form the land restitution process, resulting in their exclusion from decision-making process and a consequently weak position in realizing their rights to land.
		Despite the need for political representation, Crimean Tatars are not able to directly elect their own parliamentary representatives who will be responsive to their particular concerns.
		Given the utmost importance of such representation, the Foundation suggested that the Crimean government should apply a system of quotas in the Crimean Parliament to assist in the process of facilitating effective minority representation and that such a system should be introduced before the next parliamentary elections.
	www.minorityrights.org /news_detail.asp?ID=232 (385 words)

	Parallel Report - Article 20 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The goals of the Crimean Tatar National Movement is to restore the national and human dignity, inherent natural Rights and Freedoms of the Crimean Tatars on their Motherland.
		The best way from the point of view of Crimean Tatars is the normal legal regulation and establishment of the Rules that would correspond to the interests of Crimean Tatars (and consolidated with them two other small Indigenous communities as Karays and Krimchaks) and to the Russian-speaking and Ukrainian population of Crimea.
		However the lack of readiness of the political leadership of the majority of Crimean population and Ukrainian Government for the recognition of this approach makes Crimean Tatars to use different ways of the defending of their rights including mass protests and civil disobedience.
	www.minelres.lv /reports/ukraine/Article_20.htm (280 words)

	Karaim Home Page
		Crimean Karaims are people of Turk(ic) descent who have adopted Karaism.
		From the 8th to the 10th centuries, the Karaims were subjected to the rule of Khazar Kagan.
		It is recorded in the 13th century that the Karaim congregation practised in Solkhat, the capital city of the Crimean Tatars.
	www.turkiye.net /sota/karaim.html (548 words)

	TeamFACT Ministry Activities
		As we serve with the International Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, we seek to reach out to the Crimean Tatar people group who are gradually returning to their homeland of Crimea in southern Ukraine.
		In August 2004, a group of Crimean Tatar believers in Christ began meeting together in a home for worship and fellowship.
		This may be the beginning of the first Crimean Tatar church in Crimea.
	www.teamfact.org (312 words)

	The Crimean Tatar Fact Sheet
		Kirim- Kirim Turklerinin Yerlesme ve Gocleri (Crimea- The Settlement and Emigration of The Crimean Turks).
		Carlik Akimivetinde Kirim Faciasi Yahut Tatar Hicretleri (The Crimean Tragedy Under the Tsarist Rule or the Tatar Emigrations).
		Yani Dunya is the continuation of Lenin Bayragi which was the first Crimean Tatar newspaper that began its pubilcation on May 1, 1957 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
	www.turkiye.net /sota/krbibli.html (347 words)

	Evening in memory of known rights-protector and poet Ilya Gabay in connection with the 70-th anniversary from the date ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Questions concerned present position of the Crimean Tatars, political situation in Ukraine and Crimea, connections between Crimean Tatar National movement and Jewish rights-protectors, and also religious life of the Crimean Tatars.
		He was arrested in May, 1969 in Moscow and delivered to Tashkent where together with M.Dzhemilev he was condemned by 3 years of imprisonment on accusation in «drawing up and distribution of the documents discrediting Soviet state and social order».
		Ilya Gabay's name appears among 8 rights-protectors who rendered the most essential help to Crimean Tatar national movement in the Soviet years, which are engraved on the monument of Crimean Tatar people's revival established in 2004 at the Crimean state industrial-pedagogical university in Simferopol.
	www.qurultay.org /eng/ayrinti.asp?HaberNo=2005102001 (872 words)

	Who are the Crimean Tatars?
		The ancient Greeks established colonies on the coast in the 6th century B.C., and later the control of the sea ports passed on to the Romans and eventually the Byzantines.
		Under oppressive Tsarist policy, the Crimean Tatars began leaving their homeland, and emigrations to the Ottoman lands continued thru the 19th century, especially after the Crimean War (1853-56).
		With the 1944 deportation of the entire Crimean Tatar population by Stalin, it seemed that the Tatar presence in the Crimea was completely eliminated.
	www.euronet.nl /users/sota/krimwho.html (655 words)

	[No title]
		Each minute that passed while the Milanese were fighting their death struggle and he stood inactive threatened to deprive him and his house of that power of progress on which not only their fortune but their existence depended.
		When Milan was struggling for life, was perhaps getting worsted, at all costs they were bound to fly to the rescue.
		It must be said of Napoleon that among the men responsible for the Crimean War he alone aimed at an object which, from a political, let alone moral view, could justify it.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/1/2/5/8/12588/12588-8.txt (21147 words)

	[No title]
		Her giant effort, crowned with a success as wonderful as the effort itself, is worthily described by the author of this book.
		In the giant struggle against Napoleon, England's own safety was secured by the demoralisation of the French fleet.
		But as we start on the road to Amiens, the mist gains the upper hand, and we begin to be afraid that we shall not get any of those wide views from the west of Albert over the Somme country which are possible in clear weather.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/1/0/0/9/10099/10099.txt (19413 words)

	Statement of the Head of the Mejlis of Crimean Tatar people Mustafa Djemilev at the mourning meeting on May 18, 2003 in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		By the way while struggle that lasted for half of a century we have never applied the methods of violence, never killed anybody, we used sheer democratic ways.
		The officials on their behalf do not take any efforts to assist us and moreover the establishment of schools is possible only after overcoming many hindrances on the way placed by the officials of different ranks.
		Meanwhile the Crimean authorities keep postponing the decision to give the land for the mosque to be built in the center of Simferopol.
	www.qurultay.org /eng/yazi_eng.asp?yazi_no=210 (2176 words)

	Old Book (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		During this period Russian State became a member of the "Holy League".
		According to the conditions of the treatment "Treaty of Eternal Peace" Russia must struggle against Crimean Khanate.
		During 70's (XVII century) the fortress' territory was enclosed by quit high wall, which replaced the original palisade, built in 1652-1658.
	www.city.sumy.ua /ehistory/middle8.html (155 words)

	Cobden, The Three Panics: An Historical Episode ToC: The Online Library of Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In the course of the struggle, it was mentioned by Mr.
		But at the termination of the Crimean War, the governing powers of this country seemed to be possessed but of one idea—how Englishmen could be drilled and disciplined into a state of constant readiness for future Continental campaigns.
		It was not peculiar to his case, for it is common to all who share his delusion about the danger of an invasion, that he always lost light of all that was already done, and called for something else as the sole means of security.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Home3/HTML.php?recordID=0508 (12910 words)

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