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Topic: Criminal trials

	Differences between Civil and Criminal Law
		Criminal law is much better known to laymen than civil law, as a result of journalists' reports of famous criminal trials.
		In criminal law, a guilty defendant is punished by either (1) incarceration in a jail or prison, (2) fine paid to the government, or, in exceptional cases, (3) execution of the defendant: the death penalty.
		The most common example of such two trials is a criminal prosecution for homicide and then have a second trial for the same defendant for the tort of wrongful death: the most famous example of this situation is the cases of O.J. Simpson.
	www.rbs2.com /cc.htm (1850 words)

	Criminal procedure - Wex
		Criminal procedure is composed of the rules governing the series of proceedings through which the substantive criminal law is enforced.
		The rules of criminal procedure are different from those of civil procedure, because the two areas (criminal and civil) have different objectives and results.
		In criminal cases, the state brings the suit and must show guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, while in civil cases the plaintiff brings the suit and must only show the defendant is liable by a preponderance of the evidence.
	www.law.cornell.edu /topics/criminal_procedure.html (373 words)

	The lessons of Nuremberg - The Boston Globe
		Yet trials at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone are underway, and the International Criminal Court recently issued its first arrest warrants for senior leaders of the Lord's Resistance Party in Uganda.
		To impose a criminal justice model on mass atrocity is intended to break cycles of violence and revenge through the aspirations of the rule of law.
		The trials have not notably curtailed the patterns of aggression and cruelty that accompany ethnic conflict.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/11/03/the_lessons_of_nuremberg (770 words)

	Boston.com / News / Local / Mass. / Trials rise in US court as plea deals are spurned (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Those trials amounting to 4.2 percent of all the criminal defendants whose cases were resolved that year.
		In 2003, there were 47 criminal jury trials, representing 7 percent of the total number of criminal defendants whose cases were resolved, which increased by nearly 30 percent over that four-year period.
		The resurgence of jury trials in Massachusetts is a byproduct of a critical policy shift Sullivan enacted after taking over as the Commonwealth's top federal prosecutor in the fall of 2001, according to lawyers, prosecutors, and judges.
	www.boston.com /news/local/massachusetts/articles/2004/02/01/trials_rise_in_us_court_as_plea_deals_are_spurned_associated_press?mode=PF (701 words)

	Criminal Trials - US Department of State
		In the United States, more than 90 percent of all criminal cases are resolved with guilty pleas through a process called "plea bargaining." The government prosecutor offers the defendant, through his or her attorney, a compromise in which the defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge in exchange for a reduced sentence.
		Criminal trials proceed on the adversarial principle that the facts of the case, and the truth, will emerge in a contest between the government prosecutor and the defense, both operating under strict rules of evidence and procedures to ensure the utmost fairness.
		Prior to the trial, either the judge or lawyers question the prospective jurors in a process called voir dire to determine their suitability and impartiality to hear the evidence and render a verdict.
	usinfo.state.gov /dhr/democracy/u.s._legal_system/criminal_trials.html (838 words)

	THE ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE OF ANIMAL ABUSE IN CRIMINAL TRIALS FOR CHILD AND DOMESTIC ABUSE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		63 After the trial judge, in her discretion, determines if the specific prior bad acts are relevant to an issue other than [*PG470]character, prosecutors must show that the evidence specifically relates to the alternative purpose, is reliable, and is sufficiently related to the charged offense to surpass the prejudicial balancing test of Rule 403.
		In criminal abuse cases, especially where the victim dies, the defendant often claims that he was not the killer, but someone else close to the victim was.
		In criminal child abuse and domestic abuse cases (especially when the victim dies), prosecutors are often called upon to show that the defendant intended to kill, or at least hurt, the victim.
	www.bc.edu /schools/law/lawreviews/meta-elements/journals/bclawr/43_2/03_TXT.htm (6351 words)

	DUI Arrest: DMV Administrative Hearings vs. Criminal Court Trials
		The Court trial deals with whether you are innocent or guilty of a criminal act.
		A reduction of a DUI charge to reckless driving in the criminal court is separated and/or independent from the administrative proceeding, and does not affect the driving privilege suspension.
		Current law may permit a driver a renewed right to a hearing within one year of the arrest date when a DUI charge is dismissed or not filed by a District Attorney due to lack of evidence, or filed, but later dismissed by the court because of insufficient evidence.
	www.dmv.ca.gov /dl/driversafety/dsadminvscriminal.htm (1120 words)

	SEPARATION AND SEQUESTRATION OF DELIBERATIONG JURIES IN CRIMINAL TRIALS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The legislation amended section 310.10 of the Criminal Procedure Law to authorize trial courts in criminal cases, except cases involving a Class A felony or a Class B or Class C violent felony, to permit the jury to separate during deliberations.
		Instructions accompanying the form explained the requirement that the form be completed by the clerk of the trial part in every criminal trial in which the jury deliberated, whether or not the jury was sequestered.
		Table 4 sets forth the average lengths of jury deliberations in criminal trials for juries that were either separated or sequestered (that is, the jury deliberations were not concluded within one day) since the effective date of the legislation.
	www.courts.state.ny.us /press/old_keep/seqreport.shtml (3399 words)

	Between truth commissions and criminal trials
		There is no convincing argument that criminal trials, despite the inherent clash of interests of the defendant and the prosecutor, are intrinsically incapable of arriving at the truth or frequently fail to do so.
		A second fundamental benefit of trials is that they establish individual responsibility for the crimes adjudicated, thus negating the notion of collective guilt that can be an obstacle to genuine reconciliation.
		Yet a third fundamental point in favour of trials is that impartial trials conducted by independent national courts or international tribunals establish an indisputable historical record of events with legally binding consequences where guilt is established, thus banishing extremists from the political space and and giving room for the growth of a democratic culture.
	nigerdeltacongress.com /barticles/between_truth_commissions_and_cr.htm (1472 words)

	Trials rise in US court as plea deals are spurned
		The number of criminal trials in federal court in Massachusetts has nearly doubled since Michael Sullivan took over as US attorney in 2001, even as the number of trials across the nation has plummeted.
		Judges, lawyers, and prosecutors have decried the "death of the jury trial" in federal courts, where 1 percent of all criminal cases go to jury trial.
		Criminal defendants already facing "Draconian" prison terms under federal sentencing guidelines are now routinely ending up with sentences five to 10 years longer, Walker said.
	www.criminaljustice.org /public.nsf/legislation/ci_03_61?OpenDocument (976 words)

	Criminal Trials Validity - Foreword (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Much of the testimony on the effects of battering has been admired in criminal trials under the rubric of "battered woman syndrome," and the term has been used as a shorthand reference to the body of scientific and clinical literature that forms the basis for much expert testimony in domestic violence cases.
		Judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys interviewed concerning the impact of such evidence in criminal trials said that, within the courtroom, it has increased recognition of the broader problem of domestic violence and that its introduction can assist judges and juries to better understand the issues and/or dispel myths and stereotypes related to battered women.
		While the use of such evidence in criminal trials has preceded its use in most other contexts, it has now been introduced in divorce and custody cases, in applications for civil protection orders, in tort actions and contract cases, and in the evaluation of clemency petitions.
	www.ojp.usdoj.gov /ocom/94Guides/Trials/overview.htm (3573 words)

	MARTIN J. WIENER \| Judges v. Jurors: Courtroom Tensions in Murder Trials and the Law of Criminal Responsibility in ...
		Their earlier history is far better known, while the century's major developments in the criminal law's administration—the rise of professional police forces, the rise and fall of transportation, and the growth of imprisonment—have been far more closely studied than what happened between arrest and punishment.
		These trials were closer to sentencing hearings than to "whodunits." As such, the locus of any conflict was how to assess the fatal act and the roles of the actors (both perpetrator and victim).
		Wiener, "The Victorian Criminalization of Men." Another facet of this increased legal pressure upon men was the rising number of prosecutions for sexual assault (an annual average of 189 committals to trial for the years 1836-40 rose to 254 for 1841-45, 397 for 1861-65, 647 for 1881-85, and 895 for 1891-95).
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lhr/17.3/wiener.html (12387 words)

	Records Relating to Criminal Trials, Appeals, and Pardons, Information Leaflet #9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		New York's criminal justice system is large and complex, and this leaflet aims to assist researchers to locate sets of records or individual cases in that labyrinth.
		Many criminal cases are appealed, usually to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, and occasionally there are subsequent appeals from the Appellate Division to the Court of Appeals, the State's highest court.
		Documentation of the trial proceedings and evidence presented in capital cases is found in the records on appeal ("cases") of the Court of Appeals [series J2002, described above].
	www.archives.nysed.gov /a/researchroom/rr_legal_trials.shtml (6023 words)

	[1996] 2 Web JCLI
		A defendant in a criminal trial is not "a suitor in a Court of justice" but, in any event, the remarks could not possibly have been made with a defendant in a criminal trial in mind.
		A PII objection to the disclosure of a document does not, either in civil cases or in a criminal trial, need to be made except, in relation to a document that is, under the rules of discovery applicable to the proceedings, disclosable.
		In criminal trials, once it has been decided that a document might be of assistance to the defence, that should be the end of the PII claim.
	webjcli.ncl.ac.uk /1996/issue2/scott2.html (6151 words)

	VPN - Major changes proposed on criminal trials
		A new pre-trial disclosure regime will improve criminal trial processes and resolve unreasonable delays in the presentation of cases and the inefficient conduct of trials.
		The new Bill is designed to improve trial procedures by empowering the judiciary to manage cases effectively, enable issues in dispute to be defined prior to commencement of the trial, and to facilitate productive discussions between parties.
		Minimise the inconvenience to witnesses giving evidence in criminal trials because greater certainty and more accurate predictions of their involvement will minimise disruptions, for example, the need for replacement at work, or childcare arrangements.
	www.robertclark.net /news/990506wade.htm (502 words)

	JS Online: NYC City Criminal Trials Resume
		Judge Jonathan Lippman, New York state's chief administrative judge, said some criminal trials that were under way at the time of the Sept. 11 attacks have proceeded, but only a very few have begun since then.
		Prosecutors said the suspension of criminal trials has created slight backlogs, and defense lawyers said it has forced some defendants to stay in jail much longer than they would have otherwise.
		The suspension of criminal trials was just one aspect of an unprecedented citywide crisis in the wake of the attacks left more than 5,500 dead or missing.
	jsonline.com /news/attack/ap/oct01/ap-attacks-trials100101.asp?... (529 words)

	Welcome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Criminal trials, law and procedure grab the attention of many people.
		In the more distant past it was the Watergate burglary, the Sam Sheppard trials, the Lindberg baby kidnapping, or Sacco and Vanzetti that caught the attention of the American public.
		The instructor: This section of Criminal Law is taught by Joseph A. Colquitt.
	www.law.ua.edu /colquitt/crimmain (357 words)

	Cameras in the Courts
		In the end, criminal defendants must have the final word on whether cameras in the courtroom would interfere with their constitutional protections during trial.
		Cameras are still prohibited from federal trials -- a ban that many criminal defense lawyers find frustrating, because the need for openness and public scrutiny is not acknowledged at all.
		The only criminal defense practitioner appointed to the New York committee, his dissent argues that the committee's recommendation was pre-ordained rather than the result of responsible study of the issue.
	www.criminaljustice.org /MEDIA/pr000006.htm (384 words)

	Proposed Jury Instructions for Civil and Criminal Trials
		Proposed Jury Instructions for Civil and Criminal Trials
		Order accepting the proposed jury instructions for a period of working review, the Court's provisional approval "is for the purpose of refining and testing the application and accuracy of the pattern instructions and does not ensure error-free trials, and their use does not carry a no-reversal guarantee.
		It is not intended that this provisional acceptance is a final approval of the content of any instruction and each judge may use or refuse any instruction as he or she sees fit[,]" according to law.
	www.state.wv.us /wvsca/jury/cover.htm (204 words)

	Wisconsin State Law Library - Criminal Law and Procedure
		For more information about specific criminal law topics, visit the pages on Arrest and Bail, Defense, Drunk Driving, Hate Crimes, Jury, Juvenile Justice, Pardons, Prisons and Prisoners, Probation and Parole, Search and Seizure, Sentencing, Sexual Assault, Victims and Witnessess, etc. Evidence, Appellate Procedure, and Law Enforcement may also be of interest.
		Trial practice guides on such subjects as state public defenders in drug courts, experts, duties of trial counsel, sample revocation letters, and truth-in-sentencing guidelines
		Questions/answers on criminal law basics, the police and your rights, lawyers and criminal law, criminal charges, initial criminal proceedings, evidence in criminal trials, witnesses, defenses, pretrial procedures, trial, sentencing, appeals of criminal cases, rights of victims and jurors, and juvenile criminal cases.
	wsll.state.wi.us /topic/justice/crimlaw (667 words)

	FindLaw's Writ - Spilbor: Cashing-In from High-Profile Criminal Trials
		Thus, by keeping the fact that she was writing her book secret, she imperiled the legitimacy of the ultimate verdict in the Peterson trial, and impeded the Peterson defense, which should have been entitled to cross-examine her on her book: the timing of her writing of it, its content, and the profits she received.
		A criminal defendant is entitled to a fair and impartial jury of his peers.
		In the courtroom, she has handled hundreds of cases as a criminal defense attorney, and also served in the San Diego City Attorney's Office, Criminal Division, and the Office of the United States Attorney in the Drug Task Force and Appellate units.
	writ.news.findlaw.com /commentary/20050117_spilbor.html (2012 words)

	Double trials an unusual event (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Civil and criminal law are taught in different courses at law school and covered by different parts of the Bill of Rights.
		In criminal cases, such as the one in which Simpson was found not guilty, the government seeks to deprive a defendant of his life or liberty for an alleged criminal offense, something the framers of the Constitution wanted to make difficult.
		In criminal trials, von Bulow was convicted, then acquitted, of trying to kill his wife, Sunny von Bulow, with insulin injections.
	www.usatoday.com /news/index/nns180.htm (870 words)

	Crimes (Criminal Trials) Act 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		(3) Despite sub-section (1), at the trial the prosecutor is not restricted to a verbatim presentation of the summary of the prosecution opening and the defence is not restricted to a verbatim presentation of the defence response to the summary of the prosecution opening as served and filed under this Part.
		(2) If in the opinion of the trial judge, the issue to which a question asked of a witness in cross-examination is directed is not apparent, the trial judge may require counsel to specify the issue to which the question is directed and its relevance to that issue.
		(b) trials for which presentment is made on or after that commencement other than trials of an offence, or of an offence that is not materially different from an offence, for which the accused was committed on a committal proceeding before that commencement.
	dms003.dpc.vic.gov.au /l2d/C/ACT01356/0_1.html (5056 words)

	United States District Court-Eastern District of Michigan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Court will require submission of a brief in criminal trials one week before trial unless specifically authorized (see Standing Order).
		The Court requires only that the Government submit a witness list in criminal trials; and in jury trials, the list is disclosed to the jury during voir dire.
		In such trials, the Court will allocate peremptory challenges depending on, inter alia, commonality of defenses and jury utilization.
	www.mied.uscourts.gov /_practices/cook/criminal.htm (221 words)

	96.01.09: Playing the Race Card: Two Famous Criminal Trials
		Goetz criminal trial ended in June of 1987 and a jury of 12 had “reasonable doubt” that Goetz was guilty of either reckless endangerment or attempted murder.
		Because of certain similarities that exist in trial procedures, and the issue of race in a high-profile criminal trial, this unit will compare the Goetz criminal case to the Simpson case.
		Although criminals come from all levels of society, thieves who commit so-called “white collar crime” (who are more often white than fl) have a wider choice of crimes with less chance of detection and arrest.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1996/1/96.01.09.x.html (8209 words)

	Criminal Trials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Criminal Trials Division consists of five bureaus.
		Thousands of felony cases are prosecuted each year by Criminal Trials Division attorneys.
		(Trial Bureau C is assigned to the Southeast Division)
	www.maricopacountyattorney.org /AboutUs/trials.asp (103 words)

	Jurors soon will be allowed to take notes in criminal trials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Two and a half years ago, defense attorney Ralph Karsh was aghast that a juror in a homicide trial had taken notes, against the rules back then, that said she believed his client was guilty of murder.
		By the end of the trial, the juror had changed her mind and Karsh's client was acquitted.
		Beginning Monday, for the first time in Pennsylvania, jurors will be permitted to take notes during any criminal trial that is expected to last more than two days.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/05210/545536.stm (783 words)

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