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Topic: Crinoid

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	Comatulid crinoid (feather star) Creatures Gallery
		his section is about comatulid crinoids and the commensal creatures that rely on them for food and shelter.
		Crinoids are distinguished from other echinoderms by the fact that their mouth is pointed upward, unlike their starfish cousins.
		Crinoids are usually admired by divers for their bright colors, but few pause to look closely enough to see they are host to a number of tiny commensal animals, such as shrimp, clingfish, and squat lobsters.
	divegallery.com /crinoids.htm (466 words)

	Crinoid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Crinoids, also known as "sea lilies" or "feather-stars", are marine animals that make up the class Crinoidea of the echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata).
		Crinoids are characterized by a mouth on the top surface that is surrounded by feeding arms.
		Crinoids usually have a stem used to attach themselves to a substrate, but many live attached only as juveniles and become free-swimming as adults.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crinoid (575 words)

	Crinoids.com presented by EXTINCTIONS Inc.
		Crinoids, somtimes called ''sea lilies'', are marine animals characterized by an exoskeleton of calcite plates, jointed arms that radiate from the body, and usually by a stem that attaches the animal to a substrate - usually the sea floor.
		Crinoids are echinoderms and are closely related to sea urchins and starfish.
		Crinoids are classified mainly according to the plate structure of the cup and the make-up of the arms.
	www.crinoids.com /site/index.cfm?action=what_is (561 words)

	Crinoid
		Crinoids, Blastoids, and Cystoids are animals even though they resemble plants and have been called sea-lilies and feather stars.
		Blastoids resemble crinoids, but their body was more compact and topped by a brush-like strainer instead of arms.
		Impression of a crinoid stem segment in chert
	www.catnapin.com /Fossil/Echinoidermata/ffCrinoids.htm (323 words)

	Aquarium.Net Feather Stars Dec 96
		Crinoids are not able to cope with low salinity conditions, and must be kept in aquaria where the specific gravity is no lower than 1.025, and preferably about 1.026.
		The feeding behaviour of Florometra serratissima (Echinodermata: Crinoidea).
		Biochemical and energetic composition of bathyal echinoids and an asteroid, holothuroid, and crinoid from the Bahamas.
	www.reefs.org /library/aquarium_net/1296/1296_9.html (2432 words)

	Crinoidea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		The visceral mass of the crinoid animal is encased in the aboral cup that is typically composed of 2-3 circlets of plates.
		Crinoid phylogeny and its implied classification are now the subject of intensive research and somewhat differing opinions based on differing assumptions of the crinoid outgroup and calyx plate homologies that yield different phylogenies.
		The four-circlet crinoids, disparids, cladids, and camerates all arose during the Early Ordovician; the flexibles arose during the Middle Ordovician, and the articulates evolved during the earliest Mesozoic.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Crinoidea&contgroup=Echinodermata (2651 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		While the crinoids were the dominant echinoderm of the Paleozoic with more than 6,000 described species, there are only 600 or so species living today.
		Subsequent attempts to resolve the crinoid history were all based on the arrangement of thecal plates relative to the position of the arms.
		Traditionally, the thecal plates were decribed as either monocyclic or dicyclic with the first row containing the arms as the "orals", the row just below the orals as the "radials", the next row as the "basals", and for the dicyclic groups, the last row as the "infrabasals".
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /echinodermata/crinsys.html (243 words)

	Specimens - Crinoid
		Crinoids (Class crinoidea) are assigned to the phylum Echinodermata, which is a group of radially symmetrical marine animals, such as the starfish, sea urchins, and brittle stars.
		Crinoids are commonly referred to as "sea lilies".
		This 1-meter-long (3.5-foot.) single crinoid is well preserved in fine clays and silts which eventually formed the bituminous, Poisidonia Shale.
	www-lib.ou.edu /etc/geology/crinoid.asp (203 words)

	What is a Crinoid? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		The crinoid may be used merely as a perch, or the commensal may consume fecal pellets excreted by the crinoid as waste.
		Fossil crinoids are occasionally preserved with another organism attached, commonly a brittle star entwined around the crown or a gastropod on or near the anal pyramid.
		Crinoids are, thus, one of the most successful forms of life on earth.
	www.savedunes.org /html/crinoid1.html (827 words)

	ISGS Crinoids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Crinoids are called "sea lilies," but despite their appearance, are animals rather than plants.
		Stems or separate stem discs are common throughout most of Illinois and are popularly called "Indian beads" or "fish bones." The oldest crinoids come from Ordovician rocks (490 to 443 million years ago).
		Some crinoids live today, mainly in deep parts of the ocean, but they are not nearly so common as in the past.
	www.isgs.uiuc.edu /fossils/crinoids.htm (202 words)

	Journal of Paleontology: Skeletal crystallography and crinoid calyx architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Lack of a phylogenetic signal among diverse crinoids early in the clade's history implies that crystallographic data will be of limited use to high-level phylogenetic studies within crinoids.
		CRINOIDS WERE the most abundant and diverse group of echinoderms in the Paleozoic.
		The goals of this paper are to record the orientations of crystallographic axes in crinoid skeletal plates and to interpret these orientations in light of crinoid phylogeny and ontogeny.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200001/ai_n8884473 (1304 words)

	Falls of the Ohio - Education
		Objective: Students will learn that crinoids (phylum Echinodermata) are animals that filter feed plankton from the sea.
		Let students determine how the crinoids should be anchored to the sediment.
		Water circulated though the lumen carrying oxygen to the ligaments and tissue that kept the column intact.
	www.fallsoftheohio.org /education/build-crinoid.html (301 words)

	crinoids products at MSN Shopping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		The crinoid species is Hylodecrinus briareus and it is 15/16 of an inch long, with 5/8 of an inch of stem, the matrix measures 2 1/2 x 2 1/8 inches, a grey siltstone.
		The crinoid species is Dizygocrinus mutabilis and it is 1 1/2 inches long, with 1 inch of stem along the curve, the matrix measures 2 1/2 x 2 3/4 inches, a grey siltstone.
		The crinoid species with the stem is Halysiocrinus tunicatus and it is 2 inches long, with 9 inches of stem, this one has a complete stem, notice the roots attached to it.
	shopping.msn.com /results/shp/?text=crinoids,userText=crinoid,qc=1 (949 words)

	Crinoid Morphology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		The Flexibilia and the Camerata became extinct in the Permian and the Inadunata in the Triassic.
		Crinoids are typically characterised by their pentameral radial symmetry.
		The three main parts of the crinoid are shown in the diagram.
	freespace.virgin.net /craven.pendle/fossils/crinoids/a_crinoid.htm (312 words)

	Em nau!
		A spectacularly-patterned crinoid is the centerpiece for a tiny visual sample of the density and diversity of life on Papua New Guinean reefs.
		At the same reef, two crinoids face into a gentle current — crinoids (also known, appropriately, as 'feather stars') are closely related to starfish and capture their planktonic prey from the water around them.
		A crinoid on sea whips and soft corals, deep on the slope of an oceanic reef.
	www.uga.edu /cuda/crinoids.html (653 words)

	Crinoids
		Crinoids are marine organisms that first appeared in the early in the middle of the
		Crinoids are members of a group called the Echinoderms which also includes Echinoids (sea urchins) and starfish.
		A piece of a lens of crinoid limestone from the bottom of the Crumbly and Pyritic Marls Bed (Bed 120) in the Belemnite Marl section.
	easyweb.easynet.co.uk /~gcaselton/fossil/crinoid.html (351 words)

	Crinoid Beads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Crinoid stem sections have a natural hole (lumen) in the center (Lane 2001: 1-2; Sciama and Eicher 1998: 302).
		Crinoid stem sections, commonly called Indian beads or fish bones, are known to have been used as beads (Grand Rapids Museum Association 1977:4; Lane 2001: 1; Sciama and Eicher 1998: 302).
		The crinoid beads found at the Mahoney site were between 1/8 of an inch to 3/8 of an inch, (3 mm to 9 mm), slightly larger than the beads found at EgPn-375 (Gallaway 1963:13).
	www.nationalbeadsociety.com /articles/crinoid_beads.htm (1101 words)

	CRINOIDS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Stalked crinoids, or "sea lilies", lived attached to the bottom, and filtered food particles from the currents flowing past them.
		The living stalked crinoids mostly inhabit deep water and are therefore difficult for the average underwater enthusiast to observe.
		At the top of the page is a living specimen of a comatulid - an unstalked crinoid, or "feather star." It superficially resembles a starfish, but the mouth faces up, and the comatulid crawls by "walking" on specialized structures called cirri.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /echinodermata/crinoidea.html (177 words)

	BioQUEST Crinoid Education Project
		Living crinoids have a delicate structure of many skeletal plates composed of calcium carbonate.
		Crinoids were most abundant during the Missisipian Period, which ranged from 360 to 320 million years ago.
		In addition to images of the crinoids, students will have quicktime movies that illustrate the history of how the fossils were discovered and the past and present work of scientists to remove the surrounding matrix and reveal the fossils.
	bcrc.bio.umass.edu /crinoid (685 words)

	State Historical Society of Iowa Flowers of the Iowa Seas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Crinoids are often called "sea lilies" or "feather stars".
		Some crinoids are stationary, while others move freely over the ocean floor or in floating mats.
		Cirri are the "arms of the stem" that hold the crinoid to objects or the sea floor.
	iowahistory.org /museum/exhibits/flowers_iowa_seas/flowers_page10.htm (346 words)

	CRINOID (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		CRINOID itself (as opposed to the individual Perl-processes, which I call TENTACLEs) is multi-threaded, so it can respond quickly to requests, sending them off to various TENTACLE processes.
		When CRINOID starts up a TENTACLE process, it loads Perl, loads up any modules that are set for "pre-loading" (things like PGPLOT, that are slow to start are good candidates for this) and waits for requests from CRINOID.
		CRINOID sends TENTACLE a request with the %ENV data for running the script, TENTACLE pushes the %ENV data into Perl and runs the script, piping its input and output from CRINOID.
	www.crinoid.com /crinoid.htmlx (1104 words)

	Spirit Finds A Perfect Crinoid
		Modern crinoids are often called "sea lilies" because they strongly resemble plants or flowers.
		In fact, crinoids are very ancient and go back about half a billion years on Earth.
		What this image shows is the fossil remains of a crinoid head (known as the calyx) and its branches or arms.
	www.xenotechresearch.com /spicrin1.htm (652 words)

	TAPHONOMY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Such distributions support the use of crinoidal material as a guide to locating core facies in ancient carbonate buildups in which ossicle size decreases away from the reef core (e.g., Manten, 1971).
		With the exception of the five radials, basals and centrodorsal which are tightly sutured together as a calyx, comatulids disarticulate rapidly into component ossicles within a few days.
		This trend may reflect either downslope transport or merely a lower rate of supply of fresh ossicles from the smaller crinoid populations away from the reef crest (Meyer and Meyer, 1986).
	www.nova.edu /ocean/messing/crinoids/w19taphonomy.html (702 words)

	Bibliography - section l
		Lane, N. A crinoid from the Pennsylvanian Essex fauna of Illinois: Fieldiana, Geology, v.
		Laudon, L. New crinoid fauna from the Pitkin Limestone of Northeastern Oklahoma: Journal of Paleontology, v.
		Lindley, I. An occurrence of the camerate crinoid genus Eumorphocrinus in the Early Carboniferous of New South Wales: Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, v.
	crinoid.gsajournals.org /crinoidmod/bib?sect=L (3051 words)

	Crinoid Stems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Crinoids belong to the animal kingdom and are related to Star Fish.
		A growing crinoid looks very plant like, a long stalk attached to the ocean floor with a flower like top.
		This piece of limestone contains numerous crinoid stems, the disks that the crinoid stalk is composed of.
	www.hilaroad.com /camp/fossils/crinoidstems.html (66 words)

	Crinoid Fossils
		Crinoids, also known as "feather stars", “sea lilies” or comatulids are harmless, colorful creatures.
		Three large crinoid fossils with excellent detail are displayed on this specimen.
		Large specimen showing the Crinoids death, as normally the entire skeleton would fall apart into the small, separate plates called ossicles.
	bedrockfossils.com /crinoidplaques.html (374 words)

	Crinoid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Crinoids are members of the same family as starfish, sand dollars, and sea urchins.
		Crinoids attached themselves to the seafloor by their roots.
		The long flexible stem allows the crinoids to bend and wave in the ocean currents.
	www.science.uwaterloo.ca /earth/museum/hollow/crinoid.html (103 words)

	GAC/MAC 1995 talk -- Crinoid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		It is the first complete crinoid to be described from Arisaig, despite substantial study of the rest of the fauna at the locality since the 1800's.
		One of the studied specimens is missing the "E" ray (resulting in only 16 arms), and is interpreted as a mutation of the living crinoid that persisted throughout its life.
		In contrast, the disarticulated and probably long-dead shell fragments found in the underlying bioclastic limestone bed were probably winnowed from the sediments of the surrounding area and deposited in scours while the storm was still active.
	www.geo.ucalgary.ca /~macrae/Crinoid_abstract.html (301 words)

	Crinoid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Crinoids are marine organisms that first appeared over 500 million years ago and still survive today.
		The popular names for crinoids are 'sea lilies' (for fixed crinoids) and 'feather stars' (for free-swimming crinoids).
		Crinoids are members of a group called the Echinoderms which also includes sea urchins and starfish.
	www.hunterian.gla.ac.uk /students/Crinoid.html (152 words)

	The Enterprise Mission - Hoagland Faces His Accusers
		I would like you guys to consider that based on the symmetry of the object, that it could be in fact an early Crinoid, a filter feeding marine plant-like animal, a type with a calcium carbonate exoskeleton (this is Earth-based of course, the Martian exoskeleton [could] have been of a differing mineral composition).
		In fact, they are the partially petrified remains of a marine organism which (like the Crinoids— see below) stood above the sea floor on a long, segmented "stem" and gathered food from the surrounding currents with a waving set of tentacles (rarely preserved) called "pinnules" (below).
		Crinoids lived in ocean water — ranging from a few feet deep to several miles — anchoring their stems on the ocean floor and feeding on whatever nutrients drifted by.
	www.enterprisemission.com /articles/03-08-2004/crinoid_cover-up.htm (1953 words)

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