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Topic: Cristero War

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	Information about Cristero War
		Just as the Cristeros began to hold their own against the federal forces, the rebellion was ended by diplomatic means, in large part due to the efforts of U.S. Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow.
		The Cristeros maintained the upper hand throughout 1928, and in 1929, the federal government faced a new crisis: a revolt within Army ranks, led by Arnulfo R. Gómez in Veracruz.
		The war had claimed the lives of some 90,000: 56,882 on the federal side, 30,000 Cristeros, and numerous civilians and Cristeros who were killed in anticlerical raids after the war's end.
	english.turkcebilgi.com /Cristero_War (3385 words)

	Mexican Revolution
		The Mexican Revolution should not be confused with the Mexican civil war (known as la guerra civil or War of Reform) of Benito Juarez of the 1850s, or the Mexican War of Independence of 1810-1821.
		The war was terminated with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo, where as a condition for peace, Mexico was obligated to sell the mostly vacant northern territories to the United States for $15 million.
		This led to the War of Reform, from December 1857 to January 1861.
	www.libraryoflibrary.com /E_n_c_p_d_Mexican_Revolution.html (10197 words)

	WOMEN, FREEDOM, AND GOD: The Cristero Rebellion and the Work of Women in Small Towns of Los Altos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Though the women of Los Altos were active participants during the Cristero Rebellion (1927-1929), a political turmoil and social chaos in which many Mexicans fought against the repression of the government and protected their religious freedom, women and their work have received limited attention in the historiography available.
		Past research on the Cristero Rebellion gives much credit to the role of women as auxiliaries, but almost never to the fact that women were carrying difficult missions themselves, to the point of sacrificing their own lives and their own families.
		The Cristero Rebellion was not a movement endorsed by the officials of the Roman Catholic Church, despite heavy participation of the clergy.
	www-mcnair.berkeley.edu /2002journal/LuisGachuz-Meza.html (5414 words)

	Council for Secular Humanism
		For example, few Ameri¬cans know that Catholic-Protestant strife caused a cannon battle in the streets of Phila¬delphia in 1844 or that the Taiping Rebellion—led by a mystic who said he was God’s second son after Jesus with a divine mandate to “destroy demons”—killed millions of Chinese in the 1850s.
		It was a classic example of the age-old struggle between reformers and a priestly class that gains power in a society, entrenches itself with rulers, and lives off the populace, while imposing strictures on them.
		For freethinkers, the message of the Cristero War is clear: religion is dangerous and laced with the potential for violence (as evidenced by the deadly 2006 Muslim eruptions over Danish cartoons of the Prophet).
	www.secularhumanism.org /index.php?section=library&page=haught_27_3 (1255 words)

	History of the Cristiada
		Due to the Cristero's lack of military training and supplies, they mostly relied on guerrilla tactics that made it difficult for the national army to defeat them.
		During the presidency of Portes Gil, ambassador Morrow resurrected the peace negotiation, and in June of 1929 an agreement was reached between Portes Gil and the Archbishop Leopoldo Ruiz y Flores, which finally brought the Cristero War to an end.
		Gonzales notes that the "bloody stalemate" in which the war ended still left unresolved the conflicts between traditional Mexican culture, strongly rooted in Catholicism, and the goals for social reform of the revolutionary government.
	www.laits.utexas.edu /jaime/cwp5/crg/english/history/index.html (985 words)

	Introduction to Corridos of the Cristiada
		The Cristero Rebellion was one of the last major, armed uprisings in the aftermath of the Revolution.
		The corridos that were composed during the war reflect the pluralism of factions that were involved, and the sometimes precarious alliances that were formed.
		Valentín de la Sierra, the best-known of the corridos of the Cristiada, tells the story of a Cristero leader and spy who was captured by an agrarista battalion, and after betraying the cause by informing on the movements of Cristero troops, he was executed by federal forces.
	www.laits.utexas.edu /jaime/cwp5/crg/english/intro/index.html (1012 words)

	History of Mexico - The State of Jalisco
		Jalisco remained, for the duration of the war, a stronghold of periodic insurgent activity.
		Reaching its peak in June and July of 1859, the War of the Reform paralyzed the economy of Jalisco.
		With the end of the War of the Reform and the return of Juárez to Mexico City in 1861, Mexico faced a French invasion.
	www.houstonculture.org /mexico/jalisco.html (2719 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Cristero War
		The struggle between church and state in Mexico broke out in armed conflict during the Cristero War (also known as the Cristiada) of 1926 to 1929.
		Just as the Cristeros began to hold their own against the federal forces, the rebellion was ended by diplomatic means, in large part due to the efforts of U.S. Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow.
		Before and after the successes had by the rebels and the support of Bishop Orozco y Jiménez, the Mexican bishops supported the Cristeros (this is in dispute- the only comprehensive history of this movement, "The Cristero Rebellion" indicates that with a couple of exceptions the episcopacy was hostile to the movement).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Cristero_War (2997 words)

	The Cristeros: 20th-Century Mexico’s Catholic Uprising (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Cristeros were able to equip themselves from the adversary, profiting from their cowardice or their corruption.
		Valencia Gallardo, a Cristeros leader, was tied to a stake and tortured but only cried out throughout: "Long live Christ the King!" They tore out his tongue; he freed one of his hands from the bonds and pointed to heaven.
		In the text, the Cristeros are called fanatics directed by a few third-rate priests; their revolt was an error, an imprudence, even a sin: they must lay down their arms under pain of excommunication...
	www.sspx.ca /Angelus/2002_January/The_Cristeros.htm (6793 words)

	Could you comment on the role of the Mexican youth movement in the survival of humanity as a whole? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Then you come into the 20th Century, and the series of revolutions, which essentially had the impulse of civil wars, between those who were trying to enforce a latifundist state, and those of a form of modern state.
		The culmination of that was the so-called "religious wars” or the Cristero Wars, which were orchestrated from the outside, largely by Synarchist influences, from France and Germany.
		Now, we've come to a point in time, in which the legacy of the Cristero War, especially the Synarchist aspect of it, in which you had Soustelle represented, in a sense, the left wing of the Synarchists--the same Soustelle, who went on, as a Synarchist, to try to assassinate Charles de Gaulle, later on.
	larouchein2004.net /pages/questions/youth/030705ibcs005.htm (834 words)

	HISTORY OF MEXICO 7
		The first was the settling of accounts between revolutionary factions, the pacification of war lords, and the institutionalization of the armed forces.
		The Cristeros revolted because they believed that the government was making life of their church impossible.
		First, in light of the Cristero revolt, it committed the party to fulfilling article 3 in education despite the opposition of the church.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/MEX7.html (4482 words)

	Mexico Desconocido: revolution aftermath Los Altos, Jalisco
		Repression increased and with it, the emergence of a rebellion: The Cristero War.
		Even today, one night of the week at the inn is a “noche cristera” (“cristero night”) during which the atmosphere of the times is reenacted with actors singing songs and playing scenes from the movement.
		Perhaps the memory of the cristeros will last due to fact that is was a genuine manifestation of the character of the people of that region, a character that is deeply rooted in the feeling of the people of Los Altos.
	www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx /english/historia/siglo_xx/detalle.cfm?idsec=4&idsub=23&idpag=1468 (1094 words)

	Cristeros Became Mexican Martyrs 1926-1929
		The Cristeros felt the only way to fight the government was to take up arms: they were willing to become martyrs for their freedom of religion.
		In a last affirmation of their faith, the Cristeros would shout, "Viva Cristo Rey!" (Long Live Christ the King!) just before dying.
		The blood of the thousands of Cristeros and martyrs that flooded the land nourished the spirits of those left behind; their courageous cry can still be heard in the hearts of the faithful, "Viva Cristo Rey!"
	www.epcc.edu /ftp/Homes/monicaw/borderlands/21_cristeros.htm (1558 words)

	JIM TUCK'S HOMEPAGE - AUTHOR IN MEXICO CONNECT
		During the Vietnam War a number of ex-Popular Front supporters resurfaced, this time to join with their old enemies, the Cold War liberals, in opposition to that conflict.
		Chapter 1 analyzes attacks on anti-Stalin leftists during World War II, #9 crossover activity, #10 the struggle within the labor movement, #11 the 1948 election, #12 the Popular Front after that election and #13 the revisionist v.anti-revisionist controversy from the 1970s to the 1990s.
		Collaboration charges were brought against de Chambrun after the war and I have a distinct recollection of Tuck and his wife, my stepmother, wailing and moaning about "the way they're picking on poor Bunny." This was de Chambrun's nickname.
	www.mexconnect.com /mex_/history/jtuck/jtuckhome.html (3923 words)

	Saints of the Cristero War Information
		On May 21, 2000, Pope John Paul II canonized a group of 25 saints and martyrs arising from the Mexican Cristero War.
		The vast majority are Roman Catholic priests who were executed for carrying out their ministry despite the suppression under the anti-clerical laws of Plutarco Elías Calles.
		Before his execution, he shouted the Cristero motto: "Long live Christ the King and Blessed Mary of Guadalupe!" He was buried in the parish church at Tula.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War (930 words)

	Rebellion
		The Cristero War occurred during the reign of President Plutarco Elías Calles, from December 1, 1924 until November 30, 1928.
		The army had to fight on two fronts: against the very bold and active Cristeros headed by Fathers Vega and Pedroza, General Goroztieta and Ramón Aguilar; and beginning in March 1929 against a large military force that was incited to revolt mainly in Coahuila and Nuevo León under General Gonzalo Escobar.
		It should be noted that the Cristeros and the Escobaristas were not united.
	members.tripod.com /gabamex/Engdocs/rebellion.htm (475 words)

	AnnBall.com - Special Feature
		In January of 1927 the guerrilla war began in all of Jalisco.
		After the Cristero war, the Jesuits and the Salesians allowed the children to study at their colleges and the children carried out careers in medicine, engineering, music and vocations to the priesthood and to religious life.
		Arandas, primarily a rural area, was peaceful during the years from 1910 to 1917, but during the Cristero conflict the town was one of the strong points of resistance to the government.
	www.annball.com /martyrs.shtml (4559 words)

	Mexican Election
		Ceremonies were mounted for the canonization of 27 martyrs from the anti-government Cristero War of the late 1920s.
		The Cristero War, in which an estimated 250,000 people died, was a civil insurrection inspired by what was seen by the bishops as religious intolerance on the part of the Plutarco Elas Calles presidential administration (1924-1928).
		The war firmly established anticlericalism as a fundamental characteristic of the Mexican state for the rest of the century.
	www.trincoll.edu /depts/csrpl/RINVol3No3/mexican_election.htm (2233 words)

	Leon Degrelle :Idealist warrior or Traitor? - Military Photos
		Treason against your country in time of war is inexcusable and he should have been shot on the spot, especially given the predicament Belgium was facing during May-June 1940.
		I don't know if he was aware of the existance of Auschwitz and the other camps during the war, but the fact that he was unapologetic for his actions after the war, when the evidence was clear, is, in my opinion, inexcusable.
		He could not accept the outcome of the war or the villification of his host nation, the installment of National Guilt, the murder of 'collaborators', the paint brush justice at Nürnberg.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/showthread.php?p=1838684 (1794 words)

	Vatican beatifies 13 who were killed in late 1920s religious war in Mexico \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		The 13, who already had been declared martyrs by the church, were killed by government soldiers in 1927 and 1928 in the western Mexican states of Jalisco, Michoacan and Guanajuato during Mexico's Cristero War, a popular uprising against anti-clerical provisions in the Mexican Constitution.
		The large majority of Mexico's more than 100 million people are Catholic, but strict laws governing the church were not loosened until the 1980s, when priests were given the right to vote and wear cassocks in public.
		Pope John Paul II canonized 25 martyrs from the Cristero War period in May 2000, most of them priests who had refused to leave their people and were executed by government forces.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20051124/news_1c24relbrief.html (641 words)

	EIR Volume 30, Number 21, May 30, 2003
		The Synarchist movement, born in France in the 19th Century, sought to create a one-world tyranny, modeled on the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte.
		Synarchism was alive and well in Vichy France, and continued after World War II through financial elites like Hjalmar Schacht and Carl Schmitt, and through such "philosophers" as Alexandre Kojève, the propagandist of "purgative violence" and his friend Leo Strauss—godfather of the neo-conservatives in the Bush Administration.
		Mexico's Cristero War in the late 1920s pitted "right-wing" Catholic masses against the "left-wing" anticlerical government—with both sides being ideological Synarchists and their dupes.
	www.larouchepub.com /eirtoc/2003/eirtoc_3021.html (326 words)

	News & Views
		In 1927, Mexico was in a state of turmoil: the Cristero war was in its second year and President Plutarco Elias Calles was crushing the independent anarcho-syndicalist labor movement.
		As someone who had been involved with the anarchosyndicalist movement as a political cartoonist, Orozco had to be affected by the persecution and eventual repression of his one-time comrades.
		The other sociopolitical conflict of this period was the Cristero war (1926-1929).
	www.artnexus.com /NewsDetail/671 (4731 words)

	-- Beliefnet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The most famous priest from that era, Father Miguel Pro, is not on the list, apparently still too controversial a figure due to his alleged part in the violence.
		``The new saints didn't participate in the war itself, but they provided spiritual guidance for the people, defending the faith and the presence of Christ the King in Mexico,'' said the Rev. Rolando Rivera, a priest at the Guadalupe Basilica in Mexico City.
		The saint-making process has taken a collective form, with the 25 Cristero martyrs sharing the credit for miraculously curing a woman of cysts in her breasts in 1993.
	www.beliefnet.com /story/25/story_2585_1.html (550 words)

	Zenit News Agency - The World Seen From Rome
		Among the martyrs who died during the so-called Cristero war of 1926-1929, the most outstanding is Anacleto González Flores.
		Because of his option for pacifism and nonviolence during the Cristero war, González Flores was known as the "Mexican Gandhi."
		Married and the father of two, "Master Cleto," as he was known, was born in Tepatitlan, in the state of Jalisco, in July 1888.
	www.zenit.org /english/visualizza.phtml?sid=79941 (567 words)

	Famous Hispanics: Plutarco Elías Calles
		Calles was by now Obregón's right-hand man. He had been secretary of war and marine during de la Huerta's interregnum and Obregón named him to head the all-powerful interior ministry (gobernación), from which post he launched his campaign for the presidency.
		Calles completed his term in 1928 and his successor, Emilio Portes Gil, was flexible enough to cooperate with the able American ambassador, Dwight Morrow, in arriving at a settlement which in fact granted little to the Catholics.
		The Portes Gil-Morrow efforts were aided by an appeasement-minded majority in the Catholic hierarchy that betrayed the Cristeros in the field.
	coloquio.com /famosos/calles.htm (1220 words)

	National Synarchist Union of Mexico : AZ IMC
		The evidence is, however, overwhelming, that the UNS was a continuation of the Cristero movement of the Mexican Cristero War (1926-29), but that its formal constitution was facilitated and its early direction was provided by known Nazis working with members of the Spanish Falange, who themselves later collaborated with the Japanese.
		After the Cristero War, Bergoend founded the League of the O, also known as the OCA (Organization, Cooperation, and Action), which then became the Base, a secret organization, later known as the Church-Falange Council, or the Council of Hispanidad.
		According to the ACJM website, at the conclusion of the Cristero War in 1929, Bergoend made some modifications in the ACJM statutes in order to integrate it into the Acción Católica Mexicana on Dec. 25, 1929, so that it would not be disbanded as part of the settlement of the war.
	arizona.indymedia.org /news/2004/07/20511.php (8504 words)

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