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Topic: Critical section

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	Critical section - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In computer programming a critical section is a piece of code that can only be executed by one process or thread at a time.
		Some synchronisation mechanism is required at the entry and exit of the critical section to ensure exclusive use, for example a semaphore.
		By carefully controlling which variables are modified inside and outside the critical section (usually, by accessing important state only from within), concurrent access to that state is prevented.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Critical_section (121 words)

	Critical Sections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A critical section of code is a section of code that must be executed by only one thread at a time.
		When a thread tries to take ownership of a critical section object that is already owned, it is put to sleep until the critical section object is released.
		Because critical section objects are not kernel objects, the critical section API is somewhat different from those of the other synchronization objects.
	www.gb.nrao.edu /~rcreager/software/RTMeeting/w32thr/node15.html (205 words)

	Critical code section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A critical code section is a piece of software that must be executed atomically to preserve data integrity, hardware integrity, and access serialization.
		Acquiring locks guarantees serialized access to critical regions of code and protects the calling contexts from being preempted in favor of another context, until the lock is dropped.
		To be precise, locks do not protect critical regions of code, but rather protect critical data structures during simultaneous access by multiple contexts executing the same code at the same time.
	docsrv.sco.com /HDK_concepts/ddT_critical_code.html (638 words)

	[No title]
		Critical sections, a mechanism that prohibits more than one thread at a time from executing a particular section of code, is a topic that has not received much attention and thus tends not to be well understood.
		A critical section is a lightweight mechanism for allowing only one thread at a time to execute a given piece of code.
		This indicates that, at one time, the critical section blocked one or more threadsâ”the event handle is used to signal that the critical section was freed up and that one of the threads waiting on the critical section could now acquire it and continue execution.
	msdn.microsoft.com /msdnmag/issues/03/12/CriticalSections/default.aspx (5549 words)

	Section Backround - Critical Care Medicine - Pediatrics - Baylor College of Medicine - Houston, Texas
		The section now includes 14 full-time physician faculty members (soon to expand to 16), with five faculty members having over 10 years experience in critical care.
		One of the section's earliest commitments was the training of critical care fellows.
		As pediatric critical care grew at Texas Children's, it was increasingly recognized that children often needed varying levels of care and monitoring.
	www.bcm.edu /pediatrics/index.cfm?Realm=99992443&This_Template=pedi_about_us (652 words)

	CRITICAL SECTION Directive (TUX only) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)*
		A thread waits at the beginning of a critical section until no other thread in the team is executing a critical section having the same latch variable name.
		When the thread that is executing the critical section reaches the END CRITICAL SECTION directive, the latch variable is set to 1, allowing another thread to enter the critical section.
		Critical section latch variable names are global to the program.
	www.helsinki.fi /atk/unix/dec_manuals/cf95au54/lrm0729.htm (243 words)

	[No title]
		If another process Y is in the critical section already, X will be delayed in a busy-wait loop in the enter_cs function.
		When Y is done with its critical section, it should call leave_cs to change lock to 0.
		Like Y, when X is done with its critical section, it calls leave_cs, thus "opening the lock" for another process.
	wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu /~puketza/150-W03/Lec/lec20-synch (454 words)

	Section 6: Critical Material Use Information
		There are no thresholds for reporting the quantities of each critical material discharged to the waters of the state or to any sewer system.
		Reporting on critical materials contained in wastewater discharges must be based on actual estimates of the annual amount of each critical material released annually into the waters of the state or to any sanitary sewer system.
		CM Range Code Table – The Range Code Table should be used to report the appropriate weight of critical materials reported under Section 6, 9 and 10.
	www.michigan.gov /deq/0,1607,7-135-3307_3667_4136-12137--,00.html (244 words)

	Semaphore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The program uses a semaphore to ensure that it is not possible for threads to enter their critical sections at the same time.
		The critical section is represented by a light blue (cyan) colour.
		The length of time each thread spends in its critical section may be adjusted using the slider control.
	www-dse.doc.ic.ac.uk /concurrency/book_applets/SemaDemo.html (83 words)

	#pragma ibm critical Preprocessor Directive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The critical pragma identifies a critical section of program code that must only be run by one process at a time.
		A thread waits at the start of a critical region identified by a given name until no other thread in the program is executing a critical region with that same name.
		Critical sections not specifically named by the ibm critical or omp critical directives are mapped to the same unspecified name.
	iacoma.cs.uiuc.edu /~nakano/vac/compiler/ref/ruprpcri.htm (170 words)

	The Old New Thing : How do I determine whether I own a critical section if I am not supposed to look at internal fields?
		Cleaning up behind an exception thrown from within a critical section raises the issue of "How do you know what is safe to clean up?" You have a critical section because you are about to destabilize a data structure and you don't want others to see the data structure while it is unstable.
		The technical problem is that this still restricts you critical section use that matches the ambient block structure.
		You must leave the critical section, call the callback, then re-enter the critical section and revalidate all active variables.
	blogs.msdn.com /oldnewthing/archive/2003/12/22/45152.aspx (2303 words)

	Critical Apparatus
		Information about variant readings (whether or not represented by a critical apparatus in the source text) may be recorded in a series of apparatus entries, each entry documenting one variation, or set of readings, in the text.
		In the transcription of printed critical editions, it may be desirable to retain for future reference the exact form in which the source edition records the witnesses to a particular reading; this is particularly important in cases of ambiguity in the information, or uncertainty as to the correct interpretation.
		Where it is intended that the apparatus be complete enough to allow the reconstruction of the witnesses (or at least of their non-orthographic variations), the location-reference method should be avoided in favor of one of the other two methods, which allow the unambiguous reconstruction of the lemma from the encoding.
	www.tei-c.org /P4X/TC.html (7485 words)

	Guardian Unlimited Books \| Review \| Parallel lines
		Supporters include the critic Harold Bloom, who recently identified Ashbery's As We Know (1979) as the book of poetry published in the past 25 years that has meant most to him: "He is our major poet since the death of Wallace Stevens in 1955".
		The critic and poet Mark Ford has written about Ashbery and his circle and says he "did have a very slow start, but he was always conscious of how avant-garde work and avant-garde writers are often neglected early on".
		For many years he was an art critic and, as one friend puts it, "what he doesn't know about movies you could write on a postage stamp".
	books.guardian.co.uk /review/story/0,12084,1465809,00.html (3769 words)

	critcrim.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Division on Critical Criminology is a division of the American Society of Criminology (ASC).
		To foster research and theory development in the field of critical criminology, which is widely recognized as one of the major paradigms in criminology.
		To encourage appropriate and effective teaching techniques and practices and to stimulate the development of curricula related to courses on critical criminology.
	www.critcrim.org (444 words)

	[No title]
		In this case, since Pk has chosen its number when Pi is in its critical section, Pk must chose its number later than Pi.
		To prove property (b), we first note that the value of the variable turn is changed only at the end of the critical section.
		In this case, it will find flag[j]=false and immediately enter the critical section, independent of the current value of turn.
	www.cs.purdue.edu /homes/yau/cs354/homework/homework3.html (799 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Only one thread at a time will get into the section of code.
		- Synchronization Requirements - Mutual Exclusion, ensuring only one thread can execute in a critical section at a time - Progress, one thread must always be allowed to enter the critical section - Bounded waiting, a thread should not wait indefinitely to enter its critical section - Locks are used to implement mutual exclusion.
		We have a dressing room (critical section), a lock, and a queue of people waiting on the dressing room (key is just a local variable).
	www.cs.berkeley.edu /~hohltb/ta/cs162/section-notes/sec3.txt (263 words)

	Society of Critical Care Medicine
		The Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) is extremely saddened to learn of the recent earthquake in Pakistan and the mudslides in Central America.
		The SCCM leadership and staff have contacted critical care professionals in the affected region and are monitoring the events to determine if there will be a need for volunteer critical care services and if so, how SCCM’s members might aid in the efforts.
		The Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) is the largest multiprofessional organization dedicated to ensuring excellence and consistency in the practice of critical care.
	www.sccm.org (923 words)

	Internal Medicine Section of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine: Home Page
		As a result, the section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine is nationally and internationally recognized (US News and World Report top 16) for its patient care, investigative and training activities.
		The Section has a wide and varied research portfolio that extends from basic bench-focused studies of disease pathogenesis and target gene validation to human-based studies of clinical issues such as cognitive impairment in the MICU and the cardiovascular consequences of sleep apnea.
		Under the sponsorship of the Section's T32 NIH sponsored training grant, present day fellows are receiving advanced training in molecular biology, cell biology, statistics, study design and clinical research.
	info.med.yale.edu /intmed/pulmonary (376 words)

	PCF Constructs: Critical Sections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The critical section construct restricts execution of a block of code so that only one process can execute it at a time.
		The syntax of the critical section construct is
		Multiple critical section constructs inside the same parallel region are considered to be independent of each other unless they use the same explicit lock_variable.
	www.arc.unm.edu /~gconant/sgi_pp_mod/sgi_pp_final/sgi_pp_slide28.html (120 words)

	InitializeCriticalSection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		There is no guarantee about the order in which threads will obtain ownership of the critical section, however, the system will be fair to all threads.
		Before using a critical section, some thread of the process must call the InitializeCriticalSection or InitializeCriticalSectionAndSpinCount function to initialize the object.
		A critical section object cannot be moved or copied.
	www.cs.rpi.edu /courses/fall01/os/InitializeCriticalSection.html (230 words)

	Section 10: Critical Material Waste Product and By-Product Transfer Guidance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Section 10.1 Amount of Critical Material Given in Section 6.1 Above That Was Disposed of as Waste Product or Byproduct and Transferred to Off-site Locations
		Enter the amount of critical material(s) reported under Section 6.1 that was disposed of as a waste product or by-product and transferred to off-site locations.
		Do not include the amount of critical materials discharged as reported under Section 9 of the wastewater report.
	www.michigan.gov /deq/0,1607,7-135-3307_3667_4136-12169--,00.html (322 words)

	Comparative Literature · guide to study
		The translation thesis should be viewed as part of the exercise of criticism and the study of literary history.
		The student will be strongly urged to hand in a first draft of the entire translation component of the thesis to his or her first reader in December before the holiday break.
		The critical section gives the student an opportunity to demonstrate an analytic perspective on the imaginative work, and to situate it in its literary and linguistic contexts.
	complit.princeton.edu /index.php?id=14 (5473 words)

	The solution to the critical section problem given in the book is: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The variable turn is critical to the bounded waiting requirement.
		It is used to guarantee that a process that does not want to use the critical section will not impede the progress of a process that does want to use the critical section.
		If the semaphore operation signal(S) were omitted, then another process that wanted the critical section could be blocked indefinitely while waiting for it.
	cs.gmu.edu /~bjamison/chap7_8rev.htm (337 words)

	Critical Care - Section Overview
		The Section on Critical Care was founded in 1984 and enables members who are primarily interested in pediatric critical care to meet for the purpose of discussing and developing ideas and generating programs and projects which will improve the care of infants, children and adolescents.
		Membership in the Section is open to Fellows, Post-Residency Training Fellows, Candidate Fellows, Honorary Fellows, Emeritus Fellows, Life Fellows, Dual Fellows, and Resident Fellows of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
		The Section on Critical Care proposes educational programming at the AAP National Conference and Exhibition including a professional program open to all members of the Academy and a business meeting limited to Section members and invited guests only.
	www.aap.org /sections/critcare/sectionoverview.htm (331 words)

	Process Synchronization: Semaphores
		Silberschatz is much more specific: if a process is out of its critical section, it should not be able to block others from getting into the critical section.
		For example, consider an algorithm that allocates the critical section STRICTLY by alternating turns.
		But usually the proofs follow this pattern: process 2 gets the CPU but just at the wrong instant to be granted the critical section.
	www.sci.csuhayward.edu /~billard/cs4560/node7.html (775 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The critical section may be followed by an exit section, although this is not required.
		Progress If no process is executing in its critical section and there exist some processes that wish to enter their critical section, then the selection of the processes that will enter the critical section next cannot be postponed indefinitely.
		Bounded Waiting A bound must exist on the number of times that other processes are allowed to enter their critical sections after a process has made a request to enter its critical section and before that request is granted.
	longwood.cs.ucf.edu /courses/cop4600/spr03-02/day22.ppt (1351 words)

	Synchronization Constructs
		A thread waits at the beginning of a critical section until no other thread in the team is executing a critical section with the same name.
		Critical section names are global entities of the program.
		To guard against multiple threads dequeuing the same task, the dequeuing operation must be in a critical section.
	docs.cray.com /books/004-3901-001/html-004-3901-001/z894894410memily.html (633 words)

	Critical Flow Section in Collector Channel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This paper shows how the critical flow section in a collector channel can be located by solving the dynamic equation of spatially varied flow, Manning’s equation, and making use of the singular, point concept.
		In addition to channel length and tailwater elevation, the occurrence of a critical flow section in a spatially varied flow also depends on the combination of channel cross-sectional geometry, roughness, slope, and inflow rate.
		When the critical flow section is necessary to be developed in a collector channel, the two dimensionless parameters (F
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?9901416 (129 words)

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