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Topic: Critical theory (Frankfurt School)

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	Illuminations: Kellner
		Critical theory from the 1930s through the 1960s was arguably on the cutting edge of social theory.[1] The critical theorists were among the first to analyze the new configurations of state and economy in the social formations of state capitalism.
		Critical theory remains of intense interest for the present conjuncture and provides crucial resources for a renewal of critical social theory and democratic politics in the current age precisely because, like the 1930s, our age is undergoing vast transformations, some of which are promising and some of which are threatening.
		Their critical questioning of Marxism was induced in part by historical conditions such as the demise of the labor movement, the spread of fascism and war, and oppressive developments in the Soviet Union which made it difficult to envisage critical theory as part of a revolutionary movement, or to unproblematically call for socialist revolution.
	www.uta.edu /huma/illuminations/kell10.htm (5249 words)

	Ireland's OWN: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The "Frankfurt School" is the collective name given to a group of thinkers that developed a body of thought they first referred to as "materialism" and later as "critical theory of society".
		Critical theory is a body of thought elaborated primarily in an academic context, however it differs from traditional academic subjects in a number of respects.
		Critical theory is in practice Marxism without the proletariat, without political organisations and activism, and a theory reduced to academic philosophy.
	irelandsown.net /frankfurt.html (2425 words)

	Critical theory - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		In the humanities and social sciences, critical theory is a general term for new theoretical developments (roughly since the 1960s) in a variety of fields, informed by structuralism, post-structuralism, deconstruction, Marxist theory, and several other areas of thought.
		Among the fields grouped within the designation are Marxist theory such as the Frankfurt School, psychoanalytic theory such as the work of Jacques Lacan, semiotic and linguistic theory such as Julia Kristeva and Roland Barthes, queer theory, gender studies, cultural studies, and critical race theory.
		The second major focus of critical theory is on specific ways that cultural institutions - ranging from media to religion to scientific and academic work - are used to shape identities, dictating what is accepted as true, normal, or acceptable within a culture, offering privilege to some, and marginalizing or denying others.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=7528 (627 words)

	frankfurt school
		Critical Theory's defiant and undogmatic Marxism allowed for sociological macro- and microanalyses, a social philosophy in touch with social reality, yet at the same time a darkly primed anthropology borrowed from Arthur Schopenhauer protected it from falling prey to the belief in a linear progress.
		Critical Theory's sustained vantage is due not lastly to that existential gesture with which each new generation spontaneously and vulnerably reacts to the outrageous injustice of life.
		Much to the disapproval of dogmatic Marxists, the Frankfurt School was little concerned with class struggle and the redistribution of economic resources, instead, the causes were addressed; theirs was a fundamental rejection of conditions degrading to human dignity and spirit, conditions with which the individual must not be reconciled.
	www.egs.edu /Art_Life/wolfgang/introenglfra.html (4535 words)

	Critical theory (Frankfurt School) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This article is a discussion of critical theory as the phrase is used by the Frankfurt School.
		In literature and literary criticism and cultural studies, by contrast, "critical theory" means something quite different, namely theory used in criticism.
		The original critical social theorists were Marxists, and there is some evidence that in their choice of the phrase "critical theory of society" they were in part influenced by its sounding less politically controversial than "Marxism".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Critical_theory_(Frankfurt_School) (741 words)

	Critical Theory (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		According to these theorists, a “critical” theory may be distinguished from a “traditional” theory according to a specific practical purpose: a theory is critical to the extent that it seeks human emancipation, “to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them” (Horkheimer 1982, 244).
		This development of the Frankfurt School interpretation of the limits on democracy as an ideal of human freedom was greatly influenced by the emergence of fascism in the 1930s, one of the primary objects of their social research.
		The lesson for a critical theory of globalization is to see the extension of political space and the redistribution of political power not only as a constraint similar to complexity but also as an open field of opportunities for innovative, distributive, and multiperspectival forms of publicity and democracy.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/critical-theory (18974 words)

	Critical Pedagogy on the Web: The Frankfurt School
		Critical pedagogy, particularly the version popularized by Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, has its roots in the theories of the "Frankfurt School," a term used to describe the neo-Marxian social theory characteristic of the Institut fur Sozialforschung (Institute for Social Research), which was founded on February 3, 1923 at the University of Frankfurt.
		One important tenet of critical theory that is evident in Freirean critical pedagogy is the notion that ideology critique can eliminate "false consciousness" and allow individuals and groups to critique and resist oppressive regimes of power.
		Another similarity between critical theory and critical pedagogy is the emphasis placed on critique of "value free claims," which are seen as generally serving to support and maintain the status quo.
	mingo.info-science.uiowa.edu /~stevens/critped/frankfurt.htm (432 words)

	What is Critical Postmodern?
		Critical postmodern theory is a way to get a clearer understanding of the relation between modern and postmodern, and take a Deleuzian journey into the middle of the hybridity of per-modern, modern, and postmodern (Boje, 1995).
		A postmodern identity politics enacts critical postmodern spatial theory by nurturing the development of, and solidarity between, 'counterpublics', which are subaltern community spaces where private spatialities of alienation are brought to public discourse (Allen, 1999).
		Critical postmodern theory is a rich variety of perspectives that do not accept the total rejection of the grand narrative such as in the work of Lyotard, nor do they abandon the material condition by being seduced into the vortex of hyper-real as in the work of Baudrillard.
	cbae.nmsu.edu /~dboje/pages/what_is_critical_postmodern.htm (2884 words)

	Critical Theory
		Critical theories are thus normative; they serve to bring about change in the conditions that affect our lives.
		To begin with, the Frankfurt School grew out of the Institute of Social Research, which was founded in 1923 at the University of Frankfurt by Felix Weil, a political scientist with a passion for Marxism.
		A Critical Theory of communication (or economics or politics) is necessarily a critique of society as a whole (p.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~rseiler/critical.htm (5182 words)

	Critical Theory 3
		Critical theory is an excellent avenue by which to examine culturally relevant pedagogy.
		Critical theory questions orthodox scientific assumptions that facts are value-free, and that those facts can be described and examined in language that is neutral and objective.
		Critical theory is of a different kind form scientific theory, recognizing, acknowledging (and indeed embracing) commitment, relativity and subjectivity as unavoidable, necessary, and desirable characteristics.
	www.edb.utexas.edu /faculty/scheurich/special_pops/critical_theory3.htm (181 words)

	Frankfurt School - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Institute attempted to reformulate dialectics as a concrete method, continually aware of the specific social roots of thought and of the specific constellation of forces that affected the possibility of liberation.
		Accordingly, critical theory rejected the materialist metaphysics of orthodox Marxism.
		By locating the conditions of rationality in the social structure of language use, Habermas moves the locus of rationality from the autonomous subject to subjects in interaction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frankfurt_School (2292 words)

	Marxist Media Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Frankfurt School of 'critical theory' was regarded by orthodox Marxists as 'revisionist' partly because it criticised economism and crude materialism, and partly because of its eclecticism.
		The Frankfurt School was influenced by predominantly conservative notions of 'mass society', though it gave this perspective a leftist slant (Bennett 1982: 42).
		The Frankfurt School's focus on ideology helped to undermine economism, but it was criticized by other Marxists for elitism and for Hegelian idealism (Bennett 1982: 47).
	www.aber.ac.uk /media/Documents/marxism/marxism08.html (336 words)

	Critical Theory / definition critical theory / critical theory definition / definition frankfurt school of thought / ...
		The members of the Frankfurt School of the first generation all did a hell of a job in analyzing, staying away from solutions.
		Critical theory from 1930 to mid 1960 was certainly on the cutting edge of social theory.
		Thus for the Frankfurt School enlightenment turned into its opposite; reason was used to legitimate domination (Hitler, Stalin, capital); propaganda replaced critical thinking; rationalization didn't prevent creation of instruments of death and destruction; science and technology let themselves be used for creating eugenics and concentration camps.
	huizen.daxis.nl /~henkt/critical-theory.html (2536 words)

	The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance
		The Institute-loosely associated with the University of Frankfurt at its inception-became a sort of mecca for German leftists, for whom the study of Marxist political economy and the history of the labor movement could be undertaken at the university level for the first time.
		The Critical Theorists extended this thesis, arguing that even the movements in which humanity tried to liberate itself were rotten to the core, and contained the seeds of their own undoing.
		As for the variants and alterations to "the theory" in the course of this history, the scope of these is so large, and they are so unsynchronized, that a division into phases for the 'Frankfurt School' is virtually impossible.
	www.bookwire.com /bbr/politics/frankfurt-school.html (1573 words)

	Frankfurt School
		By promoting the dialectic of 'negative' criticism, that is, pointing out the rational contradictions in a society's belief system, the Frankfurt School 'revolutionaries' dreamed of a utopia where their rules governed [4].
		Critical theory rejected the ideal of Western Civilization in the age of modern science, that is, the verification or falsifying [6] of theory by experimental evidence.
		One of the basic tenets of Critical Theory was the necessity to break down the contemporary family.
	www.newtotalitarians.com /FrankfurtSchool.html (4109 words)

	Venezuela: Learning from the Frankfurt School: Critical Theory & Revolutionary Praxis : IMC-SA
		The problem was that the Frankfurt School was busy criticizing Marx, was occupied to prove him "wrong", for example, that he neglected the "psychological factor" and did not pay enough attention to the alienated psyche of the metropolitan working masses.
		However, the critical theory showed its limitations in only being able to point to the negative aspects of current society, without being capable of defining the new society in a "positive", that is, affirmative way.
		Because the Frankfurt School, like the revisionists and reformists, lost all faith in the working classes of the global capitalist world, they had to rely on the metropolitan individual subject.
	southafrica.indymedia.org /news/2006/07/10713.php (2756 words)

	Ralph Dumain: "The Autodidact Project": Frankfurt School (Critical Theory) Syllabus 1
		Our interest in critical theory—parallel to the perspective of its originators—is to turn both towards the history of thought and the contemporary intellectual scene—turning inward toward theory, if you will—and towards the social, political, economic, cultural and ideological state of contemporary society—outwards toward the world we actually live in.
		Critical Theory and the Crisis of Social Theory by Douglas Kellner
		The Significance of the Frankfurt School and Critical Theory by Harry Cowen (2003)
	www.autodidactproject.org /bib/CT-syllabus-01.html (1520 words)

	The Frankfurt School
		Kurt Lewin for instance contributed to the emergence of group-dynamics and social action theory as specialised disciplines.
		The intellectuals who founded the Frankfurt Institut deliberatively cut out a space for the development of Marxist theory, inside the “academy” and independently of all kinds of political party.
		But also, despite everything, the Frankfurt School makes an important critique of orthodox Marxism, and their work should be taken seriously.
	www.marxists.org /subject/frankfurt-school (1179 words)

	Notes on Surber, Critical Theory
		This critical theory would be "wholly distrustful of the rules of conduct with which society as presently constituted provides each of its members".
		This "made any attempt such as that of the Frankfurt School to question the rationality of contemporary society appear irrational, ruled out of court by the prevalent notion of reason as purely instrumental and value neutral".
		Frankfurt School critique of Benjamin's view led to a distinction between mass culture and affirmative culture (avant-garde).
	homepage.newschool.edu /~quigleyt/vcs/surber5.html (1472 words)

	Critical Theory and Critical Theorists
		The Frankfurt School (T.W. Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Walter Benjamin, Jurgen Habermas et.
		Antonio Gramsci-- Marxist thinker whose theory of hegemony remains indispensable for an adequate analysis of contemporary politics and culture.
		Christopher Lasch-- American cultural critic and apostate disciple of Freud and the Frankfurt School, Lasch's work combines a populist critique of corporate capitalism and the "therapeutic state" with old-fashioned cultural conservatism.
	stephen.macek.faculty.noctrl.edu /critical_theory_.htm (763 words)

	Critical legal theory - Wex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Critical legal studies (CLS) (http://www.wvu.edu/%7Elawfac/jelkins/critproj/cls.html) is a theory that challenges and overturns accepted norms and standards in legal theory and practice.
		Proponents of this theory believe that logic and structure attributed to the law grow out of the power relationships of the society.
		Many CLS scholars entered law school in those years and began to apply the ideas, theories, and philosophies of post modernity (intellectual movements of the last half of the twentieth century) to the study of law.
	www.law.cornell.edu /topics/critical_theory.html (379 words)

	Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution
		Herbert Marcuse, political critic and philosopher, was born in Berlin in 1898, and died in California in 1979.
		Accordingly, theory and critical thought for Marcuse is essential for exposing the ideology and negativity of capitalism, and prior to practice.
		Perhaps a more serious criticism is Marcuse's eliding of the features of vastly dissimilar political regimes which range from the Nazi Third Reich to the American liberal state into one amorphous 'totalitarianism', logically culminating in the attack on values of tolerance democracy and free speech (Kolakowski,1978, p.420).
	www.brlsi.org /proceedvol7/philosophy200303.htm (4430 words)

	Enthralled by Cultural Marxism
		The destructive nature of the Frankfort school, founded in New York after it’s theoreticians fled there from Frankfort, Germany when Hitler came to power, is obvious from even a cursory examination of its primary texts.
		The saturating drumbeat of Critical Theory would lead to "Cultural Pessimism" which is when a person grows to loathe the society, which nurtured him and provided him unprecedented levels of success.
		The Frankfurt School introduced the idea of psychological conditioning as a means of changing the culture to fit their image.
	www.tysknews.com /Depts/society/cultural_marxism.htm (615 words)

	links4.html
		Telos was the first journal to introduce the United States to Critical Theory, and is still dedicated to the exploration and expansion of this school of thought (and more).
		In the case of Adorno's posthumous magnum opus, Aesthetic Theory, Robert Hullot-Kentor's long-awaited new translation is pure sterling.
		Max Horkheimer (1895-1973), one of the founders of critical theory and a sometime colleague of Herbert Marcuse, Theodor Adorno, and Walter Benjamin, has become a subject of renewed attention and appreciation in Germany in the last decade.
	www.wbenjamin.org /links4.html (1569 words)

	VHeadline.com - Learning from the Frankfurt School: Critical Theory & Revolutionary Praxis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		With the rise of Hitler, this Institute, together with its main theorists, was forced to emigrate to the USA.
		At this level, the Institute claimed that its members were suffering a disillusionment with orthodox Marxism, and therefore, by negating the dialectic and the class struggle and aided by a coming "miraculous" break in the continuum of history, they thought they would eventually find a new social motor to guide humanity towards freedom and happiness.
		Georg Lukacs, one of the main critics of Critical Theory, indicated that its main theorists all suffered from the "Grand Hotel Abyss" syndrome.
	www.vheadline.com /readnews.asp?id=62811 (3174 words)

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