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Topic: Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt

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	Peasant revolt - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Peasant revolt is a term with broad application, typically meaning uprisings of rural or agricultural people against an existing order or establishment.
		Peasant revolts in European history were popular uprisings by peasants against their lords and the institution of serfdom, including the 1358 Jacquerie in France, the 1381 Peasants' Revolt in England, the 1524-1526 Peasants' War in Germany and the 1573 Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt.
		The Khmer Rouge revolt in Cambodia is the one of the most successful peasant revolts in history, because it materialized in peasant control of the town and city populace, and raising of the standard of living of peasants above non-peasants, including city dwellers and townspeople.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Peasant_revolt (207 words)

	Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The revolt, sparked by cruel treatment of serfs by a local baron, ended after 12 days with the defeat of the rebels and bloody retribution by the nobility.
		In Croatian Zagorje, this was compounded by cruel treatment of peasants by baron Ferenc Tahy and his warring with neighbouring barons over land.
		The rebels' political program was to replace the nobility with peasant officials answerable directly to the emperor, and to abolish all feudal holdings and obligations of the Church.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Croatian_and_Slovenian_peasant_revolt (460 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Popular revolt in late medieval Europe
		Popular revolts in late medieval Europe were uprisings and rebellions by (typically) peasants in the countryside, or the bourgeois in towns, against nobles, abbots and kings during the upheavals of the 14th through early 16th centuries, part of a larger "Crisis of the Late Middle Ages".
		The Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt of 1573 was a large peasant revolt in Croatia.
		Peasants is typically a term used for rural agrarian poor while many uprisings occurred within towns and cities by tradesmen, thus the term is not fully encompassing of events as a whole for the period.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Popular_revolt_in_late_medieval_Europe (1251 words)

	C. Michael McAdams : Selected Works
		For the Croatian State, it was a war of survival against the Partisans and Cetniks; for the Cetniks it was "resistance"; and for the Germans it was "revolt".
		The Croatian State was destroyed; her leaders fled or were hung by the victors; and hundreds of thousands of Croatians who had in one way or another supported the Croatian State, if only as a private in the army, were executed or sentenced to long terms of prison and forced labor.
		The student body of the Croatian University, as the union of several universities is now called, had established a tradition of opposition to foreign rule going back to strikes and riots during the rule of the pro-Hungarian Ban Khuen-Hedervary during the nineteenth century.
	www.mcadams-croatia.net /croatian_nationalism1.htm (7215 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Serbs in Croatia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Croatian radio broadcaster Frank Masic was found dead in his Chicago apartment on February 18, 1987, after reporting that he had received death threats for criticizing the Yugoslav government during his ‘Voice of Croatia’ programs.
		Croatian President Tudjman accuses Serbia and high-ranking Serbs in the military of bringing Yugoslavia to the brink of civil war, being particularly critical of General Blagoje Adzic, the military chief of staff.
		Croatian leaders made two new demands: (1) A Croatian government role in the appointment of local officials in Croatia, thus threatening the autonomy of ethnic Serb communities, and (2) A Croatian right to police areas of the republic where ethnic Serbs were predominant.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=34401 (15951 words)

	Peasants’ Revolt Museum
		At the beginning of the 16th century, many European countries were involved in peasants' revolts: the great revolt of Dosza in Hungary in 1514, the uprising of Slovenian serfs in 1515, and, most significantly, the great peasants' war in Germany in 1524-1525.
		It was the third revolt since Franjo Tahi illegally bought half of the estate in 1564.
		The revolt ended on 9th February in the bloody battle of Stubičke Toplice (Stubica Thermal Springs), where the majority of the rebels’ army was subdued.
	www.mdc.hr /msb/en-seljacka-buna.htm (423 words)

	Post-War Yugoslavia
		Peasant resistance and a 1950 drought that threatened the cities with starvation soon stalled the collectivization drive.
		Two-thirds of the peasants abandoned the collectives within nine months, and the socialist share of land ownership sank from 25 percent to 9 percent within three years.
		In an attempt to mitigate the problem of peasant landlessness, the government reduced the legal limit on individual holdings from 25 to 35 hectares of cultivable land to 10 hectares; this restriction would remain on the books for over three decades and would prevent the development of economically efficient family farms.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/YugoPM.html (4461 words)

	Slovenia
		At the 14th Extraordinary Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, on 20 January 1990, the delegations of the republics could not agree on the main issues in the Yugoslav federation.
		Slovenian cinema has a century-long tradition with Karol Grossmann, Janko Ravnik, Ferdo Delak, France Štiglic, Mirko Grobler, Igor Pretnar, France Kosmaè, Joe Pogaènik, Matja Klopèiè, Jane Kavèiè, Joe Gale, Boštjan Hladnik and Karpo Godina as its most established filmmakers.
		In the minds of many Slovenes and foreigners, Slovenian folk music means a form of polka that is still popular today, especially among expatriates and their descendants in the area of Cleveland, Ohio.
	www.my-world-guide.com /country/213 (2835 words)

	Bulgarian Americans
		The IMRO's most memorable revolt, the Ilinden, or St. Ilya's Day uprising, on August 2, 1903, ended in the deaths of thousands of Macedonians and the destruction of entire villages at the hands of the Turkish army.
		Every unsuccessful revolt against the Turks in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was accompanied by mass migrations of Bulgarians to Russia, the Ukraine, Moldavia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, and other Balkan nations.
		They tended to be single men, usually uneducated peasants and laborers who found work in the industrial centers of America, in railroad construction, or in the steel mills, mines, and automobile factories of the Midwest and Northeast.
	www.everyculture.com /multi/Bu-Dr/Bulgarian-Americans.html (9523 words)

	washingtonpost.com: The Serbs
		While the Croatian tribes moved down the Adriatic coast and settled in areas roughly coterminous with today's Croatia, the Serbs settled first in the area called Raska, in the region where the fortress of Ras was later built.
		With the break-up of Yugoslavia, Croatian leaders presented themselves to the world as the defenders of western civilisation against the last gasp of Serbian `Bolshevism' and sought to represent Croatia as a Central European country as opposed to a `Byzantine' Balkan one.
		The Habsburgs were constantly caught between the conflicting demands of the Croatian and Hungarian nobility, who wanted to impose their authority in the area, and the privileges they had granted to their Grenzer or border guards.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/serbs.htm (6986 words)

	Croatia: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Croatians were a farming people, and maintained their old way of life, uniting under their tribal chieftains.
		The Croatian Diet was dissolved in 1865, and two years later, with the division of the crown, Germany and Hungary became the major nations of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
		In 1915, Croatian, Serbian and Slovenian leaders organized the Yugoslav Committee in Paris to push for separation from the empire and union with an independent Serbia.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=4 (2416 words)

	The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a kingdom in the Balkans which existed from the end of World War I until World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In September 1920 a peasants' revolt broke out in Croatia, the immediate cause of which was the branding of the peasants cattle.
		The Croatian Community that had in a timid way tried to express the discontent that Croatian Common-People Peasant Party had mobilized had been too tainted by their participation in government and was all but eliminated.
		Because the Croatian Peasant Party refused to swear allegiance to the King on the grounds that this presumed that Yugoslavia would be a monarchy (something, they contended only the Constituent could decide) they were unable to take their seats.
	koz.vianet.ca /boshis90.htm (2665 words)

	(E) Croatian Inmates in German Concentration Camps, April 2, 2005
		Italy annexed outright large swathes of Croatian territory and, following the outbreak of uprisings in adjacent areas of the Independent State of Croatia in the summer of 1941, took over control of a belt of land stretching along the Adriatic Sea.
		The father of Croatian politician Ivan Jakovcic was in Dachau.
		He defended the use of the Croatian language in the region in the face of Nazi persecution.
	www.croatianworld.net /Letters/5126.htm (8262 words)

	Afghanistan Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Croatian government reported to be cracking down on both Croat and Serb nationalists in Croatia to thwart Serbs= campaign for more power in Croatia and to deflect criticism that it is unfairly persecuting only Serbs, March 22, 1989.
		Croatian President Tudjman accuses Serbia and high-ranking Serbs in the military of bringing Yugoslavia to the brink of civil war, being particularly critical of General Blagoje Adzic, the military chief of staff, May 7, 1991.
		Croatian President Tudjman renounces agreement reached with Croatian Serbs on July 16 in which the Serbs dropped objections to the bridge provided that it was administered by the U.N. upon the withdrawal of Croatian troops from the area, August 3, 1993.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/croserbschro.htm (19738 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Matija Gubec
		Ambroz Matija Gubec (Hungarian Gubecz Máté, died February 15th 1573) was a Croatian peasant and a revolutionary, best known as the leader of Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt.
		Before the revolt Gubec used to be serf on the estate of infamous Ferenc Tahy.
		He led the peasant army during its last stand at battle at Stubičke Toplice on February 9th, 1573.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Matija_Gubec (268 words)

	Kingdom of Yugoslavia information - Search.com
		The Croatian community that had in a timid way tried to express the discontent that Croatian Republican Peasant Party had mobilized had been too tainted by their participation in government and was all but eliminated.
		Because the Croatian Republican Peasant Party refused to swear allegiance to the King on the grounds that this presumed that Yugoslavia would be a monarchy (something, they contended only the Constituent could decide) they were unable to take their seats.
		Croat opposition to the new regime was strong and, in late 1932, the Croatian Peasant Party issued the Zagreb Manifesto which sought an end to Serb hegemony and dictatorship.
	www.search.com /reference/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia (3399 words)

	RFE/RL Newsline, Vol. 2, No. 39, 98-02-26
		The Croatian president's governing Croatian Democratic Community (HDZ) sharply rejected "improper statements by foreign diplomats and opposition leaders" in relation to Tudjman's speech.
		Croatian media suggested that the Serbs are leaving in response to rumors that Norway has recently liberalized its asylum rules.
		The Croats released the Slovenian intelligence agents but kept their code books and the van, which is now deployed on the Serbian border, the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" wrote on 26 February.
	www.hri.org /news/balkans/rferl/1998/98-02-26.rferl.html (2842 words)

	History of Slovenia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Hypothetical borders of Karantania The very first Slavic and Slovenian state, Karantania, mainly occupied the territory of today's Austrian Carinthia and Slovenian Carinthia.
		The Slovenes living in the provinces of Carinthia, Carniola and Styria, lived under the rule of the Habsburg dynasty from the 14th century until 1918, with the exception of Napoleon's 4-year tutelage of parts of modern-day Slovenia and Croatia — the "Illyrian provinces".
		See also: Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt of 1573.
	history-of-slovenia.iqnaut.net (685 words)

	Josip Broz Tito
		He was born to a multi-ethnic peasant family in the village of Kumrovac on May 7th, 1982 in province of Zagorje in Croatia, which at the time was part of the Austro-Hungarian empire.
		Josip’s early childhood was characterized by the social and political unrest of the peasant class under the empirical rule of the Austro-Hungarians due to the agricultural issues of poor land quality and quantity, as well as the unrealistic regulatory practices of the empire.
		During his attendance at the elementary school the linguistic differences of the Croatian and Slovenian languages caused Josip to fail the first grade and to completely end his elementary education in 1905.
	novaonline.nvcc.edu /eli/evans/his135/Events/Tito80/Tito80.html (2446 words)

	History Of Slovenia
		In 745 Karantania joined the Frankish kingdom as an independent country with its own law (consuetudo Sclavorum) and preserved the inauguration of its knez (prince) in Slovenian language until the year 1414 on the Prince's Stone (kneÅ¾ji kamen).
		A major step towards the social and cultural emancipation of the Slovenians happened during the Reformation, when PrimoÅ¾ Trubar published the first printed books in the Slovenian language (Catechismus and Abecedarium, 1550 in TÃ¼bingen, Germany).
		The boundaries of Slovenia today are as they were as a Socialist Republic prior to independence, but a series of border disputes arose between Slovenia and its neighbour Croatia.
	www.cashflowrealdeals.com /reference/History_of_Slovenia.html (1456 words)

	Chapter 3: The Legacy of World War II
		Similarly, the peasant organizations of the 1930s were not spinoffs from, or dependent on, urban-based political parties—although some leaders of the peasant movement did belong to the Socialist Party or the small, largely middle-class Philippine Communist Party (PKP) founded in 1930 (the two parties merged in 1938).
		The transformation of the nonviolent peasant movement into a guerrilla army was in part an immediate response to the death and destruction brought by the invader.
		The Hukbalahap (and the preexistent peasant movement) were thus excluded from the postwar administration and security apparatus, while their wartime enemies acceded to positions of privilege and power.
	www.statecraft.org /chapter3.html (17798 words)

	Sarajevo: A Crossroads in History
		In the late 1800s, approximately 18% of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina was of Croatian descent.
		Gavrilo Princip was born into a Serb peasant family in Krajina, a rural area in northwest Bosnia.
		Peace was kept by the decentralization of industry and politics and the use of repression and violence.
	www.stevesachs.com /papers/paper_sarajevo.html (4004 words)

	Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt . 1573 . Slovenia . 16th century . Samobor . Miroslav Krleza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the late 16th century, the threat of Ottoman Empire Ottoman incursions strained the economy of the southern flanks of the Holy Roman Empire, and feudal lords continually increased their demands on the peasantry.
		In Croatian Zagorje, this was compounded by cruel treatment of peasants by baron Ferenz Tahy and his warring with neighbouring barons over land.
		[http:www.najdi.si Najdi.si] - Slovenian search engine ] - the first Slovenian search engine...
	www.uk.fraquisanto.net /Croatian_and_Slovenian_peasant_revolt (436 words)

	Andrej Grubacic: A Global Left \| June 1999
		Instead of campfire romanticism the motto was, “hacking the borderline.” Characteristic of the border camps was a multiple strategy consisting of the exchange of experience and political debate, classical political education in the remote areas, and direct actions to disrupt the idea of the border regime.
		ATTAC became an association of popular education and action, with the idea that economic knowledge had to be spread among citizens to help them resist the so-called “experts” who were saying that economy had nothing to-do with alternative democratic choices.
		ATTAC was one of the new types of movements mobilized from solidarity with the Zapatista revolt in Chiapas.
	www.nadir.org /nadir/initiativ/agp/new/en/globalleft.htm (2703 words)

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