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Topic: Croatian Spring

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Croatian language

Stjepan Mesic

Croatian linguistic purism

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History of Croatia

	Croatian Spring - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Croatian Spring (Hrvatsko proljeće, also called masovni pokret or MASPOK, for "mass movement") was a political movement from the early 1970s that called for greater rights for Croatia which was then part of Yugoslavia.
		The Croatians also protested against general economic issues such as the increased economic emigration into Western Europe, and that the government did too little to curb such trends.
		Three Croatian linguists (Stjepan Babić, Božidar Finka and Milan Moguš) published a spelling and grammar textbook in 1971 called Hrvatski pravopis (note hrvatski–Croatian rather than srpskohrvatski–Serbo-Croatian or similar) which was summarily banned and all copies burned.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Croatian_Spring (846 words)

	Croatian Spring: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Croatian Spring (Hrvatsko proljeće) was a political movement from the early 1970s[Click link for more facts about this topic] that called for greater rights for Croatia[Follow this hyperlink for a summary of this subject] which was then part of Yugoslavia Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia quick summary:
		Croatian social liberal party (croatian: hrvatska socijalno liberalna stranka, hsls) is a liberal party in croatia....
		The croatian language is a language of the western group of south slavic languages which is used primarily by the croats....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/cr/croatian_spring.htm (1717 words)

	Istria on the Internet - Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Croatian literature written in the 1820's and 1830's during the "Illyrian Renaissance" was increasingly written in the stokavian rather than kajkavian or cakavian variants, and by 1830 stokavian began to be viewed as the literary basis for new Croatian because stokavian was accessible not only to Croats but to Serbs as well.
		Croatian was still taught in schools, although Serbo-Croatian was always a mandatory course, as it was everywhere in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
		The Orthography (Pravopis) of the Croatian language written by foremost Zagreb linguists was pulped and destroyed in the overture to Tito's suppression of the Croatian Spring and purge of the Party.
	www.istrianet.org /istria/linguistics/hackett-lang-role.htm (3524 words)

	Yugoslavia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On 29 October, the Croatian Sabor or parliament declared independence and vested its sovereignty in the new State of the Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.
		The suppression of national identities escalated with the so-called Croatian Spring of 1970-71, when students in Zagreb organized demonstrations for greater civil liberties and greater Croatian autonomy.
		In Croatia there was growing advocacy of "Croatian state and historical rights", the Serbs were stripped of their national and constitutional rights, thus becoming demoted from a constituent nation of Croatia to national minority.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yugoslavia (6571 words)

	hotel.hr
		On January 1, by a decision of the Croatian assembly Ferdinand I of the Habsburg dynasty become a Croatian king.
		Croatian MPs Pavle Radiæ and Djuro Basarièek are killed in an assassination attempt in the Parliament in Belgrade on June 20 and Stjepan Radic, Ivan Prenar and Ivan Grandja are wounded.
		On December 1 and 2, the Yugoslav communist leadership crushes the Croatian Spring in a political coup at the village of Karadjordjevo in Vojvodina.
	www.hotel.hr /history.html (983 words)

	History, culture, tourism
		In the 7th century Croatian tribes begin to settle on the territory of the Roman regions of Dalmatia, Panonia and Histria.
		Although the idea of Croatian statehood was supported, the majority of Croatians opposed the Axis occupation of Croatia and founded the anti-fascist movement under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito and Andrija Hebrang.
		In 1971, the Croatian democratic movement, known as the "Croatian Spring," was quashed by dogmatic centralistic forces that were opposed to pluralism and democracy in Croatia.
	www.ecml.at /html/croatian/html/history.html (935 words)

	Croatian Peoples (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Two pivotal events in the Croats' social development were the birth of modern Croatian national sentiment after a brief period of Napoleonic rule in the early nineteenth century and the emancipation of the serfs in 1848.
		Writers, scholars, merchants, and wealthy landowners led the Croatian national movement, which was triggered by resistance to Hungary's drive to impose Magyar (the national language of Hungary) as the language of public life in Croatia in the mid-nineteenth century.
		National aspirations in the early 1970s, reached a brief peak in what was called the Croatian Spring, but their threat to the federation caused Tito to crack down severely in 1972.
	www.geohistory.com /GeoHistory/GHMaps/GeoWorld/croat.html (646 words)

	[No title]
		Croatian communist Andrija Hebran and other Croatian nationalists were purged by Yugoslav President Tito.
		Era of the "Croatian Spring," a period of nationalist cultural revival.
		A Croatian army assault against Serbs in the Serb-occupied territory of Krajina, Croatia, broke the one-year-old cease-fire.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/timecroatia.htm (537 words)

	Background Notes: Croatia, Country Background , Croatia Country Background, Croatia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Croatian radical-right Ustase was brought from Italy and installed as the government of the Independent State of Croatia.
		Croatian politics will be dominated by the legislative elections that will occur at the end of this year.
		The Croatian legislature is the Sabor (Parliament), a bicameral body consisting of a Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Zupanije (counties).
	www.realadventures.com /listings/1024109.htm (2232 words)

	Samizdat 2000 by Christine Stone
		For one thing, the new Croatian government has promised to encourage Serbs who were driven out of the country's Krajina region during Operation Storm in 1995 to return to their homes.
		The Croatian army, copying the tactics learned from their American mentors, operated a total scorched-earth policy tossing grenades into any building which might house snipers and burning everything in sight.
		The morale of the Croatian officer class is not helped by the thought that America and its allies are urging their removal to the Hague on war crimes charges.
	www.antiwar.com /stone/stone041400.html (2863 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		As head of state, he was the initiator of the organisation of the defence and the creation of the Croatian army, and the chief political and military strategist in the establishment of a sovereign Croatia and its international recognition, and defence and victory in the Homeland War.
		The strength of the Croatian Army enabled the peaceful reintegration of the Croatian Danube River region in January 1998,completing the process of establishing sovereignty on the whole of Croatias territory recognised by international law, under Tuđmans leadership.
		Prime Minister emphasised that this was the start of the presidents third battle for the survival of the Croatian state through the war and destruction, the creation of the state and state institutions, establishment of Croatian government for the first time after one thousand years, to ensure a safe life for all Croatian citizens.
	www.vlada.hr /bulletin/1999/nov-dec/focus-full.html (1784 words)

	Croatia Myth&Reality: Croatia and the Croatians
		Radic, along with four other Croatian leaders, was gunned down by a Serbian Deputy on the floor of Parliament in 1928.
		The new Croatian state was divided into German and Italian occupation zones while Italy annexed large parts of Dalmatian Croatia outright.
		Less known in the West than the "Prague Spring", this great liberalization was crushed by the Communists in late 1971.
	mirror.veus.hr /myth/croatians.html (1180 words)

	Central Europe Review - Croatian News Review
		After the breakdown of the Croatian Spring in 1971, he was sentenced to two years of imprisonment, which was reduced after Tito's intervention.
		Thousands of Croatian citizens paid their respects to the late President by visiting the Presidential Office, where the coffin rests, and by lighting candles on the main squares of all Croatian towns.
		There is an eleventh constituency, designed for Croatian citizens residing abroad, but the number of MPs that will represent the Diaspora is not known in advance, as the so-called non-fixed quota system will be used.
	www.ce-review.org /99/25/croatianews25.html (940 words)

	Captured Croatian war crimes suspect's location known a while \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		Croatian newspaper Jutarnji List said Croat counterintelligence service POA had first located Gotovina in the Canary Islands in the spring of last year.
		Gotovina, carrying a false Croatian passport and $14,130, was arrested Wednesday night while having dinner in a luxury hotel in the resort of Playa de las Americas on the island of Tenerife.
		He is charged with responsibility for the murders of at least 150 Serbs by troops under his command in the aftermath of the 1995 Operation Storm, when Croatian forces retook parts of the country from Serb rebels.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20051210/news_1n10balkans.html (696 words)

	Croatian Language Classes in Detroit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The instructor, Snjezana Franetovic, is a native of Split, Croatia and a graduate at the University of Zagreb.
		She is a member of CFU Lodge 351 and has been teaching the Croatian class for over 10 years.
		Elmer "loves helping the Croatians keep up their traditions." "In addition to being close to the language, attending class just helps one remember the wonderful memories of my stay in Croatia," concluded Wilkinson.
	www.midwest-croatians.org /archives/detroit.html (438 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In 1971, Mesic took part in the "Croatian spring" - a dissident movement viewed by the Yugoslav authorities, under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito, as a revival of Croatian nationalism and Ustashism, the notorious fascist movement which allied with the Nazi German government during the Second World War.
		He was sacked from his post as speaker in the Croatian parliament, later joining forces with Josip Manolic and around a dozen fellow outcasts from the HDZ, to found a new party - the Croatian Independent Democrats.
		Budisa, however, leader of the Croatian Social-Liberal Party (HSLS), was unfortunate in that his manner, turn of phrase and, sometimes, his behaviour were mildly reminiscent of Tudjman.
	www.iwpr.net /archive/bcr/bcr_20000208_1_eng.txt (730 words)

	The Nationalism Project: Competing National Ideologies Chapter XI
		The President of the Croatian Republic, Dr Savka Dabcevic-Kucar, secretary of the LCC, Miko Tripalo, and the former head of the youth wing, Dr Pero Pirker, were to be key actors in the orchestration of civil disobedience, mass demonstrations and strike action (Lampe 1996: 301).
		The dialectic of the Croatian resistance and the incorporation of the Croatian national idea into a revolutionary struggle was a problem that the leadership of the LCC would have to deal with.
		Abroad, the Croatian diaspora, with the decline of the Right after the death of Ante Pavelic in 1959, the leader of the Nazi-puppet Government (NDH) and the Ustasha movement, was to signify a re-evaluation of strategies of open rebellion and terrorism (Almond 1994: 143).
	www.nationalismproject.org /articles/Pero/ch11.html (11600 words)

	[No title]
		The most serious challenge to the system during Tito's lifetime was probably the Croatian Spring or Mass Movement of the late 1960s, which was ended by the removal by Tito of most of the Croatian leadership in late 1971, and a parallel removal of accused nationalists in Serbia, Slovenia and Macedonia.
		The Croatian leadership was the first to react, virtually eliminating controls on the media before the end of 1988, and consenting to multi-party elections.
		Candidates for the 1990 elections included both Croatian nationalists and non-nationalists, both of whom were extensively covered in the Croatian media in the runup to the 1990 elections.
	www.mosquitonet.com /~prewett/newsletter95.html (1966 words)

	Croatia: Myth and Reality
		By 1967 he was removed from all offices and duties for stating his views on history and the Croatian language.
		On November 29, 1989, Tudjman and his newly formed Croatian Democratic Union, known by its Croatian initials HDZ, issued an appeal to the citizens of Croatia and to its communist-controlled Parliament to form a new multi-party government.
		Tudjman's Croatian Democratic Union was victorious with 205 of 349 seats.
	users.teledisnet.be /web/nno17565/myth/mtud02.htm (622 words)

	spacesofidentity 3/2001— Duric: The Croatian Diapora in North America
		The disuse into which the Croatian language had fallen among Croatian Americans was noted at the autumn session of the CFU in 1982, as well as the lack of qualified teachers and the danger that the Croatian language might disappear among the diasporic community within next 15 years.
		With the Croatian diaspora’s political agitation and their financial and material assistance to the newly created Croatian army[59] and communities and towns that were under attack, the community appeared more strongly united than ever.
		Responding to an official appeal from the Croatian Government,[60] numerous written petitions and telephone campaigns to the White House and the U.S. Foreign Affairs Committee were initiated, expressing dissatisfaction with the level of American support for the new Croatian democracy.
	www.univie.ac.at /spacesofidentity/Vol_3/_HTML/Duric.html (6858 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		To mark the fourth anniversary of the death of a Nobel winner Vladimir Prelog, an honorary member of the Croatian Academy of Arts and Science and one of the most prominent Croatian scientists, a scientific congress “In memoriam Vladimir Prelog 19061998” was held in the premises of the Croatian Academy of Arts and Science.
		Last year, on the initiative of the Croatian Academy of Arts and Science, Prelog’s urn was transferred from Zurich to the Academy’s vault at the Zagreb cemetery Mirogoj.
		The average air temperature is 6.3·C in winter, 12.2·C in spring, 22.2·C in summer and 14.8·C in autumn.
	www.vlada.hr /bulletin/2002/january/life-culture-full.html (3953 words)

	Croatian Heritage Foundation
		The President of the Croatian Sabor Vladimir Šeks, reflected on the atrocity committed in the fields of Bleiburg that later continued on the ‘Way of the Cross’, stressing that this was a “planned execution of tens of thousand of soldiers and civilians.
		The Croatian people could never forget and was obliged to remember the memory of the bloody Croatian spring of 1945”, Šeks continued.
		In the sea of Croatian flags and insignia the monument was covered with reefs amongst which was a beautiful reef placed by the Deputy Director of the Croatian Heritage Foundation Domagoj Ante Petrić and Nenad Zakarija the editor of
	www.matis.hr /eng/vijesti.php?id=96 (393 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In 1994 Mesic split with Tudjman, resigned as speaker of the Croatian parliament and left the HDZ together with 10 more deputies in protest against the way Tudjman was prosecuting the Bosnian war.
		Budisa, the joint candidate of the Social Democratic Party and the HSLS coalition who was a student leader during the Croatian Spring in 1971, had good reason to be optimistic early in the campaign following that coalitions stunning victory in the parliamentary elections.
		Ivan Zvonimir Cicak, another student leader from the Croatian Spring and long-time friend of Budisa, believes the secret of Mesic's success lies in his "new political speak", his relaxed delivery and rapport with ordinary people--traits which, Cicak believes, he shares with international statesmen Bill Clinton and Tony Blair.
	www.iwpr.net /archive/bcr/bcr_20000121_1_eng.txt (809 words)

	Regional Map and History - World Learning's STAR Network
		Hence the "Croatian Spring" (1969-1971), a broad national and cultural revival movement by the reformist Croatian Communist party leadership.
		In spring 1998, a Serbian police/military campaign to reassert the territory was launched against Albanian villages accompanied by atrocities against civilians.
		After the death of Croatian president Tudjman in December 1999, the ruling nationalist Croatian Democratic Union was defeated for the first time in the January 3, 2000, parliamentary elections, thanks to a broad campaign for change by six opposition political parties, civil society, and the independent media.
	www.worldlearning.org /wlid/star/resources (2338 words)

	HISTORICAL PLAYS IN SEARCH OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN CROATIAN THEATER TODAY (1996) - Sanja Nikcevic
		One of the basic paradoxes of the Croatian stage can be found in the series of plays based upon the lives of heroic figures in Croatian history.
		Through the course of Croatian dramatic literature, themes which revolve around the conspirators and their noble families appear in very unnatural discontinuity, with four waves of prosperity, three pauses and one intermezzo - because of the politics.
		The leading Croatian politician Ante Starcevc and the members of his political party renounced in the Croatian Senate Nikola Subic Zrinski, who with the sacrifice of his life stopped the Turks in that Battle of Siget as an Austrian servant, because he did it in the name of Austrian king.
	www.hciti.hr /en/arhive/theatre/sannik.html (1918 words)

	index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Croatian - American Club of Las Vegas, Nevada is a
		Croatian - Americans in the Las Vegas area.
		The club was organized and exists in order to preserve and promote the Croatian heritage, history and culture and to foster closer relationships for Croatians-Americans living and working in Southern Nevada.
	www.lasvegascroatians.com (221 words)

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