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Topic: Cromerian interglacial

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	Pleistocene Encyclopedia Article @ Impracticable.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		During interglacial times, such as we are experiencing now, drowned coastlines were common, mitigated by isostatic or other emergent motion of some regions.
		Corresponding to the terms glacial and interglacial, the terms pluvial and interpluvial are in use (Latin: pluvia, rain).
		A pluvial is a warmer period of increased rainfall; an interpluvial, of decreased rainfall.
	www.impracticable.org /encyclopedia/Pleistocene (2262 words)

	Cromerian Interglacial
		Until recently it was generally believed that the Cromerian represented a single temperate event.
		In the Midlands, during the Cromerian, instead of the Warwickshire Avon the long since disappeared Bytham River drained from the southwest Midlands and the Pennines through Warwickshire and parts of Leicestershire before turning south through mid-East Anglia and eventually eastwards into what is now the North Sea but was then dry land.
		The faunas of the Cromerian Upper Freshwater Bed at West Runton (Norfolk coast) and the Sugworth interglacial deposits (near Oxford) contain three extinct Freshwater mollusc spp.
	www.phancocks.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /naturalhistory/cromerian.htm (997 words)

	The Wash - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This was broadly the pattern during the two preceding interglacials, the Hoxnian and the Ipswichian.
		The deep valley off the Wash was formed, not by the interglacial river but by ice of the Wolstonian and Devensian glacials flowing southwards up the slope represented by the modern coast and forming tunnel valleys of which the Silver Pit is one of many.
		During the Ipswichian interglacial, though the Wash river probably flowed by way of the site of the Silver Pit, the tunnel valley will not have been formed at this stage as its alignment seems inconsistent with the direction of the ice flow of the Anglian glaciation.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/The_Wash (1136 words)

	Non-marine mollusc biozonation of quaternary deposits in the Netherlands
		The Tiglian Interglacial Complex is therefore considered to be the first non-marine Quaternary Malacozone of the Netherlands.
		This period comprises at least 3 interglacials which are enumerated as the first three warm temperate stages in the so-called Cromerian Complex.
		The last interglacial of this complex, the Cromerian-IV, commonly correlated with the East Anglian Cromerian sensu stricto, bears scarcely known non-marine mollusc faunas.
	web.inter.nl.net /users/Meijer.T/tm/paginas/ae-pub-nonmarzon.htm (1625 words)

	Cromerian interglacial - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Cromerian interglacial is a name for an interglacial period which occurred between 600,000 and 450,000 years ago.
		It is a Pleistocene stage of the Quaternary period and is analogous to the Aftonian interglacial in North America and the Günz-Mindel interglacial in the Alps.
		It was a period of warm climate and its deposits lie beneath those from the following Anglian glaciation and above those from the preceding Beestonian glaciation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cromerian_interglacial (156 words)

	Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group (QPG) » Controls on interglacial sedimentation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Interglacial fluvial sediment sequences are common in lowland Britain where their palaeontology has been considerably studied but their sedimentology is poorly known.
		The utility of using Holocene sequences as analogues for previous interglacial sedimentation is discussed and an attempt is made to explain the proposed four-phase pattern in terms of predictable fluvial responses to an interglacial climate cycle.
		Although interglacial fluvial sediments have been studied in detail, in particular to understand their stratigraphical significance for subdivision of fluvial and related sequences in general, most of the research has been undertaken by palaeontologists.
	www-qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk /research/projects/interglacialrivers (2435 words)

	The Bear
		With the Tiglian interglacial, the Villafranchian age may be said to have come to an end: the prelude is over, and we are in the true Ice Age, the Pleistocene epoch of earth history.
		From a chronological point of view, perhaps the most interesting event of the Cromerian interglacial is the reversal of the earth's magnetic field.
		British river scene in the Eemian interglacial, with cave hyenas, hippopotami, bison and (in the distance) straight-tusked elephant.
	donsmaps.com /bear.html (3099 words)

	Untitled Document
		Although there were long intervals of temperate climate, similar to or even warmer than that of today, first during the later Pliocene and then during the Pleistocene interglacials, these alternated with a series of increasingly cold and then glacial periods.
		Traditionally each of the glacial phases and interspersed interglacial periods was given a name, based on a ‘type’ site, where features typical of the period in question were first described.
		If time, and/or the degree of amelioration only allowed the development of a community that has its modern counterpart in the boreal deciduous (birch), or boreal coniferous (pine/spruce) forest before deterioration sets in then the interval is referred to as an interstadial.
	www.phancocks.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /naturalhistory/overview.htm (541 words)

	Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group (QPG) » Controls on interglacial sedimentation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This is because at the beginning of an interglacial, many surface irregularities and channels are available in wide braidplain surfaces inherited from the immediately preceding cold-stage river.
		The frequent absence of preserved interglacial floodplain surface deposits, contrasts markedly with the common records of channel-fill sediments, and in particular those dating from the first part of interglacial events.
		This migration is seen as meandering-type behaviour, with the river depositing sandy silts in the flow channel and silts and clays in point-bar-type complexes on the inside of bends.
	www-qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk /research/projects/interglacialrivers/conclusions.html (1781 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: North Sea (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		During the Devensian glacial much of the northern basin was covered by the ice sheet and the remainder, including the southern basin, was tundra.
		However, during the Cromerian, there was a natural dam of chalk between the South Foreland and Cap Blanc Nez.
		The Cromerian interglacial is a name for an interglacial period which occurred between 700,000 and 450,000 years ago.
	www.nationmaster.com.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia/North-Sea (2814 words)

	SC379 Part 2
		Interglacial sediments could be dated (relatively) according to their stratigraphical location within the sequence of glacial and cold climate deposits.
		The classical interglacial floristic sequences could clearly be diachronous: in a climatically variable region such as the UK, it is not reasonable to expect that a uniform development of tree colonisation occurs during warm periods.
		On balance, it seems probable that the organics are part of the traditional 'Cromerian Complex' of sediments that predate the Anglian, and therefore the Baginton gravels that are incised into the sediments are probably Anglian in age, perhaps older than that.
	www.staffs.ac.uk /schools/sciences/geography/staff/harrist/quatuk/quateastanglia.htm (6161 words)

	Popweb: Alnus Glutinosa - Palaeoecology
		Macroscopic and pollen records occur in almost all of the previous interglacial periods of the Pleistocene (West 1980).
		In the earlier Pleistocene temperate stages Alnus pollen frequencies are steady throughout the interglacial, but in the later interglacials Alnus is most frequent in their middle sub-stages, as in the Holocene.
		During the Cromerian Interglacial (Oxygen Isotope Stage 11) Alnus was abundant and is present at several sites in the Cromer Forest Bed (Godwin 1975).
	www.geog.qmw.ac.uk /popweb/alnus/palaeo.htm (850 words)

	[No title]
		It seems reasonable that the zonation represents an uninterrupted sequence of interglacial stages and this enables a rather straightforward correlation with the marine isotope stratigraphy.
		From the Belvédère Interglacial no D/L ratios from marine onshore deposits are observed, so we assume that a transgression during this stage did not reach the present mainland.
		It should be kept in mind that asignment to separate interglacials was never justified on the basis of faunal data (molluscs and micro mammals).
	web.inter.nl.net /users/Meijer.T/tm/paginas/ae-pub-amin01.htm (764 words)

	Litasfera (Lithosphere), 1995, No.3
		It was a result of activity of the first Belarus regional ice sheet (Narev) that destroyed the deposits -- analogues of the upper Bavel series and first Cromerian Interglacial of the Netherlands.
		There are no for the present reliable analogues of the 4th Cromerian Interglacial deposits where the Mimomys-Arvicola transition took place.
		The deposits accumulated during the transition between the glacial and interglacial periods present some problems in dating them by biostratigraphic methods and call for further investigation.
	www.ac.by /publications/litho/litho3.html (3893 words)

	Kents Cavern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Britain is being subjected to successive ice ages and warmer interglacial periods.
		As the planet's temperature rose during the interglacial period, the sea level would rise again as the ice fields melted, closing off the links to the continent.
		Plant life was plentiful on the surface generating the necessary levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to give the carbonic acid the right strength to dissolve limestone rock and deposit calcite formations in the caves.
	www.kents-cavern.co.uk /geology.html (2101 words)

	Denmark.dk: Official website - Denmark - Geology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		During the interglacial stages, the ice disappeared and the distribution of land and sea was similar to today.
		At the end of the Elsterian period, and during the subsequent Holsteinian interglacial stage, parts of the south of Jutland and the Limfjord area were covered by the sea.
		The northernmost part of Jutland was covered by the sea right from the end of the Saalian period, throughout the Eemian interglacial stage and during the first part of the Weichselian ice age.
	denmark.dk /portal/page?_pageid=374,520407&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL (2242 words)

	Polish Geological Institute
		The oral (17) and poster (8) presentations covered a wide range of themes and focused on the paleobotanical methods, which are remarkably suitable for environmental reconstruction at the past, from the Early Pleistocene to the last millennia including aspects of a new method (testate amoebae analysis as a new tool for reconstruction of palaeoenvironments).
		Pollen profiles of the Mikulino (Eemian) Interglaciation in the Central Russian Plain show a distinctive pattern of the vegetation changes, reflecting an increase in temperatures towards the optimum phase of the interglaciation followed by a gradual cooling.
		The reconstructions performed for four interglacials of the Pleistocene of Belarus have shown that temperatures of the warmest and coldest months were similar to each other and the highest ones recorded during the climatic optima of the Belovezhian and Muravian interglacials.
	www.pgi.gov.pl /pgi_en/index.php?option=articles&task=viewarticle&artid=519&Itemid=3 (4171 words)

	Pleistocene Encyclopedia Article @ Interfered.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary at Vrica, Italy (Map) was ice-bound throughout the Pleistocene as well as the preceding 3.1 See also.
		The main factor at work in climate cycling is now believed to be Calabria.
		According to this evidence, Earth experienced 44 MIS stages beginning at about 2.4 MYA in the Ice age.
	www.interfered.net /encyclopedia/Pleistocene (2208 words)

	THE WORK OF G W LAMPLUGH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The effects of Anglian glaciation east of the Derwent are still unclear, though some till and gravels are shown near the foot of the scarp slope on BGS maps.
		Reid (1885) originally described the till overlying the Sewerby buried cliff as the Lower Purple (= Skipsea Till in modern terms), and Lamplugh’s first account of the section (1888) agreed with this, though both authors were puzzled by the absence of the Basement at Sewerby.
		After rather grudgingly admitting that the estuarine deposit "is indeed the one deposit among those which I have examined, which at first sight seems to suggest interglacial conditions", he goes on to assert that it "accumulated in an inlet between bare land to the west and the temporarily receding ice front to the east".
	www.fortunecity.com /greenfield/ecolodge/25/workof.htm (3099 words)

	New Evidence on the Antiquity of Piltdown Man
		Any such post-Villafranchian elements might theoretically be of first interglacial age (when according to Hopwood's terminology the "Middle Pleistocene" fauna began to appear); of great interglacial age (that is, Middle Pleistocene of all authors), or of last interglacial age (that is, early Upper Pleistocene of some authors, late Middle Pleistocene of others).
		Since distinctively Cromerian forms are absent and as there are indications that the deposit has been repeatedly re-worked, the post-Villafranchian material is probably partly Middle and partly Upper Pleistocene.
		From the temperate character of even the latest faunal elements in the Piltdown faunal mélange, it is probable that Eoanthropus lived under interglacial conditions, although the final resorting of the gravels may have been brought about by periglacial soil-flow (solifluxion).
	www.clarku.edu /~piltdown/map_expose/new_eviden_antiq_pilt.html (2795 words)

	[446]
		The contorted drifts and deep boulder clay were then being laid down in East Anglia over the Cromerian formations, and also the great gravel bed, which represents the oldest element of the 50-foot terrace of the Thames Valley, was being deposited.
		Thus the Piltdown race lived at the beginning of the first long temperate interglacial of the pleistocene period.
		To this interglacial a duration of 120,000 years has been assigned in the time chart reproduced here (fig.
	www.clarku.edu /~piltdown/map_report_finds/revival_pilt_cont.html (4570 words)

	NorthNorfolk.org - North Norfolk Coastal Environment 1996 Document 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		These glacial stages have alternated with warm interglacial stages when the ice was confined to the Arctic and Antarctic regions.
		The Anglian glaciation was preceeded by the Cromerian and Pastonian interglacial, and Beestonian glacial stages.
		The entire Cromerian Interglacial vegetation cycle is represented within the West Runton Freshwater Bed and overlying marine sediments, and this locality has been designated the stratotype for the Cromerian stage.
	www.northnorfolk.org /coastal/microsite/doc1.html (7938 words)

	Archaeology Wordsmith (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		DEFINITION: An interglacial stage of northern Europe correlated with the Günz-Mindel Interglacial, part of the series of interglacials recognized in Britain: the Pastonian (oldest), Beestonian, and Cromerian.
		The Cromerian stage is A Group of Interglacial deposits of the Quaternary system which are stratified under Anglian glacial deposits and above an extensive sequence of earlier Quaternary deposits.
		In northwest Europe, A Group of deposits representing several interglacials and intervening cold stages, and these deposits are stratified below Elster glacial deposits and above a sequence extending back into the Pliocene.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?exact=1&terms=Cromerian (99 words)

	THE CROMERIAN INTERGLACIAL IN THE AREA OF THE MAXIMUM GLACIATION EXTENT IN SOUTHERN POLAND
		This pollen succession was believed to be the closest to the younger optimum of the Ferdynandovian Interglacial, which used to be correlated with the Cromerian IV.
		However, the middle of the organic deposits can be assigned now to the Interglacial II of the Cromerian Complex, i.e.
		The glacial deposits occurring more below are older than the Cromerian and can be paralleled with the Günz or with the pre-Cromerian traces of the oldest glaciations found in England and Holland or with the Nebraskan glaciation in North America.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_54459.htm (530 words)

	Pleistocene Encyclopedia Article @ Bitterly.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The mean annual temperature at the edge of the ice was −6Antarctica; at the edge of the permafrost, 0°C. Each glacial advance tied up huge volumes of water in continental ice sheets 1500-3000 Holocene thick, resulting in temporary sea level drops of 100 m or more over the entire surface of the Earth.
		The main factor at work in climate cycling is now believed to be Before Present.
		According to this evidence, Earth experienced 44 MIS stages beginning at about 2.4 MYA in the Help.
	www.bitterly.org /encyclopedia/Pleistocene (2305 words)

	Geotr@ns Online > Resources > Geology of the Hartlepool area
		The glacial and interglacial stages of Europe and the United States of America
		During this period there were several minor, fast moving glacials and interglacials, which modelled the present landscape, formed deep gorges and valleys and, later, buried these valleys under drift.
		A whole series of glacials and interglacials moved across the North of England, including many minor, rapid moving, short-lived periods, often from local high ground.
	www.geotrans-online.de /resources/hartlepool.php (3824 words)

	Preparator.org - the Web Site for the SPPC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		However, it was too dangerous to tunnel in to get them, overlain as they were by a few thousand tonnes of soft glacial sands and gravels.
		The specimens were found poking out of the world-famous West Runton Feshwater Bed, a SSSI which is the type site for the Cromerian Interglacial, representing a river about 650-700,000 years old.
		Anything found there is important, and the opportunity to have an excavation to rescue the rest of the elephant skeleton from erosion by the sea represented a unique opportunity to look at the deposit holistically for the first time and re-evaluate its contents.
	www.preparator.org /2002/n_larkin/n-larkin-001.htm (320 words)

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