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	Oliver Cromwell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cromwell's associations of Catholicism and persecution were deepened with the Irish Rebellion of 1641, which were marked by massacres (wildly exaggerated in Puritan circles in Britain) by Irish Catholics of English and Scottish Protestant settlers.
		Cromwell's influence as a military commander and politician during the English Civil War dramatically altered the military and the political landscape of the British Isles.
		Oliver Cromwell was the first to coin the phrase "warts and all." Though he did not actually say "warts and all", the phrase comes from a famous conversation that he made to the artist (Lely) that was painting his portrait after he became Lord Protector.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oliver_Cromwell (3523 words)

	Oliver Cromwell
		Cromwell, a brilliant, innovative military commander, exhibited an unusual blend of compassion and ruthlessness as he molded the English army into a professional force.
		Cromwell quickly put down an uprising in Wales and proved the effectiveness of the overall generalship by his successful use of infantry in addition to cavalry in a victory over the Scots allied with the king at Preston.
		Cromwell proved to be an unusually tolerant leader, especially considering his brutality on the battlefield and his sue of religious intolerance to motivate his army.
	www.carpenoctem.tv /military/cromwell.html (1123 words)

	BBC - History - Oliver Cromwell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Oliver Cromwell played a leading role in bringing Charles I to trial and execution, and was a key figure during the civil war.
		Cromwell's grandfather built an elegant house on the outskirts of Huntingdon and regularly entertained King James (the hunting was good in Huntingdon) and other prominent courtiers.
		But Cromwell's father was a younger son who only inherited a small part of the family fortune and he was brought up in a modest town house.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/state/monarchs_leaders/cromwell_01.shtml (334 words)

	Cromwell, Oliver. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Cromwell entered Parliament in 1628, standing firmly with the opposition to Charles I, and was active in the Short and Long Parliaments (1640), although not a conspicuous leader.
		Cromwell, now virtual dictator of the Commonwealth, dissolved the Rump Parliament in 1653 after it had failed to effect reforms demanded by the army and had sought to perpetuate its power.
		Cromwell’s foreign policy was governed by the need to expand English trade and prevent the restoration of the Stuarts, and by the desire to build up a Protestant league and enhance the prestige of the English republic.
	www.bartleby.com /65/cr/CromwellO.html (892 words)

	Doyle Clan - Cromwell Devastates Ireland
		Cromwell himself admitted that Wexford was "pleasantly seated and strong." It had a rampart of earth 15 feet thick within the walls to improve its chances of withstanding a siege.
		Cromwell was still ill, so he sent Jones and Ireton to the county of Kilkenny to secure the garrisons there, cut the Duke of Ormonde off from Waterford and draw him into an open engagement.
		Cromwell was the most powerful man in England when the Commonwealth was dissolved in April 1653 and the Protectorate was formed, with Cromwell as Lord Protector on December 16.
	www.doyle.com.au /cromwell.htm (4474 words)

	Tudor Citizens - Thomas Cromwell
		Cromwell wanted government to be effective and efficient; to achieve this, he had to end the chaos of feudal privilege and ill-defined jurisdictions.
		Cromwell was the man responsible for the Henrician reformation while Wolsey fell because he served two masters, the king of England and the Pope.
		Cromwell's rise to power was extraordinary and occurred just when Henry needed a minister of great administrative imagination and genius, uninterested in the squabbles of his council and determined to empower the machinery of state.
	www.englishhistory.net /tudor/citizens/cromwell.html (5976 words)

	Oliver Cromwell biography
		Cromwell grew up in genteel poverty; not quite a member of the nobility, yet not a commoner either.
		In the meantime Cromwell was elected as a member of Parliament for Huntingdon, a post he owed more to patronage and aristocratic connections than to any great merit.
		Though he felt betrayed by Charles, Cromwell held out against a trial, and when he agreed it was with the idea that Charles would abdicate in favour of one of his sons.
	www.britainexpress.com /History/stuart/cromwell.htm (955 words)

	Cromwell
		Cromwell finds himself among a host of friends at Westminster who, led by John Pym, a veteran politician from Somerset, are highly critical of the monarchy.
		First appearance with his troop in the closing stages of the Battle of Edgehill (October 23, 1642) where Robert Devereux, 3rd earl of Essex, is commander in chief for Parliament in the first major contest of the war.
		Cromwell serves as first chairman of the Council of State, the executive body of a one-chamber Parliament.
	members.aol.com /snuffy1186/cromwell.html (938 words)

	Oliver Cromwell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Military historians are reluctant to put Cromwell in the top class, but he excelled in training and inspiring troops, had a cavalryman's eye for horseflesh and at Preston and Dunbar exploited his enemy's tactical mistakes.
		Cromwell loved soldiering and there is no doubting his administrative skill in preparing and equipping his army for the campaign, his charismatic leadership in battle, awareness of seapower's contribution, exploitation of speed and ability to split and demoralise the opposition.
		Cromwell was courted by Mazarin's France, his navy dominated the Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Baltic, Spain was humiliated and robbed.
	thc.worldarcstudio.com /classroom_20040211_JB/alevel/cromwell.htm (1401 words)

	Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector of England (1599-1658)
		Oliver Cromwell was born into a common family of English country Puritans having none of the advantages of upbringing that would prepare him to be leader of a nation.
		Cromwell's tactic was to strike with the cavalry through the advancing army at the center, go straight through the lines and then circle to either the left or the right milling the mass into a mob, creating confusion and utterly destroying them.
		Cromwell found that a democratic parliamentary system run by squires and lords oppressed the common people and was almost as corrupt as the rulership of the deposed evil king.
	www.forerunner.com /champion/X0004_3._Oliver_Cromwell.html (929 words)

	Oliver Cromwell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Finally, Cromwell, in disgust, put an end to the farce by defeating the Scottish army, purging Parliament of ninety-six Presbyterian members, and seizing, trying, and executing the faithless Charles.
		Cromwell was more responsible for the overthrow of the Stuarts than any other man, and as the commander of a large, well-trained army, he had the power to establish a dictatorship.
		Cromwell had nearly as much difficulty with this Parliament as with its predecessors, for he understood the techniques of controlling deliberative assemblies no better than the Stuarts.
	mars.acnet.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/cromwell.html (3075 words)

	Cromwell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cromwell is the name of the United States Navy ocean escort ship USS Cromwell (DE-1014).
		Cromwell is a series of British tanks from World War II: Cromwell tank
		Cromwell is the name of a replacement firmware for the Microsoft Xbox: Cromwell (computing)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cromwell (163 words)

	A Little History of Ireland - The Curse of Cromwell
		Cromwell entered Dublin as "lord lieutenant and general for the parliament of England".
		When his surrender demand was ignored, Cromwell stormed the city and ordered the death of every man in the garrison, describing this as "a righteous judgment of God upon these barbarous wretches".
		Cromwell himself had been in Ireland a mere nine months, but his brutality left an indelible impression on the native Irish.
	www.irelandseye.com /aarticles/history/events/dates/cromwell.shtm (655 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Thomas Macauley: On Oliver Cromwell
		Cromwell made haste to organize the whole army on the same principles on which he had organized his own regiment.
		But such was the intelligence, the gravity, and the self-command of the warriors whom Cromwell had trained, that in their camp a political organization and a religious organization could exist without destroying military organization.
		It is acknowledged by the most zealous royalists that, in that singular camp, no oath was heard, no drunkenness or gambling was seen, and that, during the long dominion of the soldiery, the property of the peaceable citizen and the honor of woman were held sacred.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/macauley-cromwell.html (1945 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Cromwell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Oliver Cromwell rose from humble beginnings to spearhead the rebellion against King Charles I, who was beheaded in 1649, and led his soldiers into the last battle against the Royalists and King Charles II at Worcester, ending the civil war in 1651.
		In the spring and on the eve of the seventeenth century, a son was born to Robert and Elizabeth Cromwell of Huntingdon.
		Cromwell was not a theoretician, but a pragmatic man. This is interesting because most of his language and actions are littered with references to the metaphysical, however crude and obtuse those references and underlying thoughts are.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0802137660?v=glance (2441 words)

	Cromwell Cottage Battery Point Accommodation Hobart Tasmania
		Cromwell Cottage was built in the mid-Victorian Gothic Revival style and is a two storey gentleman's residence.
		Cromwell Cottage is set in a cottage garden and the backyard is a peaceful haven beneath the spreading boughs of an ancient Walnut tree.
		Cromwell Cottage is a member of Bed and Breakfast and Boutique Accommodation of Tasmania.
	www.cromwellcottage.com.au (480 words)

	Britannia: Monarchs of Britain
		Oliver Cromwell, born in Huntingdon in 1599, was a strict Puritan with a Cambridge education when he went to London to represent his family in Parliament.
		Cromwell's army slaughtered over forty percent of the indigenous Irishmen, who clung unyieldingly to Catholicism and loyalist sentiments; the remaining Irishmen were forcibly transported to County Connaught with the Act of Settlement in 1653.
		The monarchy was restored in all but name; Cromwell went from the title of Lord General of the Army to that of Lord Protector of the Realm (the title of king was suggested, but wisely rejected by Cromwell when a furor arose in the military ranks).
	www.britannia.com /history/monarchs/mon48.html (1109 words)

	Thomas Cromwell
		Thomas Cromwell, the son of a flsmith, was born in Putney, London, in 1485.
		However, Cromwell's position was undermined by the king's disastrous marriage to Anne of Cleves.
		Thomas Cromwell was sent to the Tower of London and was executed on 28th July, 1540.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /TUDcromwell.htm (389 words)

	Oliver Cromwell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Though totally lacking in previous military experience, he created and led a superb force of cavalry, the Ironsides, and rose from the rank of captain to that of lieutenant-general in three years, displaying, at the same time, a paradoxical mixture of religious sincerity and astute political opportunism.
		The Commonwealth proper, however, ended with the establishment of Cromwell's Protectorate (1653-58), which was characterized by religious toleration, profitable commercial treaties with several foreign powers, and several sucesful wars.
		The Protectorate endured, however, only while Cromwell lived, and collapsed after his incompetent son Richard alienated both the Army and Parliament in his attempt to succeed him.
	www.victorianweb.org /history/Cromwell.html (287 words)

	War
		Drogheda remains a stain on Cromwell's record – as a soldier, he was usually always ready to show a degree of mercy to a defeated enemy that was unusual for the time.
		Although he gave no direct orders for the massacre, it is clear that, in the heat of the moment, he lost the normal firm control he exercised over his troops and surrendered to the blood-lust that engulfed the final phase of the siege.
		Cromwell was also in favour of the return of the Jews to England – they had been expelled in 1290.
	www.channel4.com /history/microsites/H/history/war/cromwell.html (743 words)

	Oliver Cromwell
		Oliver Cromwell was born in Huntingdon in 1599.
		Cromwell was a strong critic of Charles II and on the outbreak of the
		Cromwell became convinced that if he could produce a well-disciplined army he could defeat Prince Rupert and his Cavaliers.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /STUcromwellO.htm (2199 words)

	Cromwell, Oliver -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The eldest surviving son of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bourchier, Richard failed in his attempt to carry on his father's role as leader of the Commonwealth.
		The chief leader of the Puritan Revolution in England was Oliver Cromwell, a soldier and statesman.
		He joined with the Puritans to preserve Protestantism and the law against the tyranny of King Charles I. Cromwell was made lord protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland in December 1653 and held that office until his death five years...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9109638?tocId=9109638 (747 words)

	[No title]
		Cromwell expressed no regret over the episode, but rather said that "God in his righteous justice, brought a just judgement upon them." His message of triumph to England asserted that the Irish had gotten their just desserts.
		The forcible dissolution of the Long Parliament (the Rump) in April 1653 by Cromwell and the army, and the establishment of a nominated (Barebones) parliament was seen by many religious extremists as a step towards a "new age." This was especially true for the Fifth Monarchists with whom Cromwell was associated closely at this time.
		His message to Cromwell was to "stay the Sword," convert the Jew and the Irish, and restore Charles II along with the peers.56 While he is obviously a prophet with Royalist leanings, Gostellos pleas to Cromwell to change his course are typical of this period.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /journals/EH/EH34/creed34.html (5229 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Books: Cromwell, Our Chief of Men (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		She does manage to paint a full picture of Cromwell the man, but assumes that the reader is familiar with the history of the times.
		Whether she is talking about Cromwell's character, or his ability as a soldier/statesman, she puts the record straight against the many false views of Cromwell, and shows him to have been, for England, "our chief of men".
		That Cromwell erred is not glossed over, as she paints him as he really was, "warts and all", but Antonia Fraser truly captures the Christian heart of the man that is so often neglected by other historians.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0297818155 (1077 words)

	CROMWELL
		She married secondly about a year after her first husband's death, Robert Cromwell of Huntingdon, Esq., by whom she was the mother of the Protector, and who was buried at All Saints, Huntingdon, 24 Jun 1617.
		Cromwell was Member of Parliament for Huntingdon, as was Sir Robert Payne during the same period and for Cambridge in the Long Parliament of 1640.
		During the Civil War Cromwell spent most of his time in the field but he managed to be present at Paliament and where he violently criticized the Bishops and and the Generals, including his own commanding officer, Edward Montagu, Earl of Manchester.
	www.tudorplace.com.ar /CROMWELL.htm (905 words)

	Cromwell News
		For going on 80 years, a select group of Cromwell residents have turned out in all kinds of weather and at all times of the day and night to fight fires.
		CROMWELL, Conn. Ben Curtis and J-L Lewis had matching 6-under 64's to tie for the lead after the first round of the Buick Championship.
		CROMWELL - A statewide effort to make preschool a universal experience is still in its infancy, but state officials have already turned their attention to high school.
	www.topix.net /city/cromwell-ct (1109 words)

	ELY ON-LINE - OLIVER CROMWELL
		Oliver Cromwell was poisoned by his doctor, according to a radical new theory.
		Oliver Cromwell lived for the happiest years of his life in Ely, home of Cromwell's Castle or Ely Cathedral, and Cromwell House, HeadQuarters today of the Ely Tourist Board.
		This long overdue evaluation of Cromwell's campaign in Ireland, published on the 350th anniversary of that campaign, challenges all conventional interpretations...
	www.olivercromwell.com (338 words)

	The Oliver Cromwell website
		Oliver Cromwell was born in Huntingdon on April 25th 1599.
		Whatever position is taken on Cromwell, "Chief of Men" or "Brave Bad Man", his importance as a key figure in one of the most troubled periods of British history is unassailable.
		All material on this site is the copyright of the individual author and or the Association and or the Cromwell Museum,and may not be published elsewhere without permission.
	www.olivercromwell.org (128 words)

	Cromwell in Central Otago, South Island, New Zealand
		Cromwell in Central Otago, South Island, New Zealand
		Cromwell is located in the valley of the Upper Clutha, deep in the heart of the dry interior of Central Otago.
		Cromwell is strategically located for easy day trips to (click here for maps):
	www.cromwell.org.nz (331 words)

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