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	Media Ownership Issues Return to Spotlight
		The last time the agency revisited the ownership rules was in 2003, when it voted 3-2 to raise the national audience cap for television station owners, lessen restrictions on how many radio and television stations a company may own in the same market and allow for cross-ownership of newspapers and broadcast stations in some instances.
		The media ownership issue has not reached the same level interest as it did in 2003, when the FCC was besieged with complaints from media consolidation foes on both the right and the left.
		The ownership rules exist because the broadcast airwaves are owned by the public and the law requires that the public interest be considered in how they are regulated.
	infowars.com /articles/media/media_ownership_issues_return_spotlight.htm (662 words)

	Media Ownership Regulation in Australia
		The purpose of the legislation is to encourage diversity in the ownership of the most influential forms of the commercial media: the daily press and free-to-air television and radio.
		The justification for the rules is that the effective functioning of a democracy requires a diverse ownership of the daily mass media to ensure that public life be reported in a fair and open manner.
		The purpose of the Bill was to remove controls on the foreign ownership of television, to provide for exemptions to the cross-media rules, and to ensure that local news services were maintained in regional areas subject to exemptions from the cross-media rules.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/intguide/SP/Media_Regulation.htm (4352 words)

	Media Cross-Ownership in Canada
		The former rule, which limited ownership of television stations nation-wide to 12 and to 25% of the national audience, has been changed so that there is now no limit on the number of stations and national audience share has been increased to 35%.
		Limit on ownership of two overlapping local radio service licences for owners of local newspapers with market share of 20 % in the coverage area provided one is an AM licence and the other is an FM licence and subject to a public interest test.
		In fact, the situation in Europe, where new proposals for the establishment of maximum ownership levels were being made, the situation elsewhere in the world and the domestic debates as to the effectiveness and relevance of the 1996 legislation have continued.
	www.pch.gc.ca /PROGS/AC-CA/PROGS/ESM-MS/crois7_e.cfm (6326 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Where common ownership was found in the same market, the Commission's authors were of the view that newspaper interests should not be permitted to own a cable outlet, radio or television station if 50% of the population who could receive these stations lived in the area where the newspaper was available.
		On foreign ownership, the very fact the foreign ownership issue is being considered in the context of the Canadian broadcast system is evidence of the extent to which our public agenda is being controlled by the forces of globalization.
		If foreign ownership restrictions were lessened or eliminated, the cost of capital would fall for incumbent broadcasters or, put another way, the value of their assets could rise, which would also increase their stock values.
	www.parl.gc.ca /InfoComDoc/37/2/HERI/Studies/Reports/herirp02/12-Ch11-e.htm (12199 words)

	[No title]
		The newspaper/ broadcast cross- ownership rule, which prohibits the common ownership of a daily newspaper and a broadcast station in the same market, 12 is currently under review in the newspaper/ broadcast cross-ownership proceeding.
		Furthermore, the focus of the biennial review process is whether the ownership rules "are necessary in the public interest as the result of competition." The media attribution limits are set at the level the Commission believes conveys influence over the affairs of the company in which the interest is held.
		The Commission’s decisions in the 1998 Biennial Report relating to the cable/ broadcast cross- ownership rule and the national TV ownership rule were challenged in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
	www.sba.gov /advo/laws/comments/dfcc03_0408.txt (15501 words)

	No. 04-1020: Media Genearl v. FCC - Opposition
		The Commission deems proposed broadcast combinations that violate its ownership limits inconsistent with the public interest, absent a showing that waiver of a rule is warranted in a particular case.
		In response to the decision in Sinclair, the Commission relaxed the local television ownership rule by replacing the "eight-voice" test with a tiered approach in which ownership limits are tied to the number of television stations in the market.
		Although the Fox court vacated the cable-television cross-ownership restriction, it remanded the national television ownership rule without vacating it because the court concluded that the Commission might be able to justify retention of the rule on remand.
	www.usdoj.gov /osg/briefs/2004/0responses/2004-1020.resp.html (6884 words)

	National Association of Broadcasters \| Media Ownership
		Broadcasters are urging the FCC to modernize the local ownership restrictions so that local stations can compete on a level playing field against other media, including large cable systems.
		Local TV ownership or "duopoly" rule: Limits the number of TV stations that any one company can own in a local market, depending on the size of the market (i.e., the number of TV stations in that market).
		Therefore, the FCC is not examining the national TV ownership rule, which prevents a single company from owning TV stations that collectively reach more than a certain percentage of US television households nationwide.
	www.nab.org /AM/Template.cfm?Section=Legislative_and_Regulatory&CONTENTID=7889&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm (385 words)

	Media Cross-Ownership in Canada
		Historically, where transfer of ownership of broadcasting undertakings has been involved, the Canadian approach to maintaining diversity has focussed on examining the licensee's capacity to maintain existing services and on ascertaining that the proposed changes would primarily serve the public interest, something that involved the demonstration of significant benefits.
		While the state is generally recognized as having the necessary legitimacy to intervene and regulate the media sector and the ownership formats of the various outlets to be found there, there are differences of opinion as to the forms that this intervention should take.
		In effect, it seems to them that plurality of ownership contributes to diversity, that these two media continue to be the main sources of information today, and that the new technologies (Internet) are not sufficiently widespread to ensure diversity.
	www.pch.gc.ca /PROGS/AC-CA/PROGS/ESM-MS/CROIS9_E.CFM (3201 words)

	Cross Media Ownership reforms
		The Council agrees that reform of the foreign ownership and cross-media ownership regulations is necessary but foresees considerable and continuing problems if the proposals in the discussion paper on media reform options are adopted.
		The Press Council's position is that the proper ownership regulator is the ACCC using existing legislation, supplemented by a media-specific public interest test and by changes that ensure that the media is regarded as a single market for the purposes of mergers and acquisitions.
		Foreign ownership of Australian media organizations should be permitted, subject to the Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act, and the proviso that Australian content in the media is a key issue in such acquisitions.
	www.presscouncil.org.au /pcsite/fop/fop_subs/cross06.html (1813 words)

	media law
		The Act fundamentally changed broadcast ownership by its re-examine rule every two years, because it gives the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) a chance to repeal or modify any regulation that it determines to be no longer in the public interest.
		Thus, the FCC’s media ownership rules must be reassessed on a continuing basis to make sure that they are grounded in the current realities of the media marketplace.
		Ownership was first limited to a few powerful stations, but the Telecommunications Act of 1996 allowed other companies a chance because of its TV cap based on the reach of the station.
	www.bsu.edu /web/rrpurdie/medialaw.html (1272 words)

	Media Access Project
		The newspaper broadcast cross ownership rule prohibits a newspaper from owning a broadcast station in the same local area and vice versa.
		Congress repealed the national radio ownership cap in 1996, thus, this is the last significant rule promoting diverse national radio ownership, with the exception of the new low power radio service.
		This rule limits ownership to two television stations in same market only if that market has 8 independent voices, and, one of the two stations is not among the top four stations in that market.
	www.mediaaccess.org /programs/diversity/fcc.html (2539 words)

	Local TV: Ownership
		The main trend in television station ownership has been that of a few of companies growing bigger, with the gap in revenue between the biggest and smallest companies growing larger.
		It maintained rules banning ownership of more than one television station in all but the largest markets and, with some exceptions, banning ownership of a television station and a newspaper in the same market (also known as cross-ownership).
		The FCC's vote relaxing ownership rules was thwarted by Congress, and even the FCC came up short of eliminating the federal limit on what percentage of the U.S. population one company could reach with its stations.
	www.stateofthenewsmedia.org /narrative_localtv_ownership.asp?cat=5&media=6 (1409 words)

	cross-media-ownership (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The regulation of cross-media-ownership has to resolve a conflict of interest that is no longer only between the concerns of free competition and diversity, but also the necessity of building the information infrastructure of the future.
		But as the arguments surrounding media ownership regulations in Germany are likely to be similar to those in the USA, one must ask what is to be learned from American regulation.
		In judging the legal control of multimedia ownership, a wide spectrum of goals has to be considered.
	www.digital-law.net /benderdiss/book.html (1058 words)

	Tcom 384:Broadcast Ownership
		Regulation for national television ownership was not modified remaining regulated by the ownership of the number of stations depending on what percentage of the national audience the stations reached.
		The national television ownership rule was modified by raising the maximum percentage of the audience reached from 35% to 45%, which resulted from the U.S. Appeals case Fox Television Stations v.
		The court held that the commission failed to demonstrate that its exclusion of non-broadcast media in the eight voices exception is not arbitrary and capricious and remanded the local television ownership rule to the commission for further consideration.
	www.bsu.edu /web/bvwebb/Tcom_384_Broadcast_Ownership.html (1656 words)

	The Raw Story \| FCC plans relaxation of media ownership rules, watchdogs say
		The "cross ownership" rule, promulgated in 1975, was enacted to ensure media diversity.
		He argued that the ban is unfair to newspaper publishers in light of other communications ownership rules which allow businesses to own two TV stations and up to six radio stations in the same market.
		A recent example in the alternative press — which is not bound by ownership rules — occurred when the Village Voice shut down a paper in Cleveland in exchange for another company killing their paper in L.A., giving both companies a monopoly in their respective markets.
	www.rawstory.com /news/2006/FCC_plans_relaxation_of_media_ownership_0531.html (858 words)

	Kenya: State Rights Body Urges Controls on Media Ownership - Technology - RedOrbit
		Restrictions on cross-media ownership would ensure public life was reported in a "fair and open manner", says the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR).
		The commission's recommendation is welcome news to the government, which has been pushing for a law against cross-media ownership despite opposition from industry players.
		One of the proposals states that "concentration of ownership of print and electronic media in a few hands will be discouraged".
	www.redorbit.com /news/technology/691694/kenya_state_rights_body_urges_controls_on_media_ownership/?source=r_technology (384 words)

	The FCC's Newspaper-broadcast Cross-ownership Rule - EPI Book (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The remainder of this study analyzes the recent history and current status of newspaper and broadcast ownership and concentration, and then goes on to examine the negative implications for the public interest of lifting the ban.
		Such ownership was deemed in the public interest, as it would presumably be closer to local needs and concerns, and thus the station would more adequately reflect and project that community than some absentee-owned operation or central network.
		With this concentration of ownership, decisions of formats were made within the same group, and so the economics of competition disappeared in favor of classic oligopoly - particularly within bigger markets.
	www.epinet.org /content.cfm/books_cross-ownership (5472 words)

	Cross Ownership Rules - House Bill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Current FCC ban on joint ownership of newspapers and TV licenses in same market would be eliminated.
		Moreover, the FCC is given authority to allow ownership of two VHF stations in the same market, if this will not harm competition or diversity of media voices in local market.
		Ban on joint ownership of newspapers and TV licenses in same market would be eliminated.
	www.cptech.org /telecom/croh.html (337 words)

	smh.com.au - The Sydney Morning Herald
		The Howard Government's push to relax media ownership laws was floundering last night as two independent senators indicated they would vote against the changes unless an amendment to the bill was accepted.
		The Howard Government pushed for easier media ownership rules in 1996 but hit the wall in 1997 after encountering opposition from regional members of both coalition parties.
		On the eve of a new round of Senate debate on Australia's cross-media ownership laws, Fred Hilmer, the chief executive of John Fairfax Holdings, has told a New York audience he wants media laws relaxed for the good of the Australian economy.
	www.smh.com.au /specials/crossmedia (692 words)

	FCC head seeks push on cross-ownership ban - Boston.com
		Kevin Martin, the chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, urged newspaper publishers Tuesday to help his agency revive a push to lift a ban on the ownership of both newspapers and broadcasting outlets in the same city.
		Martin, addressing a gathering of publishers at an annual industry convention, said that newspaper owners should do more to educate the public about the vast changes that have occurred in the nation's media marketplace since 1975, when the ban was put in place.
		Consumer groups have opposed the drive to lift the ban on newspaper publishers owning broadcasting outlets, saying it would lead to the further consolidation of media ownership and could reduce the diversity of voices in local media.
	www.boston.com /business/articles/2006/04/04/fcc_head_seeks_push_on_cross_ownership_ban (402 words)

	The Future of Corporate Reform
		A second approach is to establish as a matter of law that certain kinds of cross-industry ownership, vertical integration or conglomeration are impermissible.
		Another sensitive area of the economy which once had extensive limitation on both horizontal ownership and cross-sectoral ownership was telecommunications and the media.
		Both the FCC and U.S. federal regulators in general are increasingly hostile to the idea of regulation to prohibit or tightly regulate cross-industry ownership arrangements.
	www.multinationalmonitor.org /mm2002/02oct-nov/oct-nov02corp3.html (2535 words)

	Poynter Online - FCC Releases Research Related To Cross-Ownership
		The FCC is also asking for feedback on the studies by Dec. 2, as part of the third Biennial Regulatory Review of Broadcast Ownership Rules, which was launched on Sept. 12.
		The objective of the review is to develop ownership rules and policies that reflect and serve the marketplace and are based on empirical evidence.
		The studies were commissioned last November by the Media Ownership Working Group (MOWG), which was created by FCC Chairman Michael K. Powell for the purpose of understanding media ownership issues.
	www.poynter.org /content/content_view.asp?id=7334 (966 words)

	Committee Adopts Stevens Amendment on Media Cross-Ownership (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		State public utility commissions may then recommend to the FCC, on a case-by-case basis, a waiver of cross ownership rules if it finds that cross ownership would enhance local news and information, promote the financial stability of media outlets, or otherwise promote the public interest.
		Upon receipt of a request for a cross ownership waiver by a state public utility commission, the FCC may approve the waiver within 60 days unless there is compelling evidence that approval of the waiver would be contrary to the public interest.
		"Under my amendment, it would be up to state public utility commissions to examine requests for waivers to the cross ownership rule and determine whether it is in the public interest to allow one media outlet to purchase another in order to preserve local programming," said Stevens.
	stevens.senate.gov /pr/2003/june/pr061903a.htm (454 words)

	Help needed to end ban on cross-media ownership: FCC - Boston.com
		The U.S. media industry's top regulator said on Tuesday that newspapers were failing to lend their voices to his drive to relax a decades-old rule barring them from owning broadcast outlets in the same market.
		The public has not been convinced of the need for the change, and if you all are unable to get this done, our prospects of doing so are dim," Martin told newspaper executives at their annual convention.
		Critics of federal rules relaxing ownership of broadcast and newspaper outlets in the same city or market have argued that further concentration in the industry stifles the diversity of viewpoints.
	www.boston.com /news/nation/articles/2006/04/04/help_needed_to_end_ban_on_cross_media_ownership_fcc?mode=PF (503 words)

	CBC News:Canadians benefit from media convergence: execs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		But vice-presidents from the two companies said concentration in media ownership is needed to ensure that Canadian voices can compete in an international media market.
		Journalism professor Marc François Bernier said he's worried about the small number of media companies that are in control, and that journalists are being influenced by the owners' political agendas.
		It wants foreign ownership laws in Canada loosened so that foreign companies can own up to 49 per cent of Canadian companies.
	cbc.ca /stories/2002/11/27/media_ownership021127 (367 words)

	INF: Cross-Database Ownership Chaining Behavior Changes in SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 3
		A cross-database ownership chain works in the same way as ownership chaining in a database, except that an unbroken ownership chain is based on all the object owners being mapped to the same login account.
		Therefore, in a cross-database ownership chain, if the source object in the source database and the target objects in the target databases are owned by the same login account, SQL Server does not check permissions on the target objects.
		Even though Microsoft recommends that you turn off cross-database ownership chaining for maximum security, there are some environments where you can fully trust your highly-privileged users; therefore, you can enable cross database ownership for specific databases to meet the requirements of specific applications.
	support.microsoft.com /kb/810474 (967 words)

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