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Topic: Cross section (geometry)

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Cross section

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	Cydonian Mound Geometry
		The present paper presents a detailed account of the geometric relationships between the mound pentad, the geometry of the tetrahedron, and the geometry of the sqrt2 rectangle.
		This graphically demonstrates the close correspondence between the geometry of the sqrt2 rectangle and the geometry of the tetrahedron.
		When researching the geometry of the rectangle, repeated efforts were made to determine whether the various proportions and ratios generated within the rectangle would yield, in addition, the golden section.
	spsr.utsi.edu /articles/geometry/geometry.htm (3651 words)

	Chapter 2 - Field Observations and Evaluations of Streambed Scour at Bridges - FHWA-RD-03-052 - Hydraulics Engineering ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The cross section should be subdivided into subareas, based on the mode of transport (live bed transport or clear water conditions) and the scour in each subarea computed using the proper equation for the mode of transport.
		Pre-flood and (or) post-flood measurements of uncontracted sections often are used to establish a contraction scour reference surface because of the difficulty in obtaining measurements of the uncontracted sections during a flood.
		A good method for determining the concurrent ambient bed surface is to use a section of the river that has the same general shape as the bridge section (such as the approach, exit, or preconstruction sections), and move that section vertically until it best fits the bridge section, ignoring the scour holes.
	www.fhwa.dot.gov /engineering/hydraulics/pubs/03052/02.cfm (2329 words)

	Section Method (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the physical sciences, the term cross section is used to describe a slice perpendicular to an axis of an object.
		For a solid whose cross sections are the same shape and size, the volume of the solid is computed as the product of the area of the cross section times the height of the object.
		The volume of a general cylinder is the area of the cross section S that is translated times the distance through which the cross section is translated.
	astro.temple.edu /~dhill001/sectionmethod/sectionmethod.html (883 words)

	Chapter 2. Hydraulic Modeling in PHABSIM
		A two-dimensional (width and depth) section derived from measurement of lateral distance and stream bed elevation across a stream channel that is perpendicular to direction of the flow and is synonymous to a transect.
		Equivalent to the mean depth at a cross section; hydraulic depth is derived by dividing the cross sectional area of the flow by the width of the water surface.
		Note that the water surface elevation (or slope) at the downstream-most cross section is a given input to the model and as such, is not part of the actual calibration of WSP for the first cross section.
	www.mesc.usgs.gov /products/Publications/15000/chapter2.html (13508 words)

	Critical Depth Calculations and Bridge Modeling
		The current cross section is an external boundary cross section and critical depth must be determined to ensure the user-entered boundary condition is in the correct flow regime.
		Cross sections are automatically formulated inside the bridge on an as need basis by combining the bridge geometry with the two cross sections that bound the structure.
		The two cross sections inside the bridge are automatically formulated from the cross sections outside the bridge and the bridge geometry.
	www.bossintl.co.uk /html/comparison_of_hec-ras_and_hec-1.html (1756 words)

	Cross section (geometry) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In geometry, a cross section is the intersection of a body in 2-dimensional space with a line, or of a body in 3-dimensional space with a plane, etc. More plainly, when cutting an object into slices one gets many parallel cross sections.
		A cross section is a common method of depicting the internal arrangement of a 3-dimensional object in two dimensions.
		A 3-D view of a beverage-can stove with a cross section in yellow.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cross_section_(geometry) (170 words)

	Cross section - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cross section (geometry), the intersection of a 3-dimensional body with a plane
		Cross section (physics), the likelihood of an interaction event between two particles
		An alternative name for a section of a fiber bundle or a sheaf, in differential and algebraic geometry and topology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cross_section (120 words)

	Scattering Cross Section
		The units of cross section are then area units, but for nuclear scattering the effective area is on the order of the cross sectional area of a nucleus.
		The cross section in barns for alpha scattering above a selected angle is a standard part of the analysis of Rutherford scattering.
		The cross section for scattering at smaller angles will be larger, because the alpha doesn't have to come as close to be scattered through the smaller angle.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nuclear/crosec.html (530 words)

	PHABSIM Laboratory Exercises 1-6
		Examining the longitudinal profile of the water surface elevations and thalweg depths in conjunction with the cross section profiles for these data should indicate cross section 0.0 is a riffle (or channel control) and that cross section 201 is in a pool.
		This requires that the bed geometry elevations and water surface elevations have been measured to a common benchmark or elevation datum (i.e., the cross sections are 'dependent' and connected).
		The Manning's n at the first cross section is changed concurrently with the value at cross section 60.0 since the predicted water surface at cross section 60 is dependent on the initial roughness at the down stream cross section as well as at cross section 60.
	www.mesc.usgs.gov /products/Publications/15000/labs1-6.html (12505 words)

	37. : Control of the Cross Section Geometry of Extruded Dental Porcelain Slurries for Rapid Prototyping Applications
		Abstract This study investigates the dependence of the cross section geometry of extruded dental porcelain slurries on the rheological property of the slurry and the extrusion conditions.
		The cross section geometry of the extrudate is also strongly affected by extrusion parameters including the extrusion nozzle height, nozzle moving speed, and extrusion rate.
		The results obtained have been explained in terms of the interactions among the rheological properties of the slurry, the shear rate imposed on the slurry during extrusion, the wettability of the slurry on the substrate, and the forced flow of the slurry during extrusion.
	home.att.net /~edgrenda2/sf03/sf03_37.htm (276 words)

	cross section lab
		Cross sections also allow for better conceptualization of the 3-D geometry of the structures, and thus aids in understanding the kinematic history of the area.
		A cross section line should be chosen to show a maximum amount of information, i.e.
		The above is a cross section of the north end of the Rio Grande rift in southern Colorado.
	maps.unomaha.edu /maher/GEOL3300/lab/lab4.html (779 words)

	NJDOT - Roadway Design Manual (Customary U.S. Units) - Section 10
		Sections 10.11 and 10.12 of this Manual and the Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual prepared by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) and the New Jersey Department of Agriculture, provide the guidance in the planning and design of these facilities.
		For the purposes of this section, detention facilities are those that are designed to reduce the peak discharge and detain the quantity of runoff required to achieve this objective for a relatively short period of time.
		Bermed sections are designed with a small earth berm at the edge of the shoulder to form a gutter for the conveyance of runoff.
	www.state.nj.us /transportation/eng/documents/RDME/sect10E2001.shtm (8830 words)

	picts.rtf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		These pictures allow the user to determine if the geometry is correctly set up, and also enable COG to check the geometry for errors.
		Geometry errors as simple as typos or as complex as misunderstanding the desired specifications can be detected and corrected before excessive amounts of computer and user time are wasted.
		After the geometry has been thoroughly checked out, these statements can be deactivated (by using the $ comment symbol in front of each line or by moving the whole PICTURE block to follow the END statement).
	www-phys.llnl.gov /N_Div/COG/Manual/Geometry/picts.html (266 words)

	SCAD Structure
		Section Designer is intended for purposes of building any types of compound cross-sections out of steel rolled profiles and plates, and calculating their geometry properties necessary for structural analysis.
		Results of calculating geometry properties can be exported to the Structure CAD analysis pack (version 7.27 and higher) as well as to the KRISTALL system for analyzing and inspecting elements of steel structures (version 2.1 and higher).
		The Section designer is provided with a detailed reference information (help system) which includes descriptions of the user interface and conventions for working with the application.
	www.scadgroup.com /eng/prod_konstruktor.shtml (460 words)

	Griffinstorm.com - City of Griffin, Georgia - Stormwater Department - Floodplain Management
		Delineation of sub-basins was based primarily on major road crossings and confluences of sub-tributaries within the watershed.
		Cross Sections were surveyed approximately every 200 – 400 feet as well as upstream and downstream of every major structure.
		Water surface elevations for the 2-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year frequency floods at the first cross section of the HEC-RAS Model were typically started at normal depth based on slope-area computations of convergent profiles.
	www.griffinstorm.com /SW/FloodplainManagement.htm (1368 words)

	Examples of Prisms
		The cross section of this object is a triangle...
		So the cross section will be a polygon (a straight-edged figure).
		For example, if the cross section was a circle then it would be a cylinder, not a prism.
	www.mathsisfun.com /geometry/prisms.html (179 words)

	Element Cross Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The section is used to represent force-deformation (or resultant stress-strain) relationships at beam-column and plate sample points.
		While there are many types of sections available, the fiber section will be used to define the cross section of the column in the structure under consideration.
		The circular cross section of reinforced concrete will be defined using the patch and layer commands.
	peer.berkeley.edu /~silvia/OpenSees/gettingstarted/1249.htm (513 words)

	HECRAS Enhancements and HECRAS Features
		A constant distance interval from the upstream cross section and a set specific location from the upstream section.
		This was added for those data sets that have the cross sections entered from right to left looking downstream, instead of from left to right.
		These sections are by default a copy of the cross-sections at the upstream and downstream bridge faces.
	www.bossintl.co.uk /html/hec-ras_tech_info.html (1548 words)

	WinXSPRO, A Channel Cross Section Analyzer, User's Manual, Version 3.0
		Cross section input data may be from standard cross section surveys using a rod and level or sag-tape procedures.
		WinXSPRO allows the user to subdivide the channel cross section into multiple sub-sections and has the ability to vary watersurface slopes with discharge to reflect natural conditions.
		Resource specialists can use the estimated stream-channel geometry cross section hydraulic characteristics and sediment transport output to assist with channel design and monitoring, instream flow analysis, the restoration of riparian areas, and the placement of instream structures.
	www.treesearch.fs.fed.us /pubs/8475 (320 words)

	The Systems Realization Laboratory - PARAMETRIC MODELING
		In general, the term parametric geometry refers to a 1-way evaluation of parametric relationships, much like a spreadsheet.
		The underlying mathematics suggests that variational geometry is more general and powerful, but in practice it is the command set in CAD systems that really controls modeling generality and power.
		By carefully laying-out datums and geometry, then constraining them with dimensions and constraints, parametric models can be constructed that enable designers to explore a wide range of product sizes and shapes.
	www.srl.gatech.edu /education/ME6104/notes/ParamModeling.html (1473 words)

	Journal of Environmental Hydrology Abstracts
		The term hydraulic geometry connotes the relationships between the mean cross-section geometry (width, depth, cross-section, meander length), and the hydraulic variables which include the mean slope, mean friction, and mean velocity for a given influx of water and sediment to the channel and the specified channel boundary conditions at any cross-section and downstream.
		To describe its hydraulic geometry, a river reach of 202.5 km from Mosul to Bejee was surveyed using Leopold’s method at maximum, minimum and average discharges.
		The results show that there are different hydraulic geometry characteristics along the river reach with high width to depth ratio, especially at minimum discharges, and this has affected river water temperature.
	www.hydroweb.com /jehabs/alanbariabs.html (236 words)

	CVO Website - Spicer, et.al., 1997, Measuring flood discharge in unstable stream channels using ground-penetrating radar
		Field experiments were conducted to test the ability of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to measure stream-channel cross sections at high flows without the necessity of placing instruments in the water.
		Sequential profiles of channel geometry can help define the active zone of bedload transport (to assist in the design of a sampling program), as well as aid in the indirect computation of bedload transport rates by developing a relation between bedform volume and celerity, and bedload discharge (Mahmood and Mehrdad, 1991).
		GPR is a viable technology for mapping stream-channel cross-section geometry at high flow and computing discharge, particularly under conditions in which conventional methods are either unsafe or inadequate.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Projects/GPRadar/ground_penetrating_radar.html (2716 words)

	Stochastic Variability of Fluvial Hydraulic Geometry: Mississippi and Red Rivers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		More than 1600 surveyed cross sections are analyzed to describe trends in the spatial variance, and gradual (large-scale) and periodic (medium-scale) trends in the spatial mean of cross-sectional geometry parameters and channel bed slope.
		The relationships between spatial statistics of hydraulic geometry and bankfull width, channel sinuosity (meander patterns), bed elevation and riffle-pool spacing, and bank composition are explored.
		Conclusions and implications are discussed regarding the variable nature of fluvial hydraulic geometry and regarding the incorporation of geometric parameter uncertainty into prescriptive models of river processes.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?0201666 (240 words)

	Pro/Clues Digest : The online newsletter for Pro/ENGINEER® users from Pro/E: The Magazine
		The system will then add a cross section to the list with a default name of Xsec0001, and it will be ready to rename the section to that of your choosing.
		Once this is done the section is still highlighted yellow with the cross hatch and the geometry will also be highlighted in red.
		This also helps to remove the geometry in front of the section for measuring purposes so there are not as many edges to click through until you find the cross section entities.
	www.d-digest.com /procluesdigest/v3i1/proclues4.html (528 words)

	Creating a 3D Geometry Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The standard way of creating 3D geometries is to model a cross section in 2D and then use operations such as extrude or revolve to extend it into a 3D geometry object.
		However, using the programming language for creating geometry objects can be useful, for instance, when you need a sequence of commands to compute exact coordinates of geometry objects or, as in this case, to access advanced functionality not yet implemented in the graphical interface.
		The 3D geometry objects in FEMLAB are formed by a set of trimmed and untrimmed rational Bézier surfaces.
	www-math.cudenver.edu /~jmandel/doc/guide/guide51.htm (3465 words)

	Support Forums - Flipping cross section geometry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		There is a command that automatically reverses the order of the cross- sectional geometry.
		I am wondering if there is a way to reverse the channel geometry of a cross section.
		Is there a way to take the data, in GR card format, and basically reverse the orientation of the cross section geometry so that the left bank becomes the right bank and vice versa.
	www.bossintl.com /forums/printthread/threadid/8146.html (143 words)

	AERADE
		ESDU Aero B.S.02.03.02 give curves plotting the wave drag coefficient of circular cross section ducted or pointed forebodies and truncated or pointed afterbodies as a function of freestream Mach number, body length, and minimum and maximum cross-section radii.
		The wave drag of a forebody or afterbody of elliptical cross section is less than for the corresponding body of circular cross section and the same cross-sectional area distribution.
		The largely empirical data are presented in the form of a foredrag coefficient as a function of freestream Mach number (between 1 and 5) and cone semi-vertex angle (between 5 and 60 degrees) for values of blunting ratio, radius of nose blunting to radius of cone, of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0.
	aerade.cranfield.ac.uk /subject-listing/esdu/ES61.html (2860 words)

	Two-dimensional Geometry and the Golden section
		The Golden section squares are shown in red here, the axes in blue and all the points of the squares lie on the green lines, which pass through the origin (0,0).
		Also, because of the properties of the golden section, we can see that the distances measured on the outside of the shell also have increased by Phi and it is often easier to measure this distance on the outside of a shell, as we see in the picture here on the left.
		The Changing Shape of Geometry : Celebrating a Century of Geometry and Geometry Teaching edited by Chris Pritchard, Cambridge, 2003, 557 pages is a collection of many articles from the Mathematical Association's Mathematical Gazette to commemorate 100 years of this interesting journal aimed at school teachers, lecturers and pupils aged 15-20.
	www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk /Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/phi2DGeomTrig.html (8440 words)

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