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Topic: Crossbreeding

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	Canine Information & Articles - Continental Kennel Club
		Crossbreeding is defined as the mating together of parents from different breeds to produce crossbred or hybrid progeny (offspring).
		One of the reasons crossbreeding is used in animals is to combine desirable traits from different breeds in the crossbred progeny.
		Breeds may be selected for use in crossbreeding to combine different traits which are desirable or to moderate the expression of a trait in the crossbred progeny.
	www.continentalkennelclub.com /Articles.aspx?ArticleNum=39 (1085 words)

	Crossbreeding Beef Cattle
		Crossbreeding beef cattle offers two primary advantages relative to the use of only one breed: 1) crossbred animals exhibit heterosis (hybrid vigor), and 2) crossbred animals combine the strengths of the various breeds used to form the cross.
		An ideal crossbreeding program should 1) optimize, but not necessarily maximize, heterosis in both the calf crop and particularly the cow herd, 2) utilize breeds and genetics that fit the feed resources, management, and marketing system of the operation, and 3) be easy to apply and manage.
		Therefore, for a crossbreeding system to be viable, sire selection (both within and between breeds) is critical for maintaining uniformity from one generation to the next, while at the same time taking advantages of the strengths of the various breeds used in the system.
	www.ext.vt.edu /pubs/beef/400-805/400-805.html (3177 words)

	AConceptual FrameworkforEvaluatingCrossbreedingProgrammes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Crossbreeding is associated with the loss of tolerance to disease and stress that is inherent in the indigenous breeds.
		Alternatively, a hypothetical case could be considered, where the crossbreeding is carried out by a few centralised farms, who then sell the resultant crossbreeds and upgrades to the rest of the farmers in their neighbourhoods as replacements, initially of their zebu cattle, and later on the old or previous generations of crosses.
		Crossbreeding programmes must take into account the users resource endowment both in terms of quantity and quality; their knowledge base and abilities, including managerial capacity; and their motivations, including consumption, employment, income, and the cost of using the programme in relation to the net benefits expected.
	www.ilri.cgiar.org /InfoServ/Webpub/Fulldocs/AnGenResCD/docs/CrossbreedCaseStudyKenya/Framework.htm (7232 words)

	Inbreeding, Linebreeding and Crossbreeding
		Crossbreeding may also be used to produce heterosis, the sudden increase in vigor and fertility caused by a sudden increase in heterozygosity.
		Heterosis from crossbreeding often appears as a sudden improvement in physical characteristics, such as size, endurance, disease resistance, etc. New breeds are sometimes established by crossing members of two or more breeds and carefully inbreeding the original crossbred offspring.
		Crossbreeding initiates the desired change, while inbreeding increases the ability of each generation to breed "true to type".
	www.netpets.org /dogs/reference/genetics/inbreeda.html (1428 words)

	Crossbreeding Systems for Beef Cattle
		Ideally, a crossbreeding plan would mix breeds that complement each other; that is, the strong points of one breed may offset the weaker characteristics of another, resulting in more complete, problem-free cattle.
		Crossbreeding is one of the most effective low-input, high-output management practices that a beef cattle producer can adopt.
		Effective crossbreeding is more than simply purchasing a bull of a different breed than the last one that was used, however.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/livestocksystems/DI3926.html (1952 words)

	Crossbreeding Systems For Beef Production
		Crossbreeding achieves a higher frequency of desirable characteristics among crossbreds than that found in either single parent breed.
		However, commercial cattle producers should study crossbreeding systems and evaluate them before deciding which one is suitable for their environment and resources.
		To maximize the benefits of crossbreeding, a strong selection system must be utilized to identify breeding animals with superior genetic merit for heritable, economically important traits.
	www.omafra.gov.on.ca /english/livestock/beef/facts/01-011.htm (2856 words)

	G2040 Crossbreeding Systems for Small Herds of Beef Cattle, MU Extension
		In deciding among crossbreeding systems, primary considerations are sources of replacement females, amount of heterosis expressed by the offspring (individual heterosis), amount of heterosis expressed by the dam (maternal heterosis), possible breed complementation or potential for using specialized sire and dam lines, and management issues.
		Specific crossbreeding systems use a specific pattern of consistently mating a particular breed of bull to a particular breed or breed-cross of cow.
		For long-term success, it is critical to follow through and persistently stick to your plan, and not be persuaded by the temptation of the hottest new breed on the scene in a year-to-year decision mode.
	muextension.missouri.edu /xplor/agguides/ansci/g02040.htm (3585 words)

	Crossbreeding Programs for Beef Cattle in Florida
		Objectives of this bulletin are (1) to discuss the genetic aspects of crossbreeding beef cattle in Florida, (2) to explain how various crossbreeding systems are conducted, together with their respective advantages and disadvantages, and (3) to examine the use of specific breeds that are most appropriate for particular crossbreeding systems and environmental conditions.
		Increase in the performance of animals due to crossbreeding (heterosis) occurs because the purebred breeds that are crossed are inferior in performance due to the effects of inbreeding.
		In a two-breed rotational crossbreeding system, the daughters of one breed (e.g., Angus) are bred to bulls of another breed (e.g., Brahman) and vice versa (daughters of Brahman bulls bred to Angus bulls).
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /AN055 (12963 words)

	Crossbreeding for Profit
		Crossbreeding is the mating of males and females of different breeds or breed types.
		For crossbreeding to be most effective, it is important to identify the strengths and weaknesses of different breeds and to determine the appropriate role of a breed in a crossbreeding program.
		Crossbreeding can also be used to upgrade a flock or herd or to create new breeds.
	www.sheepandgoat.com /articles/crossbreeding.html (686 words)

	Amazon.com: Encyclopaedia Arcane: Crossbreeding - Flesh And Blood: Books: Alejandro Melchor,Larry Elmore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		One way this might have been rectified is by including more grey-lighted narratives of "actual" crossbreeders (such as Waldimer, who has a full page across from the Introduction, but of whom we hear no more, or Sasha, on page 33, whose "successful" experiment on herself doesn't quite satisfy her).
		Another reviewer elsewhere than Amazon has zapped "Crossbreeding" already for a serious editorial gaffe which I must echo: on page 30 an incorrect illustration is used for the "Spidertoad," the new hybrid familiar which is used as an example for a crossbreeding experiment -- our first held-by-the-hand walkthrough of the process.
		I really enjoyed "Crossbreeding." Its rules mechanics were clearcut and easily applicable, its layout was almost uniformly good, and the charts on the inside covers were very useful.
	www.amazon.com /Encyclopaedia-Arcane-Crossbreeding-Flesh-Blood/dp/1903980917 (1580 words)

	Encyclopaedia Arcane: Crossbreeding Review -- March 24, 2003 \| d20 Magazine Rack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Crossbreeding provides rules for player character wizards and NPCs to create magical hybrid creatures by crossing virtually any type of creature (except for constructs and undead) with virtually any other type of creature.
		Crossbreeding provides a step-by-step example for the entire process from start to finish that a wizard could follow to create a new spidertoad familiar.
		There are also advanced crossbreeding techniques, like a reverse hybridizing process, or the multi-stage crossbreed that can be used to create creatures like the chimera.
	www.d20zines.com /v7/node/315 (795 words)

	G2311 Terminal and Rotaterminal Crossbreeding Systems for Pork Producers, MU Extension
		Crossbreeding is a widely established management practice among commercial pork producers.
		Often breeds are included in a crossbreeding program because they are superior for certain traits such as maternal, growth or carcass.
		A rotational crossbreeding program using maternal breeds is conducted on a small (15 to 20 percent) portion of the sow herd to produce replacement gilts.
	muextension.missouri.edu /explore/agguides/ansci/g02311.htm (1499 words)

	Animal Sciences
		A three-breed terminal crossbreeding system uses F1 sows and these are mated to boars from an unrelated breed to maximize individual and maternal heterosis.
		The differences between the two crossbreeding systems for weights of the pigs at birth and 21 days of age or for days to 105 kg were not significant.
		However, it still needs to be determined if the performance advantages of the terminal crossbreeding system are sufficient to project a economic advantage for commercial swine operations that choose this type of crossbreeding system.
	www.ag.auburn.edu /ansc/swinepro/termrota.html (842 words)

	Charolais Society of Australia: Crossbreeding for Profit
		There are a number of advantages in crossbreeding that have driven its uptake to the point where it has been estimated that the majority of the 28 million cattle produced in Australia are crossbred animals.
		Some of the most widely recognised advantages of crossbreeding is that traits from different breeds can be incorporated without having to change breeds entirely.
		For instance, whether you operate a predominately Brahman, Santa Gertrudis or Droughtmaster based herd in the tropics, or a Hereford, Angus or Shorthorn based herd in temperate areas, you are still able to capitalise from Heterosis without changing the breed of cattle that has performed well for you in the past.
	www.charolais.com.au /index.cfm?page_id=1022 (963 words)

	Times Community Newspapers - Crossbreeding: improving generations to come
		Crossbreeding is simply the planned mating of different breeds of cattle, and offers two primary advantages.
		The second advantage to crossbreeding is the ability to combine the strengths of different breeds to optimize the performance of the resulting offspring.
		The cumulative effect that crossbreeding has when several traits are considered is more important than any one particular trait.
	www.zwire.com /site/tab2.cfm?newsid=16498914&BRD=2553&PAG=461&dept_id=506073&rfi=6 (491 words)

	Red Angus Association of America - Crossbreeding Solutions
		Crossbreeding does not replace the need for high quality purebred cattle inputs, and Red Angus is the logical common denominator for any crossbreeding system.
		The quality of progeny from any crossbreeding system will be limited by the relative superiority or inferiority of the sires and dams that produced them.
		The goal of any crossbreeding system is to utilize breeds that complement each other and maintain high levels of heterosis.
	redangus.org /association/crossbreeding (2756 words)

	Crossbreeding
		Crossbreeding occurs when two distinctly different breeds of animals are mated to each other.
		Without a plan on how the crossbreeding will be managed, the flock soon becomes a mix of a bunch of different breeds that are difficult to manage successfully.
		Crossbreeding is a very effective tool and can be used to enhance the efficiency of your operation as long as you have a specific plan.
	www.omafra.gov.on.ca /english/livestock/sheep/facts/xbreed.htm (1243 words)

	Crossbreed - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Crossbreed may also refer to a domestic animal where the breed status of only one parent or grandparent is known.
		Crossbreeding, also known as mixing, refers to the process of breeding such an animal, often with the intention of creating offspring that share the traits of both parent lineages.
		The term is sometimes used for plants but is more commonly applied to domesticated animals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crossbreeding (135 words)

	ATITD Wiki: Crossbreeding
		Crossbreeding is the art of combining traits of 2 parents into a new individual.
		The crossbreeding skill is taught by scientist of the University of Worship.
		The seed gene is located on the right side of the genome, so if you are crossbreeding to increase the number of seeds a flax strain gives it could be wise to use this one on the right splint.
	wiki.atitd.net /tale2-orig/Crossbreeding (864 words)

	www.milkproduction.com Crossbreeding Trials in California
		Crossbreeding results in hybrid vigor, which is the opposite of inbreeding depression.
		The effects of crossbreeding are the exact opposite of the effects of inbreeding.
		Crossbreeding should be of the most benefit when environments are limited and when dairy producers are unable or resistant to keep reliable records on parentage of cows in their herds.
	www.milkproduction.com /Library/Articles/Crossbreeding_Trials_in_California.htm (3424 words)

	Breeding Strategies for Boer Goats
		Crossbreeding is a philosophic and biological opposite to linebreeding, and involves the mating of animals of two different breeds.
		Crossbreeding is a fascinating phenomenon, partly because different things happen depending upon which stage of crossbreeding is considered.
		One outcome of crossbreeding is initial phenomenal results, especially if the parents that are recruited for the crossbreeding are halfway intelligently selected.
	www.jackmauldin.com /management/breeding.htm (1763 words)

	Golden Plains Area Extension Web Site -- Eugene Schmitz -- Crossbreeding Systems for Beef Producers
		Crossbreeding is the mating of two pure breeds of animals.
		While managing crossbreeding systems can be difficult, there are definite gains to be achieved by crossbreeding.
		Direct heterosis is the increase in performance due to crossbreeding in the calf.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/CoopExt/GPA/crossbreeding.html (562 words)

	8. The formation of composite breeds using Sahiwal cattle
		The basic objectives of cattle crossbreeding systems are to take advantage of breed differences in additive genetic merit for specific characters so that performance characteristics are synchronized with adaptability to a given environment and with market requirements, while at the same time making the best use possible of non-additive heterosis effects.
		The second major limitation on the use of breed rotation crossbreeding systems is the fact that a substantial proportion of the world's cattle population is kept in management units which are too small to use crossbreeding systems on a self-contained basis.
		Further, if specific crossbreeding systems are indicated through the use of breeds that excel in either paternal or maternal characters, composite breed formation provides the opportunity to optimize additive genetic composition rapidly for specific role(s) through the choice of foundation breeds that may he specialized for either paternal or maternal use.
	www.fao.org /Wairdocs/ILRI/x5538E/x5538e09.htm (4281 words)

	How Would Your Herd Breed Composition Change With Crossbreeding? (Illini DairyNet)
		Anticipated advantages to crossbreeding dairy cattle are reduced fluid carrier, i mproved fertility and greater productive life.
		Anticipated disadvantages to crossbreeding dairy cattle are potential loss of breed identity, short rather than long-term cure for inbreeding and difficulty to maintain performance with dynamically changing herd composition.
		Using a crossbreeding program does not replace sire selection, which continues to be the most important genetic decision for a producer.
	www.livestocktrail.uiuc.edu /dairynet/paperDisplay.cfm?ContentID=7130 (967 words)

	NALF.org - North American Limousin Foundation
		As a result of the discussion, it was recognized that in addition to using fullblood and purebred Limousin bulls, a growing number of commercial producers are utilizing lower percentage, hybrid bulls to simplify management of crossbreeding.
		In most cases, when compared to using straightbred bulls in rotational crossbreeding systems, use of hybrid bulls offers two advantages 1) hybrid bulls help to simplify management of crossbreeding and grazing systems, and 2) use of hybrid bulls results in less variation of percent blood among animals in a given calf crop.
		Simplification of mating and grazing is achieved through not necessarily having to identify, record parentage and sort cows as specifically into separate breeding pastures matched to the correct breed of service sire to execute the rotation.
	www.nalf.org /whats_new/questions_answers_limplus.html (1154 words)

	3 BREEDING, CROSSBREEDING AND HYBRIDIZING OF YAK
		Crossbreeding among the different types and breeds of yak does not appear to be systematic, but, on theoretical grounds, should be advantageous.
		No systematic crossbreeding appears to be practised among the different breeds or local populations of yak.
		Further support for the potential usefulness of crossbreeding comes from the attention paid more recently to crossing of domestic yak with wild yak and the claims of improved performance from such crossbreeding.
	www.fao.org /docrep/006/ad347e/ad347e07.htm (10275 words)

	Crossbreeding- The Lost Art?: Part 2
		The primary advantages of crossbreeding beef cattle are heterosis (hybrid vigor) and breed complimentarity.
		Since heterosis has its largest impact on reproductive traits which are lowly heritable, a well-designed crossbreeding program offers the opportunity to improve these economically important traits in commercial breeding programs.
		The goal of a crossbreeding program should be to 1) optimize heterosis in both the calf crop and particularly the cow herd (not necessarily maximize heterosis), 2) utilize breeds and genetics that fit the feed resources, management, and marketing system of the operation, and 3) is easy to apply and manage.
	www.ext.vt.edu /news/periodicals/livestock/aps-01_03/aps-0337.html (1484 words)

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