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Topic: Crossed extensor reflex

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Reflex

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	[No title]
		The crossed extensor reflex is a normal spinal mechanism which is inhibited from being demonstrated by the lateral reticulospinal tract.
		The significance of this reflex is similar to that of the crossed extensor reflex.
		Reflexes may be altered by the mental state of the dog, size of the dog, or the disease process.
	neuro.vetmed.ufl.edu /neuro/NExam.htm (6872 words)

	Reflex action Summary
		Crossed extensor reflexes allow the rapid change from flexion to extension in the right leg, an reflex needed to maintain proper balance via inhibition of the right leg flexion muscles and the excitation of the extensor muscles.
		A reflex is considered a "stereotypical" response, in that it is a mechanical response brought about by the stimulation of a particular neuron, resulting in a particular action which is not varied through the voluntary control of the individual.
		An example is the escape reflex (e.g., the sudden withdrawal of a hand in response to a pain stimulus), or the patellar reflex (the jerking of a leg when the kneecap is tapped).
	www.bookrags.com /Reflex_action (2194 words)

	Reflex Encyclopedia Article @ BareHands.com (Bare Hands) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An example is the escape reflex (e.g., the sudden withdrawal of a hand in response to a pain stimulus), or the patellar reflex (the jerking of a leg when the kneecap is tapped).
		Within the spine a reflex arc switches the signals straight back to the muscles of the body (in this case the arm or the leg) (effectors) via an intermediate nerve cell and then a motor nerve cell; contraction of the leg occurs, and the muscle contracts (the arm or leg jerks upwards).
		For a reflex, reaction time or latency is the time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds.
	www.barehands.com /encyclopedia/Reflex (0 words)

	Reflex action - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A reflex action or reflex is a biological control system linking stimulus to response and mediated by a reflex arc.
		For a reflex, reaction time is the time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds.
		A reflex mechanism involves a receptor organ, and effector organ, and some type of communication network.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Reflex (0 words)

	APStracts 9:0033J, 2002. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Crossed extensor reflexes were evoked by stimulation of the tibial nerve at the ankle and recorded from the contralateral tibialis anterior muscle.
		The crossed extensor reflex consisted of three bursts of activity (C1, C2, and C3) of gradually longer latency, lower amplitude and higher threshold in control rats.
		When reflex amplitude was normalized by the CNAP amplitude of the regenerated tibial nerve, components C1 (300-400%) and C2 (150-350%) showed highly increased responses, while C3 was similar to baseline levels.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/2002/jn/March/33j.html (0 words)

	Neuroscience: A Journey Through the Brain - The Major Systems: Motor Systems
		For example, this reflex causes muscles to relax at a certain level of tension in the contractors, preventing overload of the muscle.
		The flexor reflex is used to withdraw your limb from an aversive stimulus.
		The crossed extensor reflex is used to compensate for the extra load imposed by limb withdrawal on anti-gravity muscles, such as those in the leg.
	www.ualberta.ca /~neuro/OnlineIntro/SysMotor.htm (684 words)

	BIOL 237 Class Notes - Reflexes
		A reflex is a direct connection between stimulus and response, which does not require conscious thought.
		The stretch reflex is important in helping to coordinate normal movements in which antagonistic muscles are contracted and relaxed in sequence, and in keeping the muscle from overstretching.
		The crossed extensor reflex is just a withdrawal reflex on one side with the addition of inhibitory pathways needed to maintain balance and coordination.
	webanatomy.net /anatomy/reflexes_notes.htm (590 words)

	[No title]
		Although the phenomenon of inhibition is clearly an important characteristics of somatic reflexes, it doesn't occur peripherally, that is at the level of the effector muscle or gland.
		One reflex ("Reflex A") had its receptors connected to large diameter myelinated afferent nerve fibers, was monosynaptic and sent large diameter myelinated efferent fibers to the organ.
		Your reflex testing shows that when you induce a painful stimulus on her left leg, there is a normal Nociceptor reflex and a normal Crossed Extensor Reflex.
	www.msu.edu /course/psl/431/neurophy/NEURO.05 (0 words)

	The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Reflex activity - The second principal function of the spinal cord is to serve as an integrating center for spinal reflexes; this occurs in the gray matter.
		A reflex arc is the simplest type of pathway; pathways are specific neuronal circuits and thus include at least one synapse.
		The flexor (withdrawal) reflex is ipsilateral and is a protective withdrawal reflex that moves a limb to avoid pain.
	www.qcc.cuny.edu /biologicalsciences/Faculty/cambronero/AP/page15.html (0 words)

	Reflexes
		The patellar or knee-jerk reflex is the most familiar example of a stretch reflex – the sudden jolt to the patellar tendon causes stretching of the quadriceps which in turn causes the stretch reflex reaction of contracting the quads.
		The reflex is also absent in those suffering from chronic diabetes mellitus, neurosyphilis and coma.
		A complex spinal reflex consisting of the withdrawal reflex with a contralateral extensor reflex
	www.xecu.net /kiirenza/anatomy/reflex.htm (0 words)

	Reflex action - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A reflex action is mediated via the reflex arc.
		The resulting stimulus would be transmitted through afferent, or sensory neurons and processed at the lower end of the spinal cord, part of the central nervous system.
		Generally, decreased reflexes indicate a peripheral problem, and lively or exaggerated reflexes a central one.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reflex (567 words)

	litjou.htm
		This activity will describe one procedure for making a stretch reflex model and a modification to expand the stetch reflex model into a crossed extensor reflex.
		The wire for the nerves should be long enough to reach the lumbar area on you or your subject.
		A crossed extensor reflex will be very similar to the stretch reflex.
	www.woodrow.org /teachers/biology/institutes/1996/litjou.html (1021 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Crossed extensor reflex
		The crossed extensor reflex is a withdrawal reflex.
		When the reflex occurs the flexors in the withdrawing limb contract and the extensors relax, while in the other limb the opposite occurs.
		Another example of a crossed extensor reflex is when someone violently grabs your arm, the arm that is grabbed retracts towards the body while the other arm moves towards the attacker for protection.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Crossed_extensor_reflex (152 words)

	Changes in Crossed Spinal Reflexes After Peripheral Nerve Injury and Repair -- Valero-Cabré and Navarro 87 (4): ...
		latency of the reflex responses, we subtracted the latency of
		Holmberg H, and Schouenborg J. Developmental adaptation of withdrawal reflexes to early alteration of peripheral innervation in the rat.
		Woolf CJ, and Sweet J. The cutaneous contribution to the hamstring flexor reflex in the rat: an electrophysiological and anatomical study.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/87/4/1763 (5893 words)

	NeurosurgeryToday.org \| What is Neurosurgery \| Patient Education Materials \| sprain and strain
		Extensor spasticity is an involuntary straightening of the legs.
		Extensor spasticity involves the quadriceps (muscles on the front of the upper leg) and the adductors (inner thigh muscles).
		Some signals may not reach the reflex centers of the brain, or the brain may send too many signals, causing the muscles to not respond properly.
	www.neurosurgerytoday.org /what/patient_e/spasticity_06.asp (1268 words)

	Descending Motor Pathways
		If those neurons die, the muscle fibers in their motor units will be paralyzed, show no reflexes and will atrophy.
		Rubrospinal pathway to regulate tone of flexors in limbs for locomotion and to organize repetitive movements that involve the flexors (e.g.
		UMN also can inhibit stretch reflex to allow movement, so we are not stiff statues.
	www.uni.edu /walsh/MOTOR.htm (759 words)

	Evaluation of the Trunk, Pelvic Limbs, Anus, and Tail - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		This reflex arc includes the afferent cutaneous branches of the lumbar and thoracic spinal nerves, a spinal cord tract that ascends to T2, and the LMN in the lateral thoracic nerve to cutaneous trunci muscles.
		The reflex is used to localize spinal cord lesions between the site of afferent stimulation and T2.
		Spinal reflexes are normal or exaggerated with lesions above the reflex arc and are depressed or absent with lesions at the level of the reflex.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/100108.htm (463 words)

	Degenerative Myelopathy - Testing
		Most cases of DM present as a non-localizing (no pain) upper motor neuronal dysfunction (rear leg reflexes are present to hyperactive) to the rear legs, suggesting the problem is in the white matter of the TL spinal column.
		Knee Jerk Reflex should be examined and evaluated to be either present, non-existent, or exaggerated.
		This is known as the patellar tendon reflex.
	mzjf.com /test.html (1372 words)

	Proprioceptive Control of Extensor Activity during Fictive Scratching and Weight Support Compared to Fictive Locomotion ...
		At rest, extensor group I afferents produce oligosynaptic inhibition of extensor motoneurons.
		We show that the reflex pathways responsible for extensor group I oligosynaptic excitation during fictive locomotion can be
		of extensor activity in a pattern similar to that observed during
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/short/19/24/10966 (498 words)

	Crossed extensor reflex - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		Crossed extensor reflex - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		This involves a withdrawal reflex-the flexors on the withdrawing side are contracting and the extensors are inhibited.
		Think about when you step on a bee-the side with the injury withdraws from the bee, but, fortunately, the extensors on the other leg contract so they can support our body weight.
	www.music.us /education/C/Crossed-extensor-reflex.htm (323 words)

	D1-dopamine receptor agonists prevent and reverse opiate depression of breathing but not antinociception in the cat -- ...
		Opioid arrest of the nociceptive reflex remained intact.
		at the ankle and activate the reflex (30).
		Shock-evoked long latency crossed extensor EMG discharges are abolished by fentanyl and not restored by D
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/289/1/R45 (3963 words)

	Neuro course 2007 Spinal Motor Lecture
		In the ventral horn of the spinal cord, where are motor neurons controlling the hand relative to those controlling the shoulders?
		Where is the cell body for the stretch receptor involved in the monosynaptic reflex?
		The sensitivity for the reflex can be preset by the fusimotor system.
	starklab.slu.edu /neuro/Motor.htm (798 words)

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