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Topic: Crotalinae

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	Crotalinae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Crotalinae are a subfamily of venomous vipers commonly known as pit vipers.
		These snakes are distinguished by their infrared-light-sensing (heat-sensing) pit organs located between the eye and the nostril on either side of the head.
		University of Wales - Viperidae - Crotalinae - 2004 Publications
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crotalinae (913 words)

	Venomous Snake Systematics Updates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Crotalinae - Revision of the Crotalus viridis complex with recognition of seven species; description of Trimeresurus gumprechti and Bothrops alcatraz.
		Crotalinae - Description of Agkistrodon bilineatus lemosespinali; description of genus Bothrocophias and the new species Bothrocophias myersi; Bothrops pradoi synonymised with B.
		Crotalinae - Revisions of Bothriechis schlegelii and Trimeresurus sumatranus; transfer of Mexican fl-tailed pitviper from Porthidium to Ophryacus.
	sbsweb.bangor.ac.uk /%7Ebss166/update.htm (998 words)

	Timber Rattlesnake
		With their large, recurved fangs (capable of injecting a fairly large amount of venom), wide pre-colonial distribution, and their trademark tail appendage, rattlesnakes were viewed with awe, fascination, and loathing; typically a combination of all three emotions.
		It is proposed that the center of origin of the Crotalids (the pit vipers), from Viperid (true vipers) stock, was Eurasian which possibly crossed the Bering land bridge in the Paleocene and Eocene and gave rise to the North American Crotalinae shortly thereafter.
		The Crotalinae are noted for the development of loreal or facial pit organs that function to detect infrared radiation, presumably as an adaptation for efficient hunting of prey, detection of potential predators, and perhaps for other functions.
	www.bio.umass.edu /biology/conn.river/rattlesn.html (1616 words)

	Phylogeny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Advanced thermoreception is found in Pythonidae, which is considered a primitive family, and Crotalinae, a sub-family of the advanced family Viperidae.
		The phylogenetics of the families Pythonidae and Boidae are not well understood, but it seems that thermoreception with free nerve endings near the surface of the skin evolved in Boidae and that speciallized pits were later derived in Pythonidae.
		In Crotalinae, there are two pits, one on each side of the head, between the eye and nostral, occuring on the loreal scales.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /courses/bionb424/students2004/bjp27/phylogeny.htm (346 words)

	ipedia.com: Pit Viper Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Depending on the taxonomist, Pit Vipers may be treated as a subfamily (Crotalinae) of the viper family Viperidae (with "true vipers" or pitless vipers in the subfamily Viperinae), or as a family of their own, Crotalidae.
		These snakes are named after their specialized thermoreceptors, heat-sensitive organss located on the head which take the form of small pits.
		Many young crotalines have brightly coloured tails which contrast dramatically with the rest of their bodies; using worm-like movements, the young snakes may use their tails as a lure.
	www.ipedia.com /pit_viper_1.html (793 words)

	Pit viper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Pit Vipers (sometimes called crotalines) are mostly New World vipers found in North, Central and South America ; a few species are recorded from isolatedareas of Southeast Asia, the Caspian region of Europe, China and Japan.
		Depending on the taxonomist,Pit Vipers may be treated as a subfamily (Crotalinae) of the viper family Viperidae (with "true vipers" or pitless vipers in the subfamily Viperinae), or as a family of their own, Crotalidae.
		These snakes are named after their specialized thermoreceptors, heat -sensitive organs located on the head which take the form of small pits.
	www.therfcc.org /pit-viper-16214.html (723 words)

	Crotalinae2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gutberlet, R.L. and J.A. Campbell, J.A. (2001) Generic recognition for a neglected lineage of South American pitvipers (Squamata: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of a new species from the Colombian Chocó.
		The new species must be regarded as critically endangered due to its small remaining distribution and the lack of adequate protection afforded to its range.
		David, P., N. Vidal and O.S.G. Pauwels (2001) A morphological study of Stejneger's pitviper Trimeresurus stejnegeri (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species from Thailand.
	biology.bangor.ac.uk /~bss166/Updates/Crotalinae2001.htm (1034 words)

	Crotalinae2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Orlov, N. and N. Helfenberger (1997) New mountain species of Trimeresurus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae) of the „green“ pit vipers group from the Himalayas.
		[ Shah´s bamboo pitviper, Trimeresurus karanshahi Orlovand Helfenberger, 1997 – a junior synonym of Trimeresurus tibetanus Huang, 1982 (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with notes on the distribution, biology, and the introduction of new colour varieties from Central-Nepal].
		Lamar and Sasa (2003) described a new species of hognosed pitviper, Porthidium porrasi, from the Peninsula de Osa and themainland on the oppsite side of the Golfo Dulce, on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica.
	sbsweb.bangor.ac.uk /%7Ebss166/Updates/Crotalinae2003.htm (734 words)

	History
		The Crotalinae found in North America is composed of three genera.
		For the purpose of general considerations, the venoms belonging to the genera of the crotalinae, with few exceptions can primarily be considered hematoxic, hemolytic and cytolytic.
		The family Crotalinae are also known as pit vipers.
	serpentoxin.com /venomoussnakesandtheirvenom.htm (960 words)

	Rattlesnake,Reptiles,Amphibians,Rattlesnake Picture Gallery Collection,Rattlesnake Pictures,Encyclopedia,Rattlesnake
		Members of this family with heat-sensing pits are called pit vipers and include the rattlesnakes as well as the copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix, the cottonmouth moccasin, A. piscivorus, the tropical American fer-de-lance, Bothrops atrox, and the Okinawan habu, Trimeresurus flavoviridis.
		The pit vipers are often classified as one of the viper subfamilies, Crotalinae, but some classifications regard the pit vipers as a separate family, the Crotalidae.
		Rattlesnakes comprise two genera: Crotalus, which ranges from Canada into Argentina and contains about 28 species with many varieties, or subspecies; and Sistrurus, which includes the two species of pygmy rattlesnakes and the massasauga, found in the United States and Mexico.
	www.4to40.com /earth/geography/htm/reptilesindex.asp?counter=41 (812 words)

	Pit Viper,Reptiles,Amphibians,Pit Viper Picture Gallery Collection,Pit Viper Pictures,Encyclopedia,Pit Viper
		Terrestrial species are typically stout-bodied and marked with patterns of brown, gray, yellow, pink, or fl; tree-dwelling species are generally more slender in shape and often green in color, with markings of yellow, red, or fl.
		The pit vipers are closely related to the true vipers and are usually classified as a subfamily, Crotalinae, of the viper family, Viperidae; many authorities, however, consider the pit organs--which are lacking in the true vipers--so significant that they regard the pit vipers as a distinct family, Crotalidae.
		The pit organ is located between the nostril and the eye on each side of the head.
	www.4to40.com /earth/geography/htm/reptilesindex.asp?counter=37 (590 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Crotalinae are biomedically important, venomous snakes that are distributed across Asia and western Hemisphere.
		 This paper analyzed the phylogenetic relationships and classification of pit- vipers(Viperidae, Crotalinae, Gloydius) which are distributed in China based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence variations.
		We have sequenced mtDNA cytochrome b gene 789 bp or 744 bp fragment from Gloydius saxatilis (Emelianov), Gloydius shedaoensis (Zhao), Gloydius strauchii (Bedriaga), Gloydius strauchii monticola (Werner), Gloydius ussurriensis (Emelianov), Trimeresurus stejnegeri Schmidt and Gloydius brevicaudus (Stejneger) from two different localities.
	www.actazool.org /paperdetail.asp?id=920&volume=47&number=4&bgpage=361&endpage=366&year=2001&month=8 (245 words)

	webhunt_snakes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		These types of snakes live in what is known as the old world or the continents of Asia, Europe, and India.
		Crotalinae (more commonly known as the Pit Viper) are mostly found in the western continents (old world) and in the eastern continents (new world) which consists of The Americas.
		This breed of snakes are recognized by the rattle on there tail and a "horn" located just above their eyes.
	www.msad54.k12.me.us /MSAD54Pages/SAMS/Oaksite/OakWebhunts/pitvipers/webhunt_snakes.htm (203 words)

	Home Page
		The pitvipers have always been my favorite group of snakes and recently I have taken special interest in the Bothrops genus of the subfamily Crotalinae.
		Currently, this is the group that I would most likely enjoy studying for research.
		Generic Recognition for a Neglected Lineage of South American Pitvipers (Squamata: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the Description of a New Species from the Colombian Choco.
	www.snakeman1982.com /ListBothrops.asp (149 words)

	OSSM Vertebrate Zoology: Class Reptilia
		Subfamily Crotalinae - pit vipers - posses heat-sensitive pits on their heads between the nostrils and eyes:
		Subfamily Crotalinae - pit vipers - (see above) - 12 out of 8000 bites from pit vipers reported yearly in the U.S. result in death
		Family Elapidae - cobras, mambas, and coral snakes; have short permanently erect fangs as opposed to the flexible fangs of vipers; venom must be injected by chewing
	www.ossm.edu /biology/reptilia.htm (1219 words)

	Viperidae: Crotalinae
		Viperidae: Crotalinae after Gutberlet and Harvey, in press (from Gutberlet and Campbell, 2001)
		`--o "South American Crotalinae" --+--o Bothrocophias Gutberlet and Campbell, 2001 [Bothrops, in partim]
		Gutberlet Jr, R. and Campbell, J. Generic recognition for a neglected lineage of South American pitvipers (Squamata: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of a new species from the Colombian Chacó.
	www.fmnh.helsinki.fi /users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Reptilia/lepidosauromorpha/Pythonomorpha/Viperidae/Crotalinae.htm (104 words)

	Crotalinae2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Sometimes some light dorsal scale keels; supralabials uniformly finely stippled, no larger marks; body blotches diffuse.
		Silva, V.X. da (2000) Revisão sistemática do complexo Bothrops neuwiedi (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae).
		els (2004) A review of morphological variation in Trimeresurus popeiorum (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of two new species.
	biology.bangor.ac.uk /%7Ebss166/Updates/Crotalinae2004.htm (1952 words)

	Arch Intern Med -- Abstract: A Randomized Multicenter Trial of Crotalinae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine) Antivenom for ...
		Arch Intern Med -- Abstract: A Randomized Multicenter Trial of Crotalinae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine) Antivenom for the Treatment for Crotaline Snakebite in the United States, September 10, 2001, Dart et al.
		A Randomized Multicenter Trial of Crotalinae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine) Antivenom for the Treatment for Crotaline Snakebite in the United States
		regimens with a new antivenom, Crotalinae polyvalent immune
	archinte.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/abstract/161/16/2030 (352 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Snake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Sea snakes of several different species belong to a group related to the cobras but aquatic rather than land dwelling.
		Subfamilies Crotalinae (Pit Vipers) Viperinae (Vipers) The Viperidae family is made up of two subfamilies: Crotalinae (Pit Vipers) Viperinae (Vipers) Categories: Stub
		Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Snake (1276 words)

	Gattung Vipera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In der Paläarktis leben noch andere Gattungen der Viperinae, nämlich Cerastes, Echis, Eristicophis und Pseudocerastes, sowie zwei Gattungen der Crotalinae, Agkistrodon und Trimeresurus, dazu einige Gattungen der Elapidae.
		Nur eine der Crotalinae oder Grubenottern erreicht knapp Europa: eine Unterart der Halysotter, Agkistrodon halys caraganus.
		Von Europa aus gesehen nimmt die Gattung Vipera die wichtigste Stellung ein.
	www.viperiden.ch /Vipera-Gattung.htm (330 words)

	TAED 3.0
		similar to phospholipase A2 between Crotalinae and Deinagkistrodon acutus from Master Catalog family 8349 (TAED entry)
		similar to phospholipase A2 between Crotalinae and Trimeresurus gramineus from Master Catalog family 8349 (TAED entry)
		similar to phospholipase A2 between Crotalinae and Trimeresurus flavoviridis from Master Catalog family 8349 (TAED entry)
	www.sbc.su.se /~liberles/TAED3.0/lipid_metabolism.html (555 words)

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