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	Croton Aqueduct, New York, United States [Old Croton Aqueduct]
		The Croton Aqueduct, by which the city of New York is supplied with water, was justly regarded at the time of its execution, from 1837 to 1842, as one of the most magnificent works of the kind in modern times (figs.
		Its length from the Croton Lake to the receiving reservoir is 38 1/4 miles.
		It was estimated that the basin above the Croton Dam, 339 square miles in area, would give 300,000,000 gallons per day on the average, if the water could be impounded, and that, therefore, abundant water could be obtained by increasing the number or capacity of the impounding reservoirs.
	www.1902encyclopedia.com /A/AQU/aqueduct-11.html (488 words)

	Aqueduct - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Roman-style aqueducts were used as early as the 7th century BC, when the Assyrians built a limestone aqueduct 30 feet (10 m) high and 900 feet (300 m) long to carry water across a valley to their capital city, Nineveh.
		The longest Roman aqueduct, 87 miles (141 km) in length, was built in the 2nd century AD to supply Carthage in what is now Tunisia.
		The Catskill Aqueduct carries water to New York over a distance of 120 miles (190 km), but it is dwarfed by aqueducts in the far west of the country, most notably the Colorado River Aqueduct, which supplies the Los Angeles area with water from the Colorado River nearly 250 miles (400 km) to the east.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aqueduct (1357 words)

	Friends of the Old Croton Aqueduct
		The Croton Aqueduct is a masonry tunnel that brought New York City its first supply of clean, plentiful water, and thus contributed to its development as a great metropolis.
		The Aqueduct was built in response to the fires and epidemics that repeatedly devastated New York City in the late 1700s and early 1800s, owing in part to its inadequate water supply and contaminated wells.
		Although the Croton Aqueduct was in use until 1955, it was superseded by the New Croton Aqueduct, triple the size, laid further inland, and tunneled deep underground.
	www.aqueduct.org /foca_background.html (734 words)

	Croton - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Croton, common name for a large genus of plants in the spurge family, and for a species of that family.
		During the 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of major changes in technology and infrastructure transformed the city.
		Codiaeum, shrub of the spurge family, known also as garden croton.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Croton.html (110 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: aqueduct @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		AQUEDUCT [aqueduct] [Lat.,=conveyor of water], channel or trough built to convey water, chiefly for providing a densely populated region with a supply of freshwater.
		The flow in aqueducts is ordinarily by means of gravity, although pumps are often used.
		Typical of such use is the aqueduct system for Springfield, Mass., which generates power at the foot of Cobble Mt. in addition to supplying the city with water.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:aqueduct&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (298 words)

	NYC Croton System Filtration
		Approximately 80% of the Croton watershed is suburbanized.
		In its journey to New York City taps, Croton water is withdrawn from the New Croton Reservoir in Westchester County, chlorinated, and sent 25 miles through the New Croton Aqueduct to the Jerome Park Reservoir in the Bronx.
		Since the Croton system is the only other significant water supply for the City, it will be needed on a continuous and reliable basis for many years or even decades, in order to meet the water needs of the City, while the repairs to the other systems are implemented.
	www.waterindustry.org /Water-Facts/Croton-1.htm (8176 words)

	Design Studio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Croton Aqueduct West 119th Street Gatehouse was constructed in 1894-95 by contractor Peter J. Moran for the New York City Department of Public Works, under the supervision of George W. Birdsall, chief engineer of the Croton Aqueduct.
		This gatehouse served the New Croton Aqueduct and was begun in 1884.
		The Croton Aqueduct Gatehouse on 119th was declared a NYC landmark on March 28, 2000.
	www.arch.columbia.edu /nyparis/weblog/arch03 (2691 words)

	maps.html
		It should be noted that the New Croton aqueduct follows a similar path, but is much deeper and thus has very little effect on the surface or surface building, except in the cases of pumping stations.
		When the New Croton Aqueduct was brought online in 1890, it supplied the city with much higher-pressure water than the Old Croton Aqueduct had, as the watershed reservoir for the New Croton was at a slightly higher altitude than the old.
		The waviness of the aqueduct's path between Highbridge and 150th street indicates the waviness of the terrain; in much of this area, the aqueduct was essentially built into the side of the rocky hill that slants down very sharply toward the east river.
	www.undercity.org /stories/croton/maps/maps.html (2091 words)

	Croton Reservoir (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Croton Aqueduct was a large, complicated water system that was engineered between 1837 and 1842 to provide New York City with a steady supply of clean water.
		But the rapid population growth that took place during the nineteenth century was accompanied by a number of terrifying fires that destroyed large parts of the city, whose buildings were mainly made of wood.
		Iron pipe encased in brick masonry was laid from the Croton Dam in northern Westchester County.
	www.nyhistory.org /seneca/croton.html (470 words)

	Aqueducts
		Aqueducts are man-made tunnels that carry water from one place to another.
		Aqueducts have been used for water supply or for transportation from one place to another.
		This aqueduct is 38 miles long and took water from the Croton River to New York City.
	library.thinkquest.org /04apr/00222/text/aqueduct.htm (381 words)

	Preservation Report
		Like the aqueducts of ancient Rome, the Old Croton Aqueduct was designed to rely on gravity, and was built with a constant slope, which it maintains while the terrain around it undulates.
		The Titicus was a precursor of the New Croton Dam.
		The dams of the Croton Watershed and the New Croton Dam, along with the the Jerome Park Reservoir and the New Croton Aqueduct, are architectural siblings.
	www.lehman.cuny.edu /lehman/preservationreport/history.html (8474 words)

	Village of Croton-on-Hudson, NY - About Croton-on-Hudson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A plaque on a rock at Croton Point Park marks the spot where a peace treaty was signed in 1645 between the Dutch and the Kitchawanc, under an old oak tree.
		By the 19th century, farming, shipping, ship-building and flour and brick manufacturing had become the predominant industries, along with work on the railroad and construction of the Croton and New Croton Dams and the New Croton Aqueduct.
		The New Croton Aqueduct was completed in 1890 and the New Croton Dam, designed to meet the ever-increasing demands for fresh water from New York City, was completed in 1907 after 15 years of Construction.
	www.crotononhudson-ny.gov /Public_Documents/CrotonHudsonNY_WebDocs/about (1187 words)

	Search Results for "Croton"
		Croton Aqueduct, (kro´tn) (KEY), 38 mi (61 km) long, SE N.Y., carrying water from the Croton River basin to New York City; built 1837-42.
		croton, in botany, (kro´tn) (KEY), any of several species of Codiaeum that are widely cultivated as ornamentals and houseplants.
		Part of the Old Croton Aqueduct is open to visitors....
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=col65&query=Croton (250 words)

	Croton Dam
		On the Croton River, six miles from its intersection with the Hudson, is the Croton Dam.
		The dam is often referred to as the New Croton Dam, because the original attempts to build it failed disastrously mid-way through construction.
		The New Croton Dam, however, is a grandiose and beautiful monument to the perseverance of the designers.
	www.croton.com /croton-dam.html (95 words)

	Village of Croton-on-Hudson, NY - About Croton-on-Hudson
		Croton itself is believed to be named for the Indian chief of the Kitchawanc tribe, Kenoten, which means "wild wind."
		A plaque on a rock at Croton Point Park marks the spot where a peace treaty was signed in 1645 between the Dutch and the Kitchawanc, under an old oak tree.
		The New Croton Aqueduct was completed in 1890 and the New Croton Dam, designed to meet the ever-increasing demands for fresh water from New York City, was completed in 1907 after 15 years of Construction.
	village.croton-on-hudson.ny.us /Public_Documents/F00010253/OldAboutCroton (1187 words)

	History of the New York Fire Department, Ch. 21, Part III
		About twenty-seven miles of the Croton Aqueduct was completed by May, 1840, and the whole amount expended up to this period was five million four hundred and sixty-five thousand and thirty-six dollars and seventy-one cents.
		The whole amount of expenditure in connection with the building of the Croton Aqueduct from the commencement of the work, say from July, 1835, to August 1, 1842, was seven million six hundred and six thousand two hundred and thirteen dollars and eighty-four cents.
		A boat capable of carrying four persons, called the "Croton Maid," was then placed in the Aqueduct to be carried down by the current, and she completed her singular voyage to the Harlaem River almost simultaneously with the first arrival of the water.
	www.usgennet.org /usa/ny/state/fire/21-30/ch21pt3.html (1865 words)

	The Croton Aqueduct Degrades Water Quality
		The motivation for the construction of a filtration plant for the the Croton system is to improve the taste, color, and odor of the water for the end user.
		The vulnerability of the Croton Aqueduct was highlighted by a recent oil spill reported in the Gannett Suburban Newspapers on December 18, 1996 ("3 Agencies probe oil spill into aqueduct" by Mitch Lipka).
		For each of the seven sites the New Croton Aqueduct is to be rehabilitated from the location of the filtration plant to Jerome Park.
	www.townlink.com /community_web/yorktown/watershed/aqueduct.htm (1057 words)

	aqueduct — FactMonster.com
		The flow in aqueducts is ordinarily by means of gravity, although pumps are often used.
		Aqueducts enable many cities in the United States to obtain water from a considerable distance.
		Typical of such use is the aqueduct system for Springfield, Mass., which generates power at the foot of Cobble Mt. in addition to supplying the city with water.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0804452.html (336 words)

	NYART - Technology in the City Web Exhibit - Utilities
		The Croton Aqueduct, 40.5 miles long, is the first comprehensive water system for New York City.
		Water from the Croton Reservoir in Westchester County flows through a stone and brick tunnel to a holding reservoir located where the Great Lawn in Central Park is today.
		The Croton Aqueduct system is no longer able to be the sole provider of the City’s water supply.
	www.nycarchivists.org /exhibit/uttime.html (560 words)

	History of the Water Supply System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This aqueduct, known today as the Old Croton Aqueduct, had a capacity of about 90 million gallons per day (mgd) and was placed in service in 1842.
		In 1883 a commission was formed to build a second aqueduct from the Croton watershed as well as additional storage reservoirs.
		This aqueduct, known as the New Croton Aqueduct, was under construction from 1885 to 1893 and was placed in service in 1890, while still under construction.
	www.ci.nyc.ny.us /html/dep/html/history.html (813 words)

	Croton Reservoir
		The Croton Dam and Aqueduct system was intended to meet New York City's need for centuries, but quickly proved to be inadequate for the city's rapidly expanding business and residential areas.
		Between 1837 and 1911, ten additional dams were built on the Croton River so that a sufficient amount of water could be impounded to feed the new aqueduct.
		The Old Croton Aqueduct was constructed primarily by an immigrant Irish labor force numbering close to four thousand the workers.
	www.southeastmuseum.org /html/croton_reservoir.html (1244 words)

	Protecting New York City's Drinking Water Sources - 2000 APA Proceedings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Croton water is scheduled to be filtered by 2007 as a result of an EPA Consent Order.
		The 74 mile Catskill Aqueduct has a capacity of 580 mgd and conveys water from Ashokan Reservoir to Kensico, a balancing reservoir, where it is intermingled with water from the Delaware system.
		Croton planning encompasses four objectives: (1) the identification of water quality problems; (2) recommendations to correct water quality problems; (3) a projection of future growth and an identification of community character; and (4) local and regional mechanisms to provide for the maintenance and enhancement of Croton water quality into the future.
	www.asu.edu /caed/proceedings00/PRINCIP/princip.htm (5496 words)

	Painting the Town -- Museum of the City of New York
		The completion of the Croton project in 1842 gave New Yorkers cause for celebration, ranging from parades and fireworks to the composition of a special ode.
		George Templeton Strong recorded in his diary: "There's nothing new in town, except the Croton Water, which is all full of tadpoles and animalcule, and which moreover flows through an aqueduct which I hear was used as a necessary by all the Hibernian vagabonds who worked upon it.
		The reservoirs for Croton water were located at 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue, and between 79th and 86th Street and Fifth and Seventh Avenues.
	www.mcny.org /collections/painting/pttcat20.htm (767 words)

	Croton
		The Croton Aqueduct and the Croton Dam were built in the 1840s to bring water to New York City during a severe shortage.
		Today, the old Croton Aqueduct right-of-way is home to 27 miles of recreational paths collectively known as the Old Croton Aqueduct State Historic Park.
		The southern section of the Croton Aqueduct Trail, based on what I've seen, is apparently Westchester County's "favored child." When I last rode it in 1998, it was much better kept than the northern end, and a trailway information station had opened up along the way.
	www.geocities.com /NYrides/croton.htm (966 words)

	Old Croton Aqueduct State Historic Park
		This hike follows the route of the historic Old Croton Aqueduct from Ossining to Quaker Bridge, continues through parkland in the Village of Croton, and returns via Metro-North train.
		The aqueduct goes across an embankment and crosses North Highland Avenue diagonally to the left (a sign indicates the continuation of the route).
		This is the Croton River Gorge Trail, maintained by the Village of Croton.
	www.nynjtc.org /trails/record/20030417.htm (1129 words)

	The River Hudson. (1859) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Among the gigantic enterprises of modern times, the magnificent Croton Aqueduct, which supplies the City of New York with a never failing stream of pure water, may justly be considered as the finest, both as to cost, and to the magnitude of its public uses.
		The dam on Croton River is 40 feet high, and 166 feet above tide water.
		Through a covered canal strongly built of brick and stone, and 16 tunnels of an aggregate length of 6841 feet, the water is conveyed to Harlem River, which it crosses on the High Bridge, represented in the above engraving.
	digilib.nypl.org /dynaweb/hudson/wwm9814/@Generic__BookTextView/3458 (285 words)

	The Old Croton Trailway
		The Old Croton Trail Way State Park is a 26.2-mile linear trail, which runs parallel to the Hudson River for most of its journey from the New Croton Dam in Cortlandt to the Yonkers-New York City line.
		In 1992, the Greenway Heritage Conservancy granted the Aqueduct National Historic Landmark status by the Secretary of the Interior, and the 22 miles from Quaker Bridge Road in Cortlandt to Lamartine Avenue in Yonkers were designated a segment of the Hudson River Trail for Hudson River Valley.
		Designated by its managers, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, as hiking and cycling trail, the Aqueduct is a recreational and cultural resources appealing as well to a wide range of visitors including joggers, photographers, birdwatchers, naturalists and historians.
	www.mercy.edu /dobbsferry/old_croton_trailway.cfm (724 words)

	NYNJTC: Hike of the Week 5/30/2002
		This hike follows the historic route of the Old Croton Aqueduct, built between 1837 and 1842 to supply water to New York City.
		The level footpath atop the aqueduct tube has for many years been a favorite of walkers, and the aqueduct route became a state park in 1968.
		This one is particularly interesting because it is inscribed with the name of the contractor who built this section of the aqueduct and the date of the construction.
	www.nynjtc.org /trails/record/020530.html (1213 words)

	The Croton Watershed: an Argument for Collaborative Resource Management - doctordeluca.com
		In the late 1890's additional dams and a second Croton Aqueduct were constructed, and capacity increased to almost 400 million gallons a day.
		The original aqueduct served the City continuously until 1955 and it remains operational serving the Town of Ossining.
		For example, the lands comprising the Croton system are approximately 25 percent managed forest, but the EPA considers these in exactly the same way it would if the area was entirely paved.
	www.doctordeluca.com /Library/PublicHealth/CrotonWatershed.htm (1892 words)

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