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Topic: Crotonoideae

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	Origin of the cyathium-bearing Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae): phylogenetic study based on morphological characters
		The pollen grains of Crotonoideae are mostly inaperturate with triangular supratectal elements completely absent in Euphorbieae (Park and Lee, 1988; Nowicke, 1994; Webster, 1994b).
		Ingroup monophyly of Euphorbioideae, as compared to sister groups Crotonoideae and Acalypoideae, is supported by a number of apomorphic characters such as whitish latex, simple trichomes, apetalous flowers, lack of a disk, absence of vascular bundles in the inner integument, and perforate-reticulate pollen exine (Webster, 1994b; Tokuoka and Tobe, 1995).
		Croizat (1938) suggested that the structure of the inflorescence in the Euphorbieae is not fundamentally different from that of the Hippomaneae, except for the position of the axes, because the cyathium of Euphorbieae has resulted from the condensation of the male axis of Hippomaneae.
	ejournal.sinica.edu.tw /bbas/content/2002/1/bot431-06.html (2674 words)

	PBIO 450 Lecture Notes - Rosidae -- Spring 1998
		The remaining subfamilies are Oldfieldioideae (4 tribes), Acalyphoideae Kostel (19 tribes), Crotonoideae Burmeist.
		The flowers in both Acalyphoideae and Crotonoideae are unlike those of Euphorbia (see male and female flowers and fruits), but the genera here tend to be shrubby (or at least large if herbaceous) in the representatives that occur in temperate regions of the world.
		Lactifers are generally absent in Acalyphoideae and generally present in Crotonoideae.
	www.life.umd.edu /emeritus/reveal/pbio/pb450/rosi18.html (799 words)

	Abstracts
		A comparison with subfamilies Crotonoideae and Acalyphoideae and the implications for the circumscription of the Euphorbiaceae
		Data from surveys of the two other subfamilies of the uniovulate euphorbs, Acalyphoideae and Crotonoideae are compared and their relationships are discussed.
		The comparison of Euphorbioideae, Acalyphoideae, and Crotonoideae shows a great anatomical conformity with only a marked difference in the presence of laticifers: scarce in Acalyphoideae and Crotonoideae but nearly always present and often frequent in Euphorbioideae.
	www.kuleuven.ac.be /bio/sys/iawa/abstracts/abs26_1/abs26_11.html (339 words)

	Newsletter4
		The pollen morphology of the Crotonoideae mainly has inaperturate pollen, while the exines are very typical with triangular supratectal elements, a network of muri, and short or irregular columellae.
		The Crotonoideae resemble the family Thymelaeaceae in pollen morphology (see also Seigler).
		The author casts doubt on the monophyletic origin of the Crotonoideae together with the Euphorbioideae, which is based on the presence of nonarticulate laticifers, because the laticifers originate in different parts of the leaf.
	www.nationaalherbarium.nl /euphorbs/Newsletter/Newsletter4.htm (2292 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Chaya and its related species are a group of arborescent (i.e., tree shaped or branching) shrubs of the section Calyptosolen of the genus Cnidoscolus, which is closely related to the more well-known genus Manihot.
		Both of these genera belong to the tribe Manihoteae of the subfamily, Crotonoideae of Euphorbiaceae.
		The authors identify four cultivars of chaya on the basis of morphologic differences: Estrella, Picuda, Chayamansa, and Redonda.
	www.herbalgram.org /tomsofmaine/herbclip/review.asp?i=43697 (958 words)

	Abstract 5839 from Intl. Bot. Congress 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		To date, very few phylogenetic analyses have been done on the Euphorbiaceae family or subfamilies therein.
		We are particularly interested in the placement of Croton within the subfamily Crotonoideae.
		The subfamily Crotonoideae contains 66 genera and is divided into 12 tribes.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/ibc99/ibc/abstracts/listen/abstracts/5839.html (147 words)

	Project Details - Croton Research Network
		Croton belongs to the core Euphorbiaceae in subfamily Crotonoideae, which consists of about 2,400 species in 67 genera and 12 tribes (Webster 1994).
		This involves a particular architecture of the exine, with triangular supratectal subunits, a network of muri, and short or irregular columellae (Punt 1961, Nowicke 1994).
		Furthermore, Croton and all but several early branching lineages in subfamily Crotonoideae share inaperturate pollen, an unusual feature among the angiosperms and a strong synapomorphy for most of the subfamily (Nowicke 1994).
	www.botany.wisc.edu /croton/pages/Projectdetailplan.html (1167 words)

	Wurdack, Kenneth J.* and Mark W. Chase. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Phylogenetic analyses of rbcL and trnL-F (trnL intron + trnL-F spacer) DNA sequence data from over 130 taxa resolved intergeneric relationships and identified potential subfamilial clades, although relationships at the highest levels were unresolved.
		Crotonoideae form 3 unresolved clades including (1) Adenoclineae (with Omphalea), (2) apetalous crotonoids with aperturate pollen and articulated laticifers, and (3) petaliferous crotonoids with inaperturate ‘crotonoid’ pollen.
		Acalyphoideae are paraphyletic with a small group of Euphorbiaceae s.s.
	www.botany2002.org /section12/abstracts/209.shtml (273 words)

	Project Background - Croton Research Network
		However, the tribal and subtribal delimitations within the inaperturate Crotonoideae are avowedly 'soft' (G. Webster, pers.
		For example, Webster (1994) noted that South America Sagotia (placed by him in tribe Codiaeae) is morphologically similar to Croton, and Nowicke (1994) found that pollen of Sagotia racemosa has very large lumina, a character shared only with Croton matourensis among the 69 species of Crotonoideae she sampled.
		Moacroton species have all the main Croton characteristics except for its few stamens with short, erect filaments in bud.
	www.botany.wisc.edu /croton/pages/Projectbackground.html (1887 words)

	Molecular phylogenetic analysis of uniovulate Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto) using plastid RBCL and TRNL-F ...
		(20 tribes, 119 genera), Crotonoideae (12 tribes, 74 genera),
		and Crotonoideae are believed to be paraphyletic (Webster, 1987
		Crotonoideae do not form a supported monophyletic group
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/92/8/1397 (6086 words)

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