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Topic: Crown Corporations

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	Ending Corporate Governance: Revoking Our Plutocracy
		In exchange for the charter, a corporation was obligated to obey all laws, to serve the common good, and to cause no harm.
		Once corporations were legally defined as "natural persons", they automatically were endowed with the same "Bill of Rights" as human beings, and so came to possess and then exploit with devastating consequences, the same "rights" of the freedom of speech, and the ability to participate in elections and lobby elected officials.
		Section 1101, which specifies that corporations that act contrary to the public policy of the state are subject to dissolution.
	www.ratical.org /corporations (2869 words)

	Crown Corporation
		A central rationale of crown corporations is that the commercial activities of government, to be performed successfully, must be shielded from constant government intervention and legislative oversight.
		In Canada, the reform of crown corporations is proceeding along 2 different courses - the establishment of revised regimes of control and accountability and more controversially, "privatization." In 1984 with the passage of Bill C-24, the federal government replaced the 1951 provisions of the FAA with a new legislative framework.
		A related proposition is that many crown corporations have outlived their usefulness as policy instruments and ought to be sold to the private sector.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0002048 (1683 words)

	NEXUS: History of Corporations
		he corporation was invented early in the colonial era as a grant of privilege extended by the Crown to a group of investors, usually to finance a trade expedition.
		Corporate charters set out the specific rights and obligations of the individual corporation, including the amount to be paid to the Crown in return for the privilege granted.
		As the yoke of the Crown corporations was being thrown off, Thomas Jefferson railed against "the general prey of the rich on the poor".
	www.nexusmagazine.com /articles/corporations.html (3787 words)

	Mapleleafweb.com: Crown Corporations in Canada - How Canadian Crown Corporations Work
		Crown corporations are enterprises wholly owned by federal or provincial governments, but they are structured like private or independent enterprises.
		The federal Financial Administration Act (FAA) declares that Crown corporations are "ultimately accountable, through a minister, to Parliament, for the conduct of (their) affairs," often they are not subject to budgetary systems or the direct control of ministers.
		Cabinet also controls the appointments for Crown corporations’ boards of directors and senior officers, a process that is often controversial – and customarily fraught with allegations of political patronage.
	www.mapleleafweb.com /features/general/crown-corporations/how-crown-corp-work.html (591 words)

	Directors of Crown Corporations: An Introductory Guide to Their Roles and Responsibilities - Part 3 of 6 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Each Crown corporation is ultimately accountable, through a minister normally referred to as the responsible minister, to Parliament for the conduct of its affairs.
		Crown corporations operate in many different sectors of the economy, vary greatly in terms of relative size, often serve different public policy purposes, and place different demands on the Crown for financial support.
		Boards of directors of Crown corporations must be sensitive to the mandate of the corporation as expressed in the authorities granted to it by Parliament and to the fact that the corporation is part of the federal government.
	www.tbs-sct.gc.ca /ccpi-pise/ig/2_e.asp (1146 words)

	Office of the Ethics Commissioner / Bureau du commissaire à l'éthique (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Guidelines put into context the principles of corporate governance so that the directors of Crown corporations are able to appreciate their fundamental role in overseeing the direction and management of the corporation in order that it can effectively achieve both its public policy and commercial objectives.
		A Minister's responsibility for other agencies, including Crown corporations, in his or her portfolio is not as direct but the Minister is answerable to Parliament for these agencies and therefore the Forsey convention continues to apply.
		Nonetheless it is essential that the Minister responsible for a Crown corporation have a means of passing on to the corporation, for its appropriate action, the representations or enquiries his or her office have received from Parliamentarians, the offices of other Ministers or, more generally, the public.
	www.parl.gc.ca /oec/en/public_office_holders/references/guidelines.asp (3085 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Crown corporations, in theory, are owned by the Canadian Sovereign, however, this is based on the legal technicality that the Crown, as an institution, owns all the property of government; these corporations do not belong to the Queen personally, but to the governments of the respective jurisdictions over which she reigns.
		Crown corporations operate on a day-to-day basis at arm's length from the government; direct control by government is exerted only over the corporation's budget and the appointment of its chairperson and directors.
		In Canada, Crown corporations are operated both by provincial governments (the Crown-in-Right-of-Ontario, for example) and the federal government (the Crown-in-Right-of-Canada), as a means to pursue economic, social and political objectives.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=crown_corporation (347 words)

	Directors of Crown Corporations: An Introductory Guide to Their Roles and Responsibilities - Part 4 of 6
		The Crown Corporations Directorate (CCD), a joint organization of the Treasury Board Secretariat and the Department of Finance, is responsible for the control and accountability framework prescribed for Crown corporations.
		The CCD assists the corporations to abide by the requirements and the spirit of this prescribed framework by providing advice and by periodically issuing guidelines on topics such as the preparation of corporate plans.
		Each Crown corporation may be required to annually submit a corporate plan, an operating budget, a capital budget, a summary of the plan or budget(s) and a dividend proposal to the appropriate Minister under the provisions of the FAA, Part X, subsections 122(1), 123(1), 124(1), 125(1), and 130.1.
	www.tbs-sct.gc.ca /ccpi-pise/ig/3_e.asp (1633 words)

	2005 Report of the Auditor General of Canada - Status Report - Chapter 7 - Governance of Crown Corporations
		For example, one Crown corporation was in the process of replacing or renewing the appointments of 8 of its 12 directors during 2004.
		In April 2004, the President of the Treasury Board advised individual Crown corporations that their organization was required to follow this process in the future for appointment of the CEO, board of directors, and chairperson, unless the enabling legislation of their organization provided otherwise (see Appendix B).
		Section 131 (2) of the FAA requires boards of Crown corporations to have reasonable assurance that the systems and practices of the corporation safeguard and control the corporation's assets; that the financial, human, and physical resources of the corporation are managed economically and efficiently; and that the operations of the corporation are carried out effectively.
	www.oag-bvg.gc.ca /domino/reports.nsf/html/20050207ce.html (8335 words)

	Ending Corporate Governance: Revoking Our Plutocracy
		Once corporations were legally defined as "natural persons", they automatically were endowed with the same "Bill of Rights" as human beings, and so came to possess and then exploit with devastating consequences, the same "rights" of the freedom of speech, and the ability to participate in elections and lobby elected officials.
		Corporations had limited duration, 10 years, 20 years, 30 years -- they were not given forever, like corporate charters are given today.
		Section 1101, which specifies that corporations that act contrary to the public policy of the state are subject to dissolution.
	www.ratical.com /corporations/index.html (2869 words)

	Dillon: Governments: Crown Corporations
		Crown corporations have independent access to financial markets and can therefore complement private enterprise (for example, in transportation and housing) or operate as a monopoly (for example, in the sale of liquor, electricity, and natural gas).
		Similarly, government policy determines Crown corporation mandates, and policy changes are therefore crucial to the direction a corporation pursues at any given time.
		Dillon has been working with Crown corporations since their inception and we have a strong reputation related to the planning of new facilities and the expansion of existing facilities.
	www.dillon.ca /html/gov_cro.html (363 words)

	BCCLA Position Paper: Legal position of the Crown, 1972
		Finally, there is an extensive study of Crown immunity in tort, the rationale behind the present law, the several different methods of reform, and a study of several areas where the Crown might retain some degree of immunity should its liability in tort be established.
		While it is true that government is perhaps the ultimate corporation in terms of the scope of its activities and the breadth of its interests, this both speaks for and against treating it like a corporation for purposes of discovery.
		Obviously, the Crown could not be equated to an individual in such proceedings but it would certainly not appear to be too troublesome to formulate a set of procedural rules for discovery that would apply specifically to actions against the Crown.
	www.bccla.org /positions/dueprocess/72crown.html (2018 words)

	TIJ Book: Chapter 3
		Crown Investments Corporation (CIC) was a full-service financing centre, within which nearly all financial relationships between the government and its crown corporations were consolidated.
		Decisions concerning crown corporation formation, their mandates, and major investments were made by the cabinet committee, thereby bringing some limited consistency to the actions of the individual crown corporations.
		By 1982 crown corporations were the largest employer in Saskatchewan and CIC was listed as the 14th largest corporation in the Financial Post's list of the top 500 corporations in Canada.
	www.innovation.cc /books/chapter03.htm (2586 words)

	The Crown Corporations Public Review and Accountability Act
		(a) financial statements of the corporation represented to him or to her by an officer of the corporation or in a written report of the auditor of the corporation fairly to reflect the financial condition of the corporation; or
		(b) may appoint persons who are employed by the corporation and who, in the opinion of the minister responsible for the corporation, are qualified to serve as directors, to be members of the board of the corporation.
		24(1) Every corporation shall maintain a record of all complaints received from members of the public, the investigations undertaken by the corporation with respect to each complaint, the ultimate manner of resolution of the complaint and any reasons leading to the corporation's decision to resolve a complaint in a particular manner.
	web2.gov.mb.ca /laws/statutes/ccsm/c336e.php (3278 words)

	Crown Corporations Cost Saskatchewan Dearly
		The Crowns' earnings are equivalent to about $1,890 a year, or $158 a month, for a family of four living in the province from 1991 to 1997.
		The Crown profits come at the expense of farmers, shopkeepers, manufacturers, and everyone else whose income or profit is reduced because of inflated utility bills and their drain on economic activity.
		Defenders of the status quo might argue that the Crown corporations are the goose that laid the golden egg.
	www.taxpayer.com /main/oped.php?oped_id=81 (924 words)

	Law Abstracts Kimuli
		Here the contractual and tortious liability of crown corporations as well as their liability for wrongs committed outside their national jurisdiction are considered.
		Since the crown, as the personification of the state, traditionally enjoys a number of substantive and procedural immunities and privileges, it becomes necessary to determine the extent to which crown corporations partake of those immunities and privileges.
		At the same time there are sound reasons for arguing that crown corporations should be placed in the same position as private corporations, that is, they should not be permitted to shelter behind crown immunities and privileges.
	www.library.ubc.ca /law/abstracts/kimuli.html (403 words)

	Democracy Unlimited of Humboldt County
		These Crown Corporations, also known as colonial corporations, were a tool to export wealth back to the stockholders and the monarch that chartered them.
		These early crown corporations were given the right to levy taxes, wage war, and imprison people all while enjoying a monopoly over trade in the regions where they operated.
		It was clear though that these corporations possessed no rights of their own, but were rather artificial creations of the monarch, that existed for the benefit of the sovereign monarch.
	www.duhc.org /corporateRule.html (241 words)

	certification, CEO/CFO certification, Sarbanes-Oxley, Crown corporations, public sector, government, compliance, ...
		In that report, TBS stated that the government supports the use of a certification regime and will examine, in consultation with Crown corporations, the development of a certification regime that would be applicable to all Crowns.
		So while the specific Crown corporation certification requirements are still to be determined, the TBS report indicated the desire to have the governance system for Crown corporations to be as robust as their private sector counterparts, leading one to believe that similar certification requirements are likely in the future for Canada’s federal Crown corporations.
		On top of that, the TBS report indicated that it felt that Crown corporation accountability would be further enhanced by requiring chairs, on behalf of boards of directors, to certify performance of key responsibilities accorded to them.
	www.deloitte.com /dtt/article/0,1002,sid%253D68725%2526cid%253D95172,00.html (1673 words)

	Crown Corporations and Other Corporate Interests of Canada
		Crown Corporations’ Corporate Holdings presents a listing of parent Crown corporations and their subsidiaries, legal partnerships and associates as of August 31, 2005.
		List of Crown Corporations and Other Corporate Interests of Canada is a compilation of all the organizations that have been referred to in this report, including parent Crown corporations and their subsidiaries, legal partnerships and associates, joint and mixed enterprises, international organizations and shared-governance corporations in which the Government of Canada has an interest.
		Tabling of Crown Corporations Reports in Parliament presents a record of annual reports and summaries of the corporate plans and budgets tabled in Parliament by the responsible ministers.
	www.fedpubs.com /subject/econ/crown.htm (488 words)

	Ottawa Business Journal - Home Page
		Federal Crown corporations will be audited by the Auditor-General and subject to the Freedom of Information Act under reforms announced by Treasury Board President Reg Alcock.
		Commercial Crown corporations like the CBC and Canada Post will be brought under the act once the government works out a way to protect their commercially sensitive information.
		The year-long review concluded the accountability regime at Crown corporations needs to be improved, and their operations made more transparent.
	www.ottawabusinessjournal.com /282641065712258.php (423 words)

	the Role of Government
		Crown corporations are a situation that does not exist in the U.S. The word "crown" refers to the legal fact that the Queen is the head of state in Canada and all government activities are legally done with her approval.
		Crown corporations provide "special services that could not otherwise be made available" because it is considered that
		crown corporations might be expected to handle privacy issues more carefully, especially when dealing with highly confidential matters related to individual citizens
	www.witiger.com /marketing/roleofgovernment.htm (645 words)

	MB Office of the Auditor General - A Review of Crown Corporations Council and Compliance Audits (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Council was established in 1989 in response to a need to strengthen the accountability practices for the Province's crown corporations.
		A crown corporation may be assigned to Council where Government believes that a crown requires some assistance to make it more viable.
		Unlike Council, Saskatchewan's Crown Investment Corporation is a holding company for 10 subsidiary commercial crowns and a portfolio of publicly owned investments, and its board of directors is comprised of Cabinet Ministers.
	www.oag.mb.ca /reports/2004/crown/rev_pt1.htm (1213 words)

	Quebec tightens controls on crown corporations
		Experts in corporate governance yesterday welcomed sweeping reforms designed to tighten the way Quebec's crown corporations operate.
		Allaire, who was among those consulted by provincial Finance Minister Michel Audet when the new rules were drafted, said the government has struck a good balance between stricter controls of the province's 26 corporations and allowing them enough autonomy to operate on their own.
		On Thursday, Audet announced a series of new corporate governance guidelines that he said will reinforce public confidence after a series of scandals, specifically at the Societe des alcools du Quebec.
	www.canada.com /montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=6d502d52-bae4-47f7-8e09-cf837326a78d&k=75612 (491 words)

	Canada NewsWire Group (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The President of the Treasury Board launched the review of Crown corporation governance on February 10, 2004, as one of a series of initiatives to strengthen transparency, accountability and management across the federal public sector.
		The objective at the heart of the review was to improve the effectiveness of the current governance framework, in order to ensure that the programs and services delivered by Crown corporations respond to Canadians' interests and needs, as well as meet Canadians' standards and expectations for ethical conduct and operations for all public institutions.
		In recognition of the specific needs of commercial Crown corporations, and in line with current practice with regard to several organizations, the government will encourage the Auditor General of Canada to work in partnership with private sector auditing firms.
	www.newswire.ca /fgov/en/releases/archive/February2005/17/c5527.html (1202 words)

	Federal Parent Crown Corporations Subject to New Obligations under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act
		The 41 Crown Corporations that will now be subject to the Act represent a broad diversity of commercial and non-commercial interests and activities, with offices and potential projects stretching across Canada, and internationally.
		A regulation to vary the environmental assessment process for Crown corporations involved in providing commercial loans, was published in the Canada Gazette, Part II on May 31, 2006 and also came into effect on June 11.
		For more information on how federal Crown corporations have become subject to the Act and on the regulations, a backgrounder is available on the Agency's Web site.
	news.gc.ca /cfmx/view/en/index.jsp?articleid=219269 (370 words)

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