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Topic: Crown of Charlemagne

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	[No title]
		crowns were of varied forms till heralds devised a regular series to mark the grades of rank, from the imperial crown to the baron's coronet.
		f - imperial crown (charlemagne's) - the crown of charlemagne, which is preserved in the imperial treasury of vienna, is composed of eight plates of gold, four large and four small, connected by hinges.
		g - imperial crown (charlemagne's) h - austrian crown - the austrian crown is a sort of cleft tiara, having in the middle a semicircle of gold supporting a mound and cross; the tiara rests on a circle with pendants like those of a miter.
	www.speakeasy.org /~ecf/crowns.txt (857 words)

	Charlemagne
		Charlemagne had married the daughter of the Lombard king Desiderius in 770 to maintain an alliance with the former enemy of the Franks.
		During Charlemagne's reign, some of these foot soldiers formed the beginnings of the medieval mounted knights and fought from horseback with long swords that were superior to other countries' weapons of the period.
		Charlemagne did not maintain his army full-time; rather, he called his soldiers from their farms and towns on a seasonal basis, usually in the spring, to conduct campaigns lasting three to six months.
	www.carpenoctem.tv /military/charlemagne.html (965 words)

	CROWN - Online Information article about CROWN
		The crown on the effigy of Henry III.
		At the Restoration an endeavour was made to reproduce as well as possible the old crowns and regalia according to their ancient form, and a new crown of St Edward was made on the lines of the old one for the coronation of Charles II.
		Edward's crown " as that with which the late queen was to be crowned, it was actually the state or imperial crown worn by the sovereign when leaving the church after the ceremony that was used.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CRE_DAH/CROWN.html (4060 words)

	crown. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The crown as used in medieval and modern times is an elaboration of the diadem and is generally made of metal, often gold inlaid with precious gems.
		The crown became thoroughly identified with the functions of monarchy, and the term crown is often used in a purely institutional sense, as in crown lands, crown colonies, and crown debt.
		Among famous crowns of historic interest are the Lombard iron crown, kept at Monza, Italy; the crown of Charlemagne, at Vienna, Austria; and the sacred crown of St. Stephen of Hungary.
	www.bartleby.com /65/cr/crown.html (360 words)

	Charles I the Great Charlemagne
		Charlemagne crossed the mountains of the Pyrenees in 778 and reached the River Ebro in northeast Spain.
		Charlemagne's last campaign was against a Danish attack on his northern frontier in 810.
		Charlemagne also took a lively interest in theology, organized the church in his empire, and encouraged missionary work and reform of the monasteries.
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/encyclopedia/article_show/Charlemagne_Charles_I_the_Great_742814_/m0071730.html (782 words)

	Charlemagne information - Search.com
		Charlemagne was the eldest child of Pippin the Short (714 – 24 September 768, reigned from 751) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720 – 12 July 783), daughter of Caribert of Laon and Bertrada of Cologne.
		Thus, Charlemagne's assumption of the title of Augustus, Constantine, and Justinian was not an usurpation in the eyes of the Franks or Italians.
		Charlemagne's marriage and relationship politics and ethics did, however, result in a fairly large number of descendants, all of whom had far better life expectancies than is usually the case for children in that time period.
	www.search.com /reference/Charlemagne (7244 words)

	FREE sms spoofing GATE. Charlemagne
		Charlemagne continued the policy of his father towards the papacy and became its protector, removing the Lombards from power in Italy, and waging war on the Saracens, who menaced his realm from Spain.
		Charlemagne is traditionally believed to have been born on April 2, 742; however, several factors have led to a reconsideration of this date.
		Charlemagne instituted principles for accounting practice by means of the Capitulare de villis of 802, which laid down strict rules for the way in which incomes and expenses were to be recorded.
	www.smsq.pl /wiki.php?title=Charlemagne (8224 words)

	Crown (headgear) Summary
		In the West the Crown of Charlemagne, made for Otto I, founder of the Holy Roman Empire, is octagonal in shape, recalling the walls of Rome and the ramparts of heaven.
		Crowns, often in the form of wreaths, have been awarded to victors in war or contests where the honored hero is identified with a divine patron of the contest or with a warrior god.
		A crown is a symbolic form of headgear worn by a monarch or by a god, for whom the crown is traditionally one of the symbols of power and legitimacy (See Regalia for a broader treatment).
	www.bookrags.com /Crown_(headgear) (1733 words)

	Crown of Charlemagne - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Crown of Charlemagne was the ancient coronation crown of Kings of France.
		The Crown of Charlemagne, like almost all of mediaeval regalia, was destroyed in the French Revolution.
		Only Louis XV's crown, and the mediaeval Joyeuse, the coronation sword of the French kings, the sceptre (so called Hand of Justice), the Ampulla (Sainte Ampoule) and the 14th century sceptre of Charles V survived.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Crown_of_Charlemagne (159 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Crown of Empress Eugenie
		The Crown of Empress Eugénie was the consort crown of Eugénie de Montijo, the empress consort of Emperor Napoleon III of France.
		The crown jewels, or royal regalia, of Norway include nine regalias: The kings crown, the kings sceptre, the kings orb, the queens crown, the queens sceptre, the queens orb, the crown of the crown prince, the sword and the anointing horn.
		A consort crown is a crown worn by the Queen Consort of a kingdom for her coronation or on state occasions.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Crown-of-Empress-Eugenie (1483 words)

	Charlemagne's Biography
		Charlemagne besieged and took Pavia, assumed the crown of Lombardy, confirmed the Donation of Pepin, and accepted the role of protector of the Church in all her temporal powers.
		Charlemagne was profusely generous to the Church; at the same time he made himself her master, and used her doctrines and personnel as instruments of education and government.
		Charlemagne and his advisers conceived of his new authority as a revival of the old imperial power; only with Otto I was the distinctively new character of the regime recognized; and it became “holy”only when Frederick Barbarossa introduced the word sacrum into his title in 1155.
	www.chronique.com /Library/MedHistory/charlemagne.htm (4471 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Crown of Charlemagne
		The Crown of Charlemagne was the ancient coronation crown of Kings of France.
		The Crown of Charlemagne, like almost all of mediaeval regalia, was destroyed in the French Revolution.
		Only Louis XV's crown, and the mediaeval Joyeuse, the coronation sword of the French kings, the sceptre (so called Hand of Justice), the Ampulla (Sainte Ampoule) and the 14th century sceptre of Charles V survived.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Crown-of-Charlemagne (606 words)

	Mr. Dowling's Charlemagne Page
		Charlemagne or Charles the Great, was Charles Martel's grandson and the greatest of the Frankish kings.
		Charlemagne's goal was to unite all of the Germanic tribes into a single Christian kingdom.
		Charlemagne's empire crumbled soon after his death, and the promise of returning the glory of Rome to Western Europe soon faded.
	www.mrdowling.com /703-charlemagne.html (410 words)

	Crown jewels at AllExperts
		Crown jewels are those that belong to the sovereign and pass to the next sovereign to symbolize the right to rule.
		The crown jewels of Ethiopia are in Axum.
		The Romanian Crown Jewels consist of three crowns: the Steel Crown, the Crown of Queen Elisabeta and the Crown of Queen Maria; and two scepters: the Scepter of Ferdinand I and the Scepter of Carol II.They are displayed at The National History Museum of Romania in Bucharest.
	en.allexperts.com /e/c/cr/crown_jewels.htm (2753 words)

	Charlemagne \| King of the Franks \| Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
		In 768, when Charlemagne was 26, he and his younger brother Carloman inherited the kingdom of the Franks.
		Charlemagne is said to have been surprised by the coronation, declaring that he would not have come into the church had he known the pope's plan.
		Charlemagne believed that government should be for the benefit of the governed.
	www2.lucidcafe.com /lucidcafe/library/96apr/Charlemagne.html (871 words)

	ANSTO Service Capabilities.Carbon dating pinpoints age of Charlemagne's Crown (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Iron Crown of the first Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne, is held in the Cathedral at Monza, near Milan, in Italy.
		During the study of the crown, however, it was discovered that its precious stones were held in place by a mixture of beeswax and clay, a common adhesive of the times.
		Charlemagne was crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor, reputedly with the Iron Crown, by Pope Leo III in Rome on Christmas Night, 800 AD.
	www.ansto.gov.au /ansto/capability/cs06.html (492 words)

	Charlemagne, Emperor Of Holy_Roman_Empir, [King of the Fra (02 Apr 0742 - 28 Jan 0814)
		Charlemagne, Emperor Of The Holy Roman Empire, King of the Franks was king of the Franks from AD 768 to 814 and 'Emperor of the Romans' from 800 to 814.
		Charlemagne was the son of Pepin the Short, and the grandson of Charles Martel.
		Charlemagne's greatest contribution was his work as a patron of culture and extender of civilization.
	www.smokykin.com /ged/f001/f98/a0019837.htm (750 words)

	Charlemagne \| King of the Franks \| Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
		In 768, when Charlemagne was 26, he and his younger brother Carloman inherited the kingdom of the Franks.
		Charlemagne is said to have been surprised by the coronation, declaring that he would not have come into the church had he known the pope's plan.
		Charlemagne believed that government should be for the benefit of the governed.
	www.lucidcafe.com /library/96apr/charlemagne.html (827 words)

	Charlemagne in TutorGig Encyclopedia
		The Crown of Charlemagne was the ancient coronation crown of King of France Kings of France.
		Charlemagne to the Mughals is a genealogical route connecting Charlemagne with the Mughal dynasty of India...
		of Giselbrecht of Maasgau and Irmgard, a granddaughter of Charlemagne.
	www.tutorgig.com /es/Charlemagne (733 words)

	The Historical Charlemagne
		Charlemagne was the elder son of Bertrade ("Bertha Greatfoot") and Pepin the Short, first "mayor of the palace" to become king of the Franks.
		Charlemagne had deep sympathy for the peasants and believed that government should be for the benefit of the governed.
		Charlemagne was a tireless reformer who tried to improve his people's lot in many ways.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /santiago/histchrl.html (1184 words)

	Napoleon
		In the centre is the laurel-crowned profile of the emperor, the whole surmounted by the imperial crown.
		Both " Honneurs " of Charlemagne and re-used for the coronation of 2 December, 1804, the hand and sceptre appear (crossed) on the imperial coat of arms.
		The sceptre, the baton of command, sign of sovereign authority, is that of Charlemagne and at the end is mounted a statuette of the first Emperor of the West.
	www.napoleon.org /en/essential_napoleon/symbols (631 words)

	ST. LEO III
		Charlemagne himself came down to Rome in 800 and held a great assembly in St. Peter's.
		Charlemagne ordered the conspirators to be executed, but at the Pope's kind plea, commuted their sentence to exile.
		From Charlemagne the Pope had received a large share of the treasure the Frank had captured from the Avars.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp97.htm (549 words)

	HERNANDO CORTES AND CHARLEMAGNE. Free term papers for college, book reports and research papers. Welcome to Master ...
		Charlemagne or in Latin Carolus Magnus which means Charles the Great (Encarta, Charlemagne, 1) was king of the Franks and emperor of the Romans who led his Frankish armies to victory over many other peoples and nations.
		Charlemagne's main desire was to be the sole ruler of the Frankish kingdom.
		Charlemagne had help from the Lombards, and Cortes from other allies that were enemies of the Aztec, but they both did not have a great number of men to help them do it.
	www.masteressays.com /essay/008035.html (1894 words)

	MapZones.com : France Map
		Charlemagne’s disposition of his empire suggests he was still thinking about it in traditional Frankish terms.
		Charlemagne’s reign quickly became encrusted by legend, which scholars, without denying its very real achievements, are still trying to detach from the reality.
		Charlemagne’s impact on the development of a French national consciousness was limited.
	atlas.mapzones.com /france/france.php (2760 words)

	The Almanach de Holy Roman Empire , The History and Structure of The Holy Roman Empire of The German Nation .
		The Crown of The Holy Roman Empire, also known as The 'Reichskrone' and 'The Crown of Charlemagne ', this ancient Crown is believed to have been made at the Monastery of Reichenau for the Coronation of Emperor Otto I, The Great, in 962.
		Crowned joint king with his father in 1099, he put himself at the head of the party desiring reconciliation with the pope and, with the approval of Pope Paschal II, rebelled (1104) against his father and compelled him to abdicate (1105).
		The emperor was crowned by either the archbishop of Mainz or that of Trier, depending on the diocese in which the ceremony took place (in 1742, the archbishop of Cologne, brother of Emperor Karl VII, officiated with the consent of the archbishop of Mainz).
	www.almanachdeholyromanempire.com (17571 words)

	Charlemagne
		The coronation of Charlemagne in 800 AD Sometime during the course of your life, you have probably heard the name "Charlemagne." Maybe it came up in a high-school history course long forgotten or maybe you heard it while flipping through the many channels of cable television.
		Charlemagne did not receive proper education as a child, which attributed to his life-long battle with illiteracy.
		In 811, Charlemagne began the march to Verden to meet Godefrid, the king of the Norsemen, whose attacks on Charlemagne where a continual pesterence.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /Blair/Courses/MUSL242/f98/charles.htm (1137 words)

	Knighthood, Chivalry & Tournament Glossary of Terms
		Charlemagne's Tree of Shields: A device used in a pas d'armes from which the shields are hung.
		Within the SCA, a court baron is one who is recognized by the Crown for service, it carries with it a patent of arms and admits the honored gentle into the ranks of the nobility without carrying a peerage of knight, laurel or pelican.
		Crown: The diadem or circlet worn by the king or monarch to signify their status, the Crown came to be imbued with a great deal of symbolic power, though the object itself was apparently worn seldom, mostly in court or for state occasions.
	www.chronique.com /Library/Glossaries/glossary-KCT/gloss_c.htm (6657 words)

	ORDER OF THE CROWN
		The emblem of the Order is said to have been made in 962 for the coronation of Otto the Great or for his son Otto II as co-emperor in 967.
		Charlemagne was crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor, reputedly with the Iron Crown, by Pope Leo III in Rome on Christmas Night, 800 AD.
		He lived from 742 to 814 and, as King of the Franks, established and ruled over a kingdom that spanned virtually all the Christian States of Western Europe, including what is now France, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, half of Italy and Germany, part of Austria and a small part of Spain.
	www.charlemagne.org /krsl.html (162 words)

	[No title]
		Charlemagne's system of government divides the vast realm into different regions, ruled by local "counts" who are overseen by representatives of Charlemagne's own court.
		In addition, to aid expansion and administration of the kingdom, Charlemagne promotes, what is called later, the "Carolingian Renaissance." Prior to this revival of learning, practically the entire realm (with the exception of Benedictine England) is illiterate due to the decay of the Roman Empire.
		The poem is set in northern Spain during the reign of Charlemagne and is based on the Roncesvalles massacre of Charlemagne's rearguard.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/mepage.htm (6304 words)

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