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Topic: Crown of Mary of Modena

	Crown of Mary of Modena - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Crown of Mary of Modena was the consort crown of Mary of Modena, Queen Consort of King James II of England (who was also James II of Ireland and James VII of Scotland).
		Mary of Modena's state crown, which was manufacted in 1685 by goldsmith Richard de Beauvoir, was, as was the norm, decorated with hired jewels: 38 very large diamonds, 523 great and small diamonds and 129 large pearls.
		Though not the coronation crown of its original wearer, it was used for the coronation of all subsequent queens consort until 1831, and was worn on occasion by Queens regnant Mary II and Anne, Mary of Modena's step-daughters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crown_of_Mary_of_Modena (471 words)

	Imperial Crown of Brazil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With the addition of this Crown to the Brazilian Imperial Regalia, use of the previous, simpler Crown of Pedro I was abandoned.
		The design of the Crown of Dom Pedro II also replaced the design of the older diadem in flag and coat of arms of the Brazilian Empire, thus making the new Crown the official imperial Crown of the State.
		The Crown of Dom Pedro II was built by the goldsmith Carlos Martin in Rio de Janeiro, and was first exhibited to the public on July 8, 1841, just days before the new monarch's Coronation that took place on July 18 of the same year.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Brazil (599 words)

	Mary II of England - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Mary II (30 April 1662–28 December 1694) reigned as Queen of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689 until her death, and as Queen of Scotland (as Mary II of Scotland) from 11 April 1689 until her death.
		Mary, born in London, was the eldest daughter of James, Duke of York (the future James II of England) and of his first wife, the Lady Anne Hyde.
		Mary's uncle was King Charles II; her maternal grandfather, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, served for a lengthy period as Charles's chief advisor.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/Mary_II_of_England (1584 words)

	Britannia: Monarchs of Britain
		Mary II, born in 1662, was the daughter of James II and Anne Hyde.
		William III (William of Orange), born in 1650, was the son of William, Prince of Orange, and Mary Stuart (daughter of Charles I).
		The crown was to pass to the descendants of Sophia, granddaughter of James I and niece of Charles I, who had married into the German Protestant House of Hanover.
	www.britannia.com /history/monarchs/mon51.html (810 words)

	Queen Anne
		She was brought up, together with her sister Mary, by the direction of Charles II, as a strict Protestant, and as a child she made the friendship of Sarah Jennings (afterwards duchess of Marlborough), thus beginning life under the two influences which were to prove the most powerful in her future career.
		Like Mary, she was reproached for showing no concern at the news of the king's flight, but her justification was that "she never loved to do anything that looked like an affected constraint." She returned to London on the 19th of December, when she was at once visited by William.
		She wore mourning for her father in 1701, and before his death James is said to have written to his daughter asking for her protection for his family; but the recognition of his son by Louis XIV as king of England effectually prevented any good offices to which her feelings might have inclined her.
	www.nndb.com /people/402/000093123 (3004 words)

	Monarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In an absolute monarchy, the Monarch has power over every aspect of the state, if not of social life in general, and a constitution may be granted or withdrawn, while a constitutional monarch is subject to it as well as any citizen (though it may grant him such priviliges as inviolability).
		The most famous example of this was general Napoleon Bonaparte who created himself Emperor of France (formerly a kingdom) after legally assuming political control of the French Republic as First Consul for life; a blatant imitation of his empire was that of Bokassa I in the very poor Central African Empire.
		Also, Yuan Shikai crowned himself emperor of the short-lived "Empire of China", after Republic of China was founded the few years ago.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Monarchy (2495 words)

	MARY OF LORRAINE (1515... - Online Information article about MARY OF LORRAINE (1515... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Greenwich, and guaranteed that Mary should be placed in Henry's keeping when she was ten years old.
		Mary, with the assistance of a French contingent, began to fortify Leith.
		The strength of her opponents was increased by the defection of Chatelherault and his son Arran; and an even more serious danger was the treachery of her secretary Maitland, who betrayed her plans to the lords of the Congregation.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /MAR_MEC/MARY_OF_LORRAINE_1515_1560_.html (2015 words)

	Tower of London: Britain's Heritage and History
		This crown was created for James II's consort, Mary of Modena, to wear at their coronation in 1685.
		The crown was set with hired jewels for the coronation and the jewels were later replaced with imitations when it was displayed in the jewel house.
		A diadem was also created and it was this that Mary wore during the procession to Westminster Abbey where she was crowned with a coronation crown and finally invested with a third, "Rich Crown" for the closing procession.
	www.camelotintl.com /tower_site/jewels/mary_crown_1685.html (145 words)

	English Monarchs - Kings and Queens of England - James II. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Mary Beatrice was the daughter of Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena and Laura Martinozzi, the niece of Cardinal Mazarin.
		They were disappointed when Queen Mary of Modena announced she was pregnant and most Protestant Englishmen prayed fervently that it would be a daughter, who would not replace the Princess Mary in the succession.
		Mary of Modena was delivered of a son, christened James Francis Edward, James II now had an heir, who would be brought up a Catholic and who would continue his policies.
	www.englishmonarchs.co.uk /stuart_4.htm (1363 words)

	Osmanlı Tarihi Kültürü Medeniyeti Edebiyatı Sanatı
		Luckily the imperial crown was spared the fate of many other crowns and not broken up after the death of the emperor in 1612.
		Eight diamonds decorate the crown: eight is a holy number referring to the octagonal body of the imperial crown; the diamond is a symbol of Christ.
		The crown is comprised of two main parts: a broad circlet with a wreath of fleurs-de-lis and a closed, spherical helmet rising from it.
	www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com /wiki/Austrian_Crown_Jewels_.html (2134 words)

	FRANCIA
		Mary's husband, however, the Emperor Maximillian of Hapsburg, was going to contest this.
		Louis's sister Marie married into the House of Foix and Navarre, but then his brilliant nephew, Gaston de Foix, was killed in what was actually a French victory at Ravenna in 1512.
		This is to indicate that Napoleon was crowned by the Pope (Pius VII), as with the Mediaeval Emperors, but with the irregularity that it was not in Rome and, well, Napoleon actually took the crown out of the Pope's hands and crowned himself.
	www.friesian.com /francia.htm (14323 words)

	Crown of Queen Mary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Weighing 1lb 7oz and including over 2000 diamonds, this crown was made by Garrard for Queen Mary in 1911 for her coronation as consort to King George V. Queen Mary presented it to the Crown Collection in 1914 with the intention of it being the crown of future Queen Consorts.
		This required a new crown to be made for Queen Elizabeth, Queen Consort of George VI (later to become Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother).
		Queen Mary's crown was originally set with the Koh-i-Noor diamond in the centre front cross, Cullinan III in the top cross and Cullinan IV in the front of the band.
	www.crownminiatures.com /crownofqueenmary.html (422 words)

	The Divine Right of Kings
		In the 1560s, Mary Queen of Scots was deposed by Calvinist rebels, whose actions were explained and justified by the poet and historian, George Buchanan.
		Mary fled to England and plotted with English Catholics to overthrow the government of Elizabeth I until she was executed in 1587 for her involvement in the Babington Plot.
		James II's daughter Mary married her cousin (son of the Mary pictured here) William of Orange who seized the throne from James II; but it was George I, a grandson of James I's daughter Elizabeth, who succeeded (after the death of another daughter of James II, Anne) and founded the House of Hanover.
	history.wisc.edu /sommerville/367/367-04.htm (2419 words)

	Papal Coronation - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Papal Coronation was a six-hour ceremony in which a new pope was crowned as head of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City (and before 1870, head of state of the Papal States).
		In 1800 Pope Pius VII was crowned in the crowded church of the Benedictine island monastery of San Giorgio, after his late predecessor had been forced into temporary exile during Napoleon Bonaparte's capture of Rome.
		the new pontiff is to be crowned by the senior cardinal deacon.
	www.biocrawler.com /w/index.php/Papal_Coronation (897 words)

	Crown Jewels / Kronjuwelen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		With its border of precious stones, the diadem, "headband" in classical Greek, became the symbol of power and authority in the Orient; the crown was developed from this in Byzantium.
		The English queens - and also kings - wore it as a headdress on their way to the coronation before they received the actual "coronation crown", which itself was once again exchanged for a "state crown" before the monarch left the Abbey.
		The Modena Diadem was altered a number of times and was used by all the subsequent queens up to and including Queen Adelaide (William IV's coronation in 1831).
	park.org /Germany/Hannover/Kronjuwelen/Text_Krone2_engl.html (194 words)

	The Coronets of Members of the Royal Family and of the Peerage
		The Prince of Wales's crown or coronet of 1728 was made for Frederick Louis, used in 1729 when he took his place in the House of Lords, where it was placed in front of him on a cushion.
		Made of gold, the crown weights approximately 1 lb 14 oz, and has a single arch which is said to have been taken from the coronation crown of Mary of Modena.
		It was used by the late Duke of Windsor for the coronation of King George V (and worn with the robes of a Knight of the Garter), and was sent to the Jewel House after his death in 1972.
	www.geocities.com /noelcox/coronets.htm (2397 words)

	Crown Jewels in 1:12 Scale
		Made of platinum, set entirely with diamonds, this beautiful crown was made for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, when she was crowned Queen Consort to George VI in 1937.
		This was her "State Crown," and wass designed to sit on the top of the high hairstyles of the period.
		This diadem was made for Queen Mary of Modena, second wife of King James II, to wear in the procession through the Abbey before her coronation in 1685.
	www.c-we.com /wild.orchid/crowns.htm (874 words)

	boys clothing: British royalty Queen Mary II Mary Stuart William and Mary
		Mary Stuart was the daughter of James II and Anne Hyde.
		Mary Stuart was the daughter of King James II and Anne Hyde.
		Mary's uncle Charles II insisted she marry William of Orange to help sunstantiate an alliance with the Dutch who were also opposing Louis XIV's expanonist policies.
	histclo.com /royal/eng/royal-em2.htm (1808 words)

	AllRefer.com - Glorious Revolution (British And Irish History) - Encyclopedia
		Glorious Revolution, in English history, the events of 1688–89 that resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of William III and Mary II to the English throne.
		The last course was decided upon, and early in 1689 William and Mary accepted the invitation of Parliament to rule as joint sovereigns.
		The royal power to suspend and dispense with law was abolished, and the crown was forbidden to levy taxation or maintain a standing army in peacetime without parliamentary consent.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/Glorious.html (538 words)

	United Kingdom Hotel Reviews and Travel information: The British Crown Jewels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Crown Jewels which are used today in Coronations and other ceremonial events in the United Kingdom are the regalia which have been used by English kings and queens since 1660 or earlier.
		New sets of regalia had to be made in 1685 for James II's queen, Mary of Modena (the first queen consort to be crowned since the Restoration) and for Mary II in 1689 when she was crowned with her husband William III (as queen in her own right).
		From the reign of Anne (crowned in 1702) until the early twentieth century, it was quite usual for the regalia to be set with jewels hired for the coronation only.
	uk-hotels.blogspot.com /2006/01/british-crown-jewels.html (1150 words)

	[No title]
		That a certain dispensing power belonged to the Crown was a proposition sanctioned by authorities and precedents of which even Whig lawyers could not speak without respect; but as to the precise extent of this power hardly any two jurists were agreed; and every attempt to frame a definition had failed.
		Mary was probably sensible that she had made a mistake in addressing herself to one who was merely a passive instrument in the hands of others.
		But Mary, though she seems to have borne no malice to Anne, undoubtedly felt against Lady Marlborough as much resentment as a very gentle heart is capable of feeling.
	yarchive.net /macaulay/history/chapter_XV.html (21128 words)

	The Open Door Web Site : History : The "Glorious Revolution" of 1688
		The overthrow of James II in 1688 was the second time in the 17th century that a Stuart king had lost his crown.
		Mary was married to the Dutch Protestant prince, William of Orange.
		These envoys learned that William of Orange and his wife, Mary, would be prepared, if necessary, to lead an armed force to England to place the Protestant princess on the throne, if a suitable invitation from men of influence was sent.
	www.saburchill.com /history/chapters/chap4013.html (893 words)

	Jan. 28 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Mary, James' daughter, was the wife of William of Orange, a Protestant and the son of another Mary, James' sister.
		In any case, the crown was offered to his daughter by an earlier marriage and her solidly Protestant husband.
		William and Mary died without producing an heir, whereupon the crown passed to yet another female monarch, Queen Anne, Mary's sister (and thus, of course, James' daughter from the first marriage).
	www.stolaf.edu /people/carringt/30-230/jan28.htm (440 words)

	English Monarchs - Kings and Queens of England - James Francis Edward Stuart. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The birth of a son, christened James Francis Edward, on 10th June, 1688, to James II and his Italian wife, Mary Beatrice of Modena, marked a crisis in the reign of his father.
		In June, 1692, Mary of Modena gave birth to another child whilst in exile, Louisa Maria Theresa, whom James nick-named his "solace".
		Mary went on to write 'he gave you his last blessing and prayed to God to convert your heart and confirm you in the resolution of repairing to his son the wrongs done to himself '.
	www.englishmonarchs.co.uk /stuart_10.htm (1424 words)

	The Crown Jewels - Famous Jewels & Gems Series - 1Earth Jewelry and Appraisals Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Imperial State Crown was originally made for Queen Victoria's coronation in 1838 and was remade for George VI in 1937.
		A white enamel dove with outstretched wings stands on a golden cross, the gold staff of the Scepter is richly enamelled and jewelled, the golden orb is surrounded by a diamond studded girdle.
		Those of Queen Victoria and King George V may be seen in the collection of the Crown Jewels at the Tower of London.
	www.1earth.com.au /jewelry/crownjewels/crown_jewels.html (600 words)

	BBC - Radio 4 - This Sceptred Isle - The Return to War
		The Tories wanted Mary to rule as regent on James II's behalf but James's escape amounted to abdication and since nobody believed that his son was legitimate, indeed was even of royal blood, Mary was the only heir.
		Mary II Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland 1689-1694
		The Declaration of Rights excluded any king or queen "that is, are or shall be reconciled to, or shall hold communion with, the see or church of Rome." No Catholic could be monarch.
	www.bbc.co.uk /radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/82.shtml?question=82 (271 words)

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