Crown of St. Stephen

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	ljonn.com
		In Hungary, that relic is the Crown of St. Stephen.
		Stephen's crown ceremony was held on the first day of the new millenium, signifying the establishment of the new nation of Hungary at the start of a new age.
		The official policy regarding the Crown of St. Stephen was abandoned by Carter at the urging of his secretary of state, Cyrus Vance.
	www.ljonn.com /cyrus.html (407 words)

	crown on Encyclopedia.com
		Among famous crowns of historic interest are the Lombard iron crown, kept at Monza, Italy; the crown of Charlemagne, at Vienna, Austria; and the sacred crown of St. Stephen of Hungary.
		The three-month old son of Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary of Denmark is christened by bishop Erik Normanprince's eight godfathers and godmothers are (from left): Crown Princess Mary's sister Jane Stephens, Crown Prince Frederik
		The crown became thoroughly identified with the functions of monarchy, and the term crown is often used in a purely institutional sense, as in crown lands, crown colonies, and crown debt.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/c1/crown.asp (1212 words)

	St. Catherine of Sienna
		Stephen, from that time, looked upon as dust all that he had formerly most passionately loved and pursued; and he testified of himself, that by her presence, and much more by her zealous discourses, he always found the divine love vehemently kindled in his breast, and his contempt of all earthly things increased.
		She had many disciples: among others, Stephen, son of Conrad, a senator of Sienna.
		From her life by Raymund of Capua, her confessor, afterwards general of the Dominicans; also by Stephen; prior of the Carthusians, near Pavia, who had intimately known the saint, and from other contemporary Authors.
	www.ewtn.com /library/MARY/CSIENA.htm (3291 words)

	HUNGARY - LoveToKnow Article on HUNGARY
		As the grandson of St Ladislaus, Manuel had Hungarian blood in his veins; his court was the ready and constant refuge of the numerous Magyar malcontents, and he aimed not so much at the conquest as at the suzerainty of Hungary, by placing one of his Magyar kinsmen on the throne of St Stephen..
		Stephen contrived to hold his own by adroitly contracting an alliance with the powerful Neapolitan Angevins who had the ear of the pope; but Ladislaus (q.v.) l~ndof the was so completely caught in the toils of the KUmanians, D~sty.
		Stephen Bathry, voivode of Transylvania and count of the Szeklers, for instance, ruled Transylvania like a Turkish pasha, and threatened to behead all who dared to complain of his exactions; Stinking carrion, he said, was better than living Szeklers.
	3.1911encyclopedia.org /H/HU/HUNGARY.htm (19543 words)

	St. Stephen and Hungary
		In 995, Stephen married Gisela, a sister of Duke Henry of Bavaria, the future Emperor St. Henry II, and in 997 succeeded to the throne of Hungary.
		Stephen's feast is officially on September 2, but in Hungary his chief festival is observed on 20 August, the day on which his relics were transferred to Buda.
		Stephen was even the subject of a famous rock opera which debuted at the National Theatre in Budapest in 1985, István, a Király - Stephen, the King, by Levente Szörényi and János Bródy, based on the drama entitled „Ezredforduló” by Miklós Boldizsár.
	www.jcu.edu /language/hunghemu/szt-istvan.html (497 words)

	St. Stephen
		Stephen died on the feast of the Assumption, 1038.
		Stephen straightway had a number of the Magyars hanged along the frontier, as a warning that well-intentioned strangers must not be molested.
		Stephen met the insurgents himself, having prepared for battle by fasting, almsdeeds, and prayer, and invoking the aid of St. Martin of Tours, whom he had chosen as his patron.
	www.ewtn.com /library/MARY/STEPHEN.htm (1880 words)

	Introduction to Hungarian Philately: Hungarian Stamps
		St. Stephen's son, Emery, (Imre, Emerich (1007-1031) or St. Emery the Saint of Youth) and the latter's tutor, the Italian St. Gellert or Gerhardt, are shown.
		Stephen, born 975, died 1038, became King of Hungary in 997; in order to make Hungary a Christian nation and to establish himself as a ruler, he sent Abbot Astricus to Rome to petition Pope Sylvester II for royal dignity and for power to establish episcopal sees.
		Stephen was the son of Geza, Duke of Hungary, and Carlotta, one of the few Magyar Christian ladies.
	www.hungarianphilately.org /intro_stamps/Intro_Hungarian_Stamps_2.htm (3913 words)

	St. Stephen (Hungarian) Parish
		Stephen finished building St. Martin’s Monastery (Pannonhalma), begun by his father, inaugurated widespread reforms, including a new legal code and a reorganization of the government in the kingdom, ruled wisely, and was very generous to the poor.
		Stephen died at Szekesfehervar, Hungary, on August 15, and was canonized by Pope Gregory VII in 1083, when his relics were enshrined at the Church of Our Lady in Buda.
		St. Stephen's Mission was established when Father Policheck of Holy Name Church secured a cottage, which had been used by a Reformed Protestant Congregation.
	www.olrdayton.com /vm/index.asp?vm_id=19&art_id=19054 (653 words)

	Stephen Dabiša - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the Contract of Đakovice, made in 1393 with Hungarian king Sigismund, he again acknowledged the supremacy of the Crown of St. Stephen, and agreed to be succeeded by Sigismund if he died with no direct successors.
		Translation of the first 2 lines: "In the name of the father son and holy ghost amen, I Stefan Dabisa, by the grace of God, King of Serbs, Bosnia, the Sea Coast, the Land of Hum, the Lowlands, Western Lands, Usora, Soli and the Podrinje"[1].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stefan_Dabisa (175 words)

	The Crown of St. Stephen.
		Whether this secret robbery of the crown, and coronation by stealth, was wise or just on the mother's part is a question not easy of answer–though of course she deemed it her duty to do her utmost for her child's rights.
		The crown was in the vaults of the strong Castle of Plintenburg, also called Vissegrad, which stands upon a bend of the Danube, about twelve miles from the twin cities of Buda and Pesth.
		No prince had a right to their allegiance unless he had been crowned with St. Stephen's Crown; but if he had once worn that sacred circle, he thenceforth was held as the only lawful monarch, unless he should flagrantly violate the Constitution.
	digital.library.upenn.edu /women/yonge/deeds/crown.html (2039 words)

	STEPHEN I
		On Christmas Day in the year 1000 he was anointed king of Hungary and is said to have received the famous crown of St.Stephen from Pope Sylvester II.
		Stephen, a member of the Magyar Arpad dynasty, united the princes of Hungary and became thus the founder of the Hungarian state.
		Saint Stephen I was the first king of Hungary.
	www.hyperhistory.com /online_n2/people_n2/ppersons4_n2/stephen1.html (59 words)

	Bocskay, Stephen on Encyclopedia.com
		Stephen was recognized as prince of Transylvania but died soon afterward, perhaps by poisoning.
		Stephen then acknowledged Sultan Ahmed I as his suzerain, but refused his offer of recognition as king of Hungary.
		BOCSKAY, STEPHEN [Bocskay, Stephen], 1557-1606, Hungarian noble, voivode [governor] (1604-6) and prince (1605-6) of Transylvania.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/B/Bocskay.asp (247 words)

	PanEuropean 366th Magyar sUB
		The Korona Or (Crown Guard) were an elite cadre responsible for guarding initially the King of Hungary, and in the post-royalty era the symbol of Hungary's rulers, the Crown of St. Stephen.
		This is in fact a combination of two crowns, the first of which was presented in 1000 AD by Pope Sylvester II to Stephen, second Christian Duke and first King of Hungary, and the second crown which was presented in 1076 by the Greek emperor to Geysa, King of Hungary.
		While Hungary is no longer a kingdom and has no royalty under PanEuropean rule, the crown is still a dear symbol to the people of Hungary, and the most elite regiment is still referred to as the Guard of the Crown of St. Stephen.
	www.bastet.org /~whiterat/magyar.html (236 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hungary
		The Kingdom of Hungary, or "Realm of the Crown of St. Stephen", situated between 14º 25' and 26º 25' E. longitude, and between 44º 10' and 49º 35' N. latitude, includes, besides Hungary Proper and Transylvania, the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and a territory known as the Military Frontier.
		Stephen's victory was also followed by the coming of large numbers of German, French, and Italian ecclesiastics to Hungary, which greatly aided the spread of Christianity.
		This right was, indeed, not put into documentary form, but Stephen Werböczi, in his collection of the Hungarian laws, "Opus Tripartitum juris consuetudinarii regni Hungariæ", asserted that this right was conceded to the King of Hungary at the Council of Constance, and Cardinal Peter Pázmány also referred to it at a later date.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07547a.htm (12377 words)

	Central Europe Review - Hungary: The Holy Crown
		The Crown soon became the focal point of struggles for the throne because it was bound to the Crown Lands of St Stephen (pre-Trianon Hungary).
		The Holy Crown was sent to Szent István (St Stephen) by Pope Sylvester II (or, some say, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Otto III) in the year 1000.
		Charles Robert had to be crowned three times because it was not until he was crowned with St Stephen's Crown, in 1310, that the coronation was seen as legally binding.
	www.ce-review.org /00/1/nemes1.html (1266 words)

	Chapter Steadfast <i>to</i> Sterling of S by Brewer's Readers Handbook
		If Hungarian independence should ever be secured through the help of prince Napoleon, the prince himself should accept the crown of St. Stephen.—Kossuth: Memoirs of My Exile, 1880.
		STEPHEN, one of the attendants of sir Reginald Front de Bœuf (a follower of prince John).
		He is especially struck with captain Bobadil, and tries to imitate his “dainty oaths.” Master Stephen has no notion of honesty and high-mindedness: thus he steals Down-right’s cloak, which had been accidentally dropped, declares he bought it, and then that he found it.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/174/1129/15012/2.html (493 words)

	The Annotated "St. Stephen"
		Stephen (from the Greek for 'crown') was a Hellenist, one of the Greek-speaking Jews of the Diaspora...." He was the first ordained by the Apostles as one of seven deacons.
		A very interesting discussion regarding the possible identity of St. Stephen as Stephen Gaskin is to be found on the "Deadlit" conference, topic 84, on the WELL.
		A deconstruction of "Saint Stephen" by Dave Blackburn.
	arts.ucsc.edu /gdead/agdl/stephen.html (1670 words)

	[No title]
		Believed to be the crown of the first Hungarian king, Saint Stephen I. this crown was pawned or lost, stolen or seized, stashed or rescued and was kept in more royal courts, towns, castles and citadels than any other nation's coronation jewel.
		THE CROWN OF SAINT STEPHEN I. There is no other nation in the world, who would keep in such a high reverence, have such a high respect for, love
		The ultimate power is not that of the king but the crown's and, for example, if a dynasty died out, their land did not return to the king (where it came from) but to the crown.
	brysonburke.com /royals_hungary.html (2553 words)

	August 16 Saint
		This treasure became known as the crown of St. Stephen.
		The secret of St. Stephen's amazing success in leading his people to the Christian faith was his devotion to Mary.
		When he became a Christian at the age of ten, he was given the name of Stephen.
	www.tntt.org /vni/tlieu/saints/St0816.htm (349 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Stephen
		Stephen's answer (Acts 7) was a long recital of the mercies of God towards Israel during its long history and of the ungratefulness by which, throughout, Israel repaid these mercies.
		Stephen was arrested, not without some violence it seems (the Greek word synerpasan implies so much), and dragged before the Sanhedrin, where he was accused of saying that "Jesus of Nazareth shall destroy this place [the temple], and shall change the traditions which Moses delivered unto us" (vi, 12 14).
		Stephen's stoning does not appear in the narrative of the Acts as a deed of mob violence; it must have been looked upon by those who took part in it as the carrying out of the law.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14286b.htm (961 words)

	Hungary - Coat of Arms
		The crown on the Hungarian arms is the Crown of St. Stephen, an actual crown that was used to crown the Hungarian kings.
		The Szent Korona (Holy Crown) seems to be considered a symbol of the continuing sovereignty of the 1,000 year old Hungarian state, transcending questions of the form of government, and is thus a "crown of sovereignty" in the same manner as San Marino's.
		The crown and other crown jewels were then kept in the United States, and some repairs even done to them, until 1978, when Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, at the behest of President Carter, ceremoniously returned them to Hungary.
	www.fotw.net /Flags/hu).html (5107 words)

	HUNGARY - Hungarian Online Resources (Magyar Online Forrás)
		St Stephen was indeed the founder and architect of the independent realm of Hungary.
		St Stephen was equally energetic in dealing with secular matters, dividing Hungary into Counties - governed by royal officials, not feudal counts - that disregarded clan boundaries, and organizing defensive fortifications around the country's borders, also entrusted to royal officials.
		ST STEPHEN OF HUNGARY (A.D. The people whom we call Magyars came into the country of Hungary during the last years of the ninth century, settling in the land around the Danube from several districts to the east of it, under the general leadership of a chief called Arpad.
	hungaria.org /hal/hungary/index.php?halid=14&menuid=236 (2300 words)

	Reagalia
		Until 1918 the crown of Hungarian queens (early 19th c.) was kept in the Treasury at Vienna from where it was removed in 1918 by King Charles IV (Emperor Charles I of Austria) and taken to his Swiss exile.
		On the back of the crown is a mount similar to that of the Pantocrator, depicting the Byzantine Emperor Michael VII Ducas, and beneath him, in squares fixed to the band, are two lesser mortals, his youthful co-emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitos, and King Geza I of Hungary.
		Later, during a power struggle for the throne in 1440, the crown was stolen by King Albert's widow, Queen Elizabeth, who was pregnant and trying to stave off the possibility of Wladyslaw of Poland being crowned King of Hungary lest she should bear a son.
	homepage.mac.com /crowns/h/avreg.html (2203 words)

	CALIFORNIA - Hungarian Communities
		The next panel shows the head of St. Stephen, the first king of Hungary; two smaller medallions in the upper corners depict the head of Gisella, the wife of St. Stephen, and of Imre, their son.
		The carvings on the middle panel are grouped around the winged head of a seraph, and represent a composite of the decorations on the sarcophagus of St. Stephen, the first king of Hungary.
		In 1981, Father Benedict Horvath, O. Praem the parish priest of St. Stephen's Catholic Church, ordered a new pulpit from the Master Carver Béla Ferencz; he started hereby the complete renovation of the sanctuary of the church.
	www3.sympatico.ca /bozoki/_A7A-E.html (862 words)

	Nemzeti Múzeum (Hungarian National Museum) Museum/Attraction Review Budapest Frommers.com
		The museum's main attraction is the replica of the so-called crown of St. Stephen (King Stephen ruled 1000-38).
		Few Hungarians would assert, however, that the two-tiered crown on display ever actually rested on Stephen's head: Its lower part was evidently a gift to King Géza I (1074-77), and its upper part was built for Stephen V, who reigned almost 250 years after the first Stephen's death.
		In 1978 former U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance ceremoniously returned the crown to Hungary from the United States, where it had been stored since the end of World War II.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/budapest/A25870.html (355 words)

	Habsburg egg
		The right head is wearing the Holy Crown of St Stephen, presented to the Hungarian king of that name by the Pope in the year 1000.
		On the crown of the egg is the sun-like symbol of the Smithsonian Institution, and on the bottom is the artist's signature.
		Physical possession of that crown has historically been the constitutional deed to Hungary, a kingdom whose rulers were elected by the nobility.
	home.earthlink.net /~stanzegel/webdocs/essays/habegg.htm (1083 words)

	The Holy Crown of Hungary
		The surviving crown dates from later in the 11th century, but throughout ther Middle Ages it was regarded as the Crown of Saint Stephen.
		Perhaps the most recognized medieval object from Hungary is the Holy Crown of Hungary, commonly known as the Crown of Saint Stephen.
		On January 1st, 2000, the Holy Crown of Hungary was moved to the building of the Hungarian Parliament from the Hungarian National Museum.
	home.hu.inter.net /~jekely/crown.htm (439 words)

	Croatia - Historical Military Flags
		Obverse: in the centre of the field the coat of arms of the Hungarian crown lands surmounted by the Crown of St Stephen; the coat of arms is held by two angels.
		Reverse: in the centre of the field the embroidered initials of the ruler FJ I (Francis Joseph I), surmounted by the Hungarian crown.
		Above the shield, in the red was the ancient crown of the Croatian Kingdom (Crown of King Zvonimir), since Italy appointed its own "king" of Croatia.
	www.fotw.net /flags/hr^hist.html (2036 words)

	History of HUNGARY
		The story of Sylvester II sending a special crown for his coronation is a later legend.
		And Stephen's canonization in 1083, less than half a century after his death, testifies to his stature among his contemporaries.
		In his long reign Stephen transforms Hungary from a cattle-breeding, tribal and largely pagan community to an agricultural, feudal and Christian state.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab87 (819 words)

	BBC News EUROPE Hungary hails national symbol
		But opposition politicians criticised the ceremony as a glorification of the Middle Ages and said that the crown was a symbol of a Christian kingdom and belonged to a museum, not to the parliament of a republic.
		As the crown, accompanied by an orb and sceptre, was placed in the Cupola Hall, Mr Orban told parliament that it was "a living symbol of the Hungarian state, manifesting the unity of the nation."
		In a move marking the 1000th anniversary of the founding of the Hungarian state, troops in ceremonial uniform carried the crown in a glass case through the capital to the majestic turn-of-the century Parliament building.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/587191.stm (421 words)

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