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Topic: Cruciate ligaments

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	Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture - Overview, Incidence & Causes - AnimalHealthChannel
		Cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCL) is the tearing of an important ligament in the stifle joint (knee), resulting in partial or complete joint instability, pain, and lameness.
		Four major ligaments (dense bands of fiber) support and stabilize the stifle joint by connecting the femur to the tibia and the joint capsule to the bones.
		Acute rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) is caused by sudden, severe twisting of the ligament.
	www.animalhealthchannel.com /ccl (588 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		As the stifle is extended, the cruciate ligaments "untwist" and therefore have no individual effect in limiting external rotation of the tibia.(4) While the cruciate ligaments are considered dynamic structures for stability during stifle motion, the menisci are also dynamic and provide stability during the flexion-extension and rotatory movements of the joint.
		As the stifle is flexed, the menisci slide caudally on the tibial plateau (Fig.
		The caudal cruciate ligament is attached to a fossa on the ventral aspect of the lateral side of the medial femoral condyle (Fig.
	cal.vet.upenn.edu /saortho/chapter_80/80mast.txt (6118 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The cranial cruciate ligament is attached to a fossa on the caudal aspect of the medial side of the lateral femoral condyle (Fig.
		The cruciate ligaments function as constraints of joint motion.(4) Specifically, the cranial cruciate ligament functions to prevent cranial displacement of the tibia on the femur, limit excessive internal rotation of the tibia on the femur by twisting on the caudal cruciate ligament, and prevent hyperextension of the stifle joint.
		A tibial tunnel is drilled from the medial border of the tibial crest obliquely upward to the tibial insertion of the cranial cruciate ligament.
	cal.vet.upenn.edu /saortho/chapter_80/80mast.htm (8877 words)

	Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
		Injury to the cruciate ligaments of the knee is sometimes referred to as a "sprain." The anterior cruciate ligament is most often stretched, torn, or both by a sudden twisting motion (for example, when the feet are planted one way and the knees are turned another way).
		The posterior cruciate ligament is most often injured by a direct impact, such as in an automobile accident or football tackle.
		The surgeon may reattach the torn ends of the ligament or reconstruct the torn ligament by using a piece (graft) of healthy ligament from the patient (autograft) or from a cadaver (allograft).
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/926051361.html (393 words)

	Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Treatment and Rehabilitation
		The knee is stabilized by four main ligaments,: 2 collateral ligaments (medial and lateral) and 2 cruciate ligaments both anterior (front) and posterior (back).
		The cruciate ligaments attach to the femur (thigh bone) and travel within knee joint to the upper surface of the tibia (shin bone).
		Both ligaments are vital for the stability of the knee particularly in sports that require a lot of twisting and changing of direction such football and rugby.
	www.sportsinjuryclinic.net /cybertherapist/front/knee/anteriorcruciate.htm (1013 words)

	Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture
		The biomechanics of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament coincide with the functions of the ligament, which acts as a constraint against one bone (the tibia) moving forward on the other (the femur).
		The ligament also ruptures if the knee is hit from the front (as when a football player is hit from the front or when a dog steps in a hole and catches its foot or when he/she falls forward when jumping).
		Intracapsular techniques generally utilize a graft from an adjacent tissue in the knee to replace the anterior cruciate ligament and are located within the joint capsule.
	devinefarm.net /rp/cruciate.htm (761 words)

	Southern California Veterinary Surgical Group - Anterior Cruciate Rupture
		The biomechanics of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament coincide with the functions of the ligament, which acts as a constraint against the bone (the tibia) moving forward on the other (the femur).
		The ligament also ruptures if the knee is hit from the front (as when a football player is hit from the front or when a dog steps in a hole and catches its foot or when jumping).
		Intracapsular techniques generally utilize a graft from an adjacent tissue in the knee to replace the anterior cruciate ligament and are located within the joint capsule.
	www.artreality.com /portfolio/wdwork/vet/anteriorcruciaterupture.htm (745 words)

	University of Liverpool (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The cranial cruciate ligament is very commonly injured in dogs and this causes instability of the knee and may lead to other problems such as meniscal (cartilage) injury and osteoarthritis.
		The cruciate ligament seems to weaken gradually in dogs, particularly in some larger breeds, and this means that the cruciate ligament may eventually rupture even during normal activity.
		Rupture of the cruciate ligament may occur suddenly or gradually and this can be reflected in the appearance of the signs of the condition which include lameness and stiffness of the knee.
	pcwww.liv.ac.uk /sah/conditions/cruciate.htm (941 words)

	A sensory role for the cruciate ligaments - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		The cruciate ligaments accommodate morphologically different sensory nerve endings (Ruffini endings, Pacinian corpuscles, Golgi tendon organlike endings, and free nerve endings) with different capabilities of providing the central nervous system with information not only about noxious and chemical events but also about characteristics of movements and position-related stretches of these ligaments.
		As the activity in the primary muscle spindle afferents modifies the stiffness in the muscles, the cruciate ligament receptors, via the gamma-muscle-spindle system, may participate in the regulation and preprogramming of the muscular stiffness around the knee joint and thereby of the knee joint stiffness.
		Thus, the sensory system of the cruciate ligaments is able to significantly contribute to the functional stability of the knee joint.
	www.wheelessonline.com /ortho/a_sensory_role_for_the_cruciate_ligaments (231 words)

	Patient Education
		The cruciate ligaments are located inside the knee joint and connect the thighbone (femur) to the shinbone (tibia).
		The cruciate ligament located toward the front of the knee is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and the one located toward the rear of the knee is called the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).
		The posterior cruciate ligament, or PCL, is not injured as frequently as the ACL.
	www.alphamedical.com /patient_education.htm (948 words)

	Cruciate Ligaments of the Knee
		The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee prevents the tibia from sliding upon the femur by acting like a tether or rein.
		Treatment of partial ligament tears include a brief period of rest (24-72 hours), the use of anti-inflammatory medication, compression bandages, elevation and ice in an effort to reduce swelling.
		The reconstructed ligament itself takes up to a year to fully heal, but a patient can gradually return to weight bearing and athletic activity as he or she progresses through the rehabilitation program.
	www.centrahealth.com /services/joint_ency_cruciate.aspx (356 words)

	Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair - Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention
		The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the main stabilizing ligaments in the knee.
		Ligaments are strong, leather-like fibers of connective tissue that enclose a joint.
		Most ligament tears are caused by severe forces, but the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) may be damaged by moderate forces such as landing from a jump.
	www.healthscout.com /ency/412/604/main.html (571 words)

	BBC SPORT \| Health & Fitness \| What is a cruciate ligament?
		There are four main ligaments in the knee - one on either side and two across the middle.
		It's the second strongest ligament in the knee and stabilises the joint, connecting the thigh bone (femur) and the leg bone (tibia).
		The medial ligament is one the inside of the knee, with the lateral on the outside.
	news.bbc.co.uk /sport1/hi/health_and_fitness/4285970.stm (492 words)

	Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction + Orthopaedics.co.uk
		Reconstruction using artificial ligaments were popular in the 1970's and 80's but these too proved to be prone to failure by rupture of the replacement or an adverse tissue reaction.
		The ligaments, which stabilise the knee, consist of the collateral ligaments; medial and lateral, lying either side of the knee and the cruciate ligaments, anterior (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), lying within the joint.
		Structures commonly damaged with the anterior cruciate ligament are the medial collateral ligament, which is the ligament on the inner side of the knee, and the cartilages or menisci.
	www.orthopaedics.co.uk /boc/patients/anterior_cruciate_intro.htm (697 words)

	UMHS Press Release: Women Knee Injury
		The cruciate ligaments crisscross in the knee joints and provide stability to the knees.
		The cruciate ligament located toward the front of the knee is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and the one located toward the rear of the knee is called the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).
		The investigators compared 24 athletes (12 women and 12 men) who were competing in sports associated with risk of ligament injury to 28 endurance athletes (14 men and 14 women) active in sports with a low risk of such injuries (bicycling, crew, and running).
	www.med.umich.edu /opm/newspage/2003/womenknee.htm (683 words)

	Knee anatomy - the cruciate ligaments
		The cruciate ligaments are also familiarly referred to as the 'crucial' ligaments, because they are so important in maintaining the stability of the knee.
		The cruciate ligaments are the important central 'stays' of the knee, contributing significantly to its stability.
		The cruciate ligament towards the front is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and that towards the back is the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).
	www.kneeguru.co.uk /html/knee/knee_anatomy/cruciates01.html (193 words)

	intercruciate band of the human knee: An anatomical and histological study, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - ...
		After exposure of the knee the cruciate ligaments were detached from their tibial and femoral insertions, while preserving the tissue between the anterior and posterior ligaments.
		In contrast with the cruciate ligaments, which were cut transversely, the fibres within the interconnecting band were cut longitudinally, or obliquely.
		Textbooks of anatomy are quite clear in describing the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments as separate structures divided by a fold of synovium1-6 and, when present, the anterior meniscofemoral ligament.7 Our study distinguishes a band of collagen fibres within the synovial envelope which connects the anterior to the posterior ligament.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3767/is_199911/ai_n8871564 (869 words)

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		Cruciate ligament rupture is a common knee injury of athletes.
		Traumatic cruciate damage is caused by a twisting injury to the joint.
		The ligament may become stretched or partially torn and lameness may be only slight and intermittent.
	www.baringvet.net /cruciate.htm (585 words)

	ACL INJURIES: Treatment and Rehabilitation
		With each episode of ACL instability there is subluxation of the tibia on the femur, causing stretching of the enveloping capsular ligaments and abnormal shear forces on the menisci and on the articular cartilage.
		In 1976 I studied the relationship of anterior cruciate ligament rupture to meniscal pathology in three groups of patients.
		An elite athlete who has had a technically well performed early reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament followed by an adequate and successful rehabilitation program, should be able to return to the field of his chosen sport between six and nine months.
	www.sportsci.org /encyc/aclinj/aclinj.html (3155 words)

	Caring Medical - Sports Injuries - The Cruciate Ligaments of the Knee: ACL, MCL and PCL
		Cruciate Ligaments of the Knee: ACL, MCL and PCL,
		The blood supply is from within the ligament itself, not from around it, and therefore when the ligament is torn, the blood supply is commonly disrupted during the injury.
		The cruciate ligament is unique in that it is inside the joint yet outside the synovial lining of the joint.
	www.caringmedical.com /sports_injury/cruciate_ligaments_of_knee.asp (863 words)

	Doindogs Kennel, Cruciate Ligament damage in dogs
		They are called cruciate ligaments because they "cross over" inside the knee joint.
		One ligament connects from inside to outside the knee joint and the other outside to inside, crossing each other in the middle.
		Cruciate ligament rupture is a common knee injury of athletes called "ACL".
	www.doindogs.com /cruciate_ligament.shtml (469 words)

	Knee injuries - cruciate ligament
		In the knee, there are several structures: the collateral ligaments, the articular (joint) cartilages, the menisci and the cruciate ligaments.
		There are two cruciate ligaments in the knee: the anterior (in the front) and the posterior (at the back).
		If the lesion of the cruciate ligament is combined with an injury of the meniscus and/or a lesion of the outer ligament, it may be necessary to investigate with an arthroscopy as quickly as possible.
	www.netdoctor.co.uk /diseases/facts/kneeinjuriescruciate.htm (1132 words)

	THE KNEE - Cruciate Ligaments
		The cruciate ligaments (which means the 'crossed-over' ligaments) are often dubbed the 'crucial' ligaments because they are so important in maintaining knee stability.
		A tear of a cruciate ligament is a major injury.
		Repair of the cruciate ligament is specialist surgery.
	www.kneeguru.co.uk /html/step_02_cruciates/step_02_starting.html (329 words)

	Balgownie Veterinary Hospital: Cruciate injuries in dogs
		They are composed of two ligaments that form a cross inside the knee (stifle) joint.
		This involves placing thick nylon (something similar to fishing line used to catch marlin with) inside the joint in roughly the same position as the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament.
		This is the best approach for medium to large dogs and for dogs with malformed legs that caused the ligament to rupture in the first place.
	www.balgownievet.com.au /1_com_cruciateinjury.htm (427 words)

	Cruciate Ligament Knee Injury : Health Topics: University of Iowa Health Care
		The cruciate ligaments are the two ligaments that criss-cross and form the hinge inside the knee joint.
		The cruciate ligaments may be injured any time the knee withstands any type of force that separates the bones.
		Injuries to the cruciate ligament are common in running, jumping, and contact sports.
	www.uihealthcare.com /topics/bonesjointsmuscles/bone3421.html (310 words)

	Cruciate Injury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Thus begins the client's and the dog's journey into the treatment and prognosis associated with injury to the cranial cruciate ligament in the dog.
		Injury to the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) is the most common orthopedic injury seen in dogs.
		Primary supporting structures in the knee include the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments (analogous to the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments in the human knee), collateral ligaments, medial and lateral meniscal cartilages, and patella (kneecap) tendon (Figure 1).
	members.cox.net /uck9s/cruciate.htm (1989 words)

	Agenesis of cruciate ligaments and menisci causing severe knee dysplasia in TAR syndrome -- Héron et al. 38 (8): ...
		Agenesis of cruciate ligaments and menisci causing severe knee dysplasia in TAR syndrome -- Héron et al.
		Tolo VT. Congenital absence of the menisci and cruciate ligaments of the knee.
		Kaelin A, Hulin PH, Carlioz H. Congenital aplasia of the cruciate ligaments.
	jmg.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/38/8/e27 (1196 words)

	ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT REPAIR
		Acutely (recently) torn ligaments are typically of better quality and therefore have a greater chance of being repaired as opposed to the chronically torn ligaments.
		The only criteria for selection of repairable ligaments was the ability of the surgeon to lay the ligament fibers posterior to the PCL or to the tibial attachment, and the willingness of the patient to undergo reconstruction if the new repair technique failed.
		This study demonstrates that repair of selected cruciate ligament tears can lead to stable knees during this time frame as demonstrated by physical exam, KT 1000 and to healed ligaments as confirmed.
	www.stoneclinic.com /aclrep.htm (871 words)

	Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture
		The anterior cruciate ligament acts as a constraint against the tibia moving forward on the femur (see Fig.
		The ligament also can rupture when a dog jumps, if his or her knee is hit from the front (as when a football player is hit from the front), or if he or she steps in a hole.
		In either case, any damaged portion of the meniscus and all remnants of the ruptured cruciate ligament are removed or repaired at the time of corrective surgery (see Fig.
	www.petsurgery.com /anteriorcruciaterupture.html (712 words)

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