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	Crucible steel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Crucible steel describes a number of different techniques for making steel alloy by slowly heating and cooling iron and carbon (typically in the form of charcoal) in a crucible.
		Crucible steels use this process, controlling the mixture rates by confining the iron in high-temperature containers instead of placing it on the charcoal directly.
		Nevertheless it was possible to produce quality steel in Europe, by importing the highly valued Swedish ore. Although it was not understood at the time, the Swedish ore contained very low levels of common impurities, leading to higher quality irons and steels from otherwise identical techniques applied to other ores.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crucible_steel (979 words)

	Wootz steel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wootz, a kind of crucible steel, may be produced by placing a mixture of wrought iron or iron ore and charcoal in a crucible with glass, which is then sealed and heated in a furnace with a number of other crucibles.
		Wootz steel was widely exported throughout the region, and became particularly famous in the Middle East, where it became known as Damascus steel.
		The critical characteristic of wootz steel is abundant ultrahard metallic carbides in the steel matrix precipitating out in bands, making wootz steel display a characteristic banding on its surface which is superficially similar to the layering created in pattern welded steel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wootz_steel (226 words)

	The Furnace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Making a crucible from a piece of steel pipe and a piece of steel plate is very easy, and all that is required is a welder to weld the plate to the bottom of the pipe.
		Also needed is 2 pieces of round steel stock for lifting ears, and a ring for attaching a rod to enable you to tip the crucible.
		I have tried a ceramic high temp coating on the steel crucibles, and it does help, but it needs to be applied every couple of melts so it is an never ending process that needs to be followed.
	www.frugalmachinist.com /accessor.html (1715 words)

	Home Page
		A common myth is that Damascus steel was primarily produced in Damascus from imported wootz ingots from India.
		Historical accounts testify that for at least a thousand years crucible steel was considered to be the highest quality steel, most notably because it was used to produce the so-called “Damascus steel” swords, famous for their attractive surface pattern, being tough, flexible and with the ability to retain a sharp edge.
		Crucible steel is generally attributed to production centers in India and Sri Lanka where it was produced using the so-called “wootz” process and it is assumed that its appearance in other locations was due to long distance trade.
	home.att.net /~moltenmuse (197 words)

	Chapter 15 Bessemer Steel: The Armstrong Controversy
		Such a change of form and flow of cold steel from one part of the mass to another, required enormous force, and yet so great was the toughness and resilience of this mild steel that the changes of form and dimension were possible without producing a symptom of rupture.
		Although he knew that steel was the best possible material for the lining of the gun, he, nevertheless, thought it prudent to claim also the use of gun-metal and cast-iron, lest he should have his invention evaded by the substitution of either of these last-named homogeneous metals.
		Crucible steel is made in separate pots of from 40 lb.
	www.history.rochester.edu /ehp-book/shb/hb15.htm (4366 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Crucible Steelmaking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Blister steel, as it was known, was produced in the cementation furnace by the carburisation
		A crucible melting-shop of the late nineteenth century was substantially an underground construction.
		The steel was carefully poured in by tippling the pan, the bar and funnel were withdrawn and the lid replaced, before repeating the process for the second crucible.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A2960660 (3411 words)

	channel4.com - Time Team 2004 - Sheffield - From blister steel to crucible steel
		Steel was made by heating iron bars, covered with charcoal, for up to a week.
		Blister steel was then turned into 'shear steel' by wrapping blister steel bars into a bundle and re-reheating them before forging the bundle.
		At first, Sheffield cutlers refused to work with crucible steel because it was much harder than they were used to.
	www.channel4.com /history/timeteam/2004_sheff_steel.html (328 words)

	Damascus - Wootz Steel
		Although align="justify"iron and steel had been used for thousands of years the role of carbon in steel as the dominant element was found only in 1774 by the Swedish chemist Tobern Bergman, and was due to the efforts of Europeans to unravel the mysteries of wootz.
		The explanation of the superplasticity of the steel is that the typical microstructure of ultra-high carbon steel with the coarse network of pro-eutectoid cementite forming along the grain boundaries of prior austenite, can lead to a fine uniform distribution of spheroidised cementite particles (0.1 m m diam.) in a fine grained ferrite matrix.
		The wootz steel process in general refers to a closed crucible process and Lowe [32] has remarked that the processing of plant and mineral materials in closed crucibles is often described in Indian alchemical Sanskrit texts of the 7th-13th c.
	damascus.free.fr /f_damas/f_quest/f_wsteel/indiaw.htm (3680 words)

	Ethnographic Arms & Armour - FYI The production of crucible Damascus steel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In summary, the formation of the pattern particularly in hypereutectoid blades is due to the interdependent relationship between the elements contained in the crucible steel ingot and the forging process.
		Thus "cast steel" (you could quote it, "per se" it, "caststeel" or "cast-steel" or "acero fino", which I was questioning my friend is it fine grained or fine quality and she said you can't tell because "fino" exactly equals "fine".....) is a type of cast steel, if you will.
		Doubled shear steel (or any double/doubled steel) is steel that has been doubled; ie folded; triple steel AFAIK has no tightly defineable meaning, though it may imply many foldings or folding together of three different bars to form a billet; speculating.
	www.vikingsword.com /vb/showthread.php?t=503 (3783 words)

	Replication of Wootz
		Within the clay crucible, the iron and carbon charge is enclosed by a lid and left to melt over a long period of time.
		This section explains a method in which the "Damascus type" crucible steel was produced for the experiment and the testing of the steel visually and functionally.
		It was known that the dendritic (Wootz) steel aligns in clustered sheets of cementite (Verhoeven, Pendray, Berge 1993).
	dark.unitz.ca /~gthomas/myweb4/replication_of_wootz.htm (5057 words)

	Linguistic Avatars of Wootz: The Ancient Indian Steel
		The ancient Indian steel was known as Damascene steel in Persia and was in great demand in the Persian courts of the First Millennium BC.
		Taking into account the fact that the names given to steel in different languages have always a technical content (hardness, resistance, etc.), Le Coze traced the transformation of the term Wootz, denoting the Indian crucible steel, through the Arab texts of the 9-12th centuries AD describing the preparation of the crucible steel named fulad.
		Steel is also represented by ukku in Telugu or Kannada, wuz in Gujarati, or Wootz which was the term used and spread all over the world by the traders from the Middle East.
	www.infinityfoundation.com /mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_wootz.htm (2208 words)

	Hand tools in history
		Blister steel: Steel produced by the cementation process; the blisters on the steel surface are due to gas formation from the chemical reaction between carbon and impurities in the slag.
		Prior to the introduction of crucible steel, blister steel was used as a "weld" steel in the manufacturing of edge tools, and was the principal form of steel produced between 1550-1750.
		Crucible steel production utilizing iron without any siliceous slag microconstituants may add these as the result of chemical reactions in the walls of the clay crucibles, which shed tiny amounts of silicon-bearing material back into the crucible steel.
	www.davistownmuseum.org /TDMtoolHistory.htm (15755 words)

	Ethnographic Arms & Armour - FYI Brief history of crucible damascus steel
		The origin of the name Damascus steel is frequently attributed to the crusaders, who, as the legend goes, were introduced to these blades in Damascus and brought the word and the legend of the steel back with them upon their return to Europe (e.g.
		The physical characteristics of the crucible steel process used in Central Asia, based on archaeological remains, are made of refractory clay with quartz temper.
		In summary, in Central Asia and Hyderabad, the crucibles sit on the floor of the furnace and gravel-like material is placed in between the crucibles, indicating that the crucibles were not closely adjacent to each other, thus allowing hot air to flow between the crucibles.
	www.vikingsword.com /vb/printthread.php?t=502 (1976 words)

	OpinionJournal - Outside the Box
		Since 1997, 18 steel companies have filed for bankruptcy; the number of steel employees is shrinking (now 200,000 out of the 140 million American workforce); unionized plants have to support retirement and health benefits for seven retirees for each worker.
		Steel industry productivity is increasing; a ton of steel that required 10 hours to produce in 1982 took 3.5 hours in 1998 and takes even less today.
		The Institute for International Economics in Washington estimates that the cost of imposing 20% tariffs on imported steel would be $2.4 billion in the first year and $7 billion over the four years the ITC recommended.
	www.opinionjournal.com /columnists/pdupont?id=95001671 (821 words)

	Tilt Hammer - Crucible Steel
		The steel was made by heating iron bars which were covered in charcoal.
		This shear steel was used to make razors, files, knives, swords and the other steel items for which Sheffield became famous.
		Within 100 years of the invention of the process, Sheffield was producing 20000 tons of crucible steel a year.
	www.tilthammer.com /timeworks/steel.html (230 words)

	Editorial: Crucible of steel
		In the meantime, much of the history is being preserved and retold through the activities of the Steel Industry Heritage Corp., a nonprofit group devoted to education, economic development and tourism.
		For two years, the group has been offering steel heritage tours that trace the impact of the industry on Pittsburgh and the Mon Valley.
		And it has fought to raise awareness, support and funding (the state has pledged $48 million) for a permanent way to convey the history of this industrial region to generations of learners.
	www.post-gazette.com /forum/20000823edsteel1.asp (524 words)

	Tilt Hammer - Crucible Steel - The Process
		The molten steel is then poured from the crucible into a cast iron ingot mould.
		When the steel has solidified and cooled, the mould is opened so that the steel bar can be removed.
		After the steel has been poured, the crucible is replaced in the furnace and another charge of raw steel is added for melting.
	www.tilthammer.com /timeworks/crusteel.html (422 words)

	Crucible Specialty Metals offers powder metallurgy products (CPM), Stainless Bar, Corrosion Resisting Metals and much ...
		Crucible Materials Corporation has been a pioneer in the technical development of tool steels, powder metallurgy, titanium alloys, and advanced alloy systems for leading edge manufacturers.
		Crucible Materials Corporation offers extensive research and development as well as near net shape PM product capabilities and full metallurgical testing and evaluation services.
		Crucible Specialty Metals is registered to ISO 9001:2000 - ANSI/ISO/ASQ 9001-2000 and ISO/TS 16949:2002 as evidence of a commitment to quality and manufacturing excellence.
	www.crumetals.com (189 words)

	Crucible Steel Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Crucible Gallery is located in the front of the converted warehouse of Cellspace Cultural Center and provides an opportunity for artists' groups to rent the space for shows.
		To the left is the open spaious area of the Crucible Gallery, and to the back of the Center is a cavernous multipurpose area with a partial loft, cement floors, and lots of stuff hanging around the fringes.
		The walls of Crucible Gallery are white, overhead lighting is adequate although darker areas are obvious toward the front.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~jrumba/project/cruciblereview.html (258 words)

	WOOTZ STEEL: AN ADVANCED MATERIAL OF THE ANCIENT WORLD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although iron and steel had been used for thousands of years the role of carbon in steel as the dominant element was found only in 1774 by the Swedish chemist Tobern Bergman, and was due to the efforts of Europeans to unravel the mysteries of wootz.
		C (Figure 2) suggesting that Damascus steel could well have exhibited superplastic properties and a patent was awarded for the manufacture of such UHCS.
		The explanation of the superplasticity of the steel is that the typical microstructure of ultra-high carbon steel with the coarse network of pro-eutectoid cementite forming along the grain boundaries of prior austenite (Figure 3 a, b), can lead to a fine uniform distribution of spheroidised cementite particles (0.1
	metalrg.iisc.ernet.in /~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm (3858 words)

	crucible steel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		While many galleries conduct themselves in that high-art snobbery that many people find exclusionary, Crucible Steel is one of the nurturing anchors for the emerging artist.
		Crucible Steel is a savvy, fun organization that does not seem to take itself too seriously.
		Crucible Steel Gallery is located in CELLspace at 2050 Bryant St. @ 18th.
	www.sanfranciscoartmagazine.com /april/circuits/circuits.html (1047 words)

	Steel Crucible (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pennsylvania Crusher Corporation (" PCC") is a pioneer in the design and manufacturing of crushing machinery and replacement parts.
		Hammermill is typically used.Return Steel industry Reduce coking coals to...
		The crucible material is stainless steel or gold plated, depending on...
	www.chemindustry.net /chemnames/S/Steel_Crucible.html (349 words)

	CELLspace.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Crucible Steel Gallery, a multipurpose gallery located within the non-profit arts and education space known as CELLspace, is designed to give opportunity and exposure to emerging Bay Area artists through group exhibitions, collaborative explorations and workshops.
		In the spirit of artistic encouragement, we host an open, informal "call for art" every once in a while.
		We do not have a Show and Tell currently scheduled, but contact us by email if you're interested having work in the gallery.
	www.cellspace.org /gallery (100 words)

	Crucible - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crucible (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Crucible explores this theme in the context of the Salem witch trials.
		Turkey's struggle to privatize its biggest steel maker is a symbol of the country's negotiations to join the European Union.
		coquette india native american spirituality crucible compaction metals iceworld zero gravity copper car auction hawaiian cruise gallon ugly people chicago crucible co scuba diver aluminum cast jesus service pack alumina ceramic oxford english protect pio cpm match making arthur miller the crucible miter saw fou ghost knife pinout casting fleurs business visa kelis
	www.azhao.com /az/crucible.html (213 words)

	C. DREW & CO. Hawsing Irons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is assumed in the listings presented below, that when tools have corresponding descriptions in different C. DREW catalogues, that they will also have the same dimensions and weights.
		crucible tool steel); Tempered and polished; 1/8" thick.
		crucible tool steel); Tempered and polished; 3/16" thick.
	www.numismalink.com /drew.ency.34.83.html (177 words)

	Our Daily Bread
		Like all reliable carving tools, that knife is constructed of "crucible steel." To produce this durable metal, raw material is placed in a crucible where it is subjected to intense heat.
		Once it is glowing with molten brightness, the white-hot metal is maintained at precisely the right temperature until it qualifies as crucible steel.
		If you're in a crucible of testing right now, don't be discouraged.
	www.rbc.org /odb/odb-05-18-99.shtml (246 words)

	Crucible Steel Query
		IN CASE I'VE CONFUSED YOU, CRUCIBLE STEEL WAS A WAR FACTORY IN NEW JERSEY AS WAS MONROE COMPANY (MADE SMALL PARTS FOR BOMBSITES(?)) THAT HELPED WITH THE WAR EFFORT IN WORLD WAR TWO.
		THE CRUCIBLE STEEL STORIES NEED NOT BE ONLY RELATED TO THE WAR YEARS.
		Well quite frankly my late father worked in Crucible Steel during part of the war and my Mom worked for Monroe.
	members.aol.com /famjustin/Cruciblequery.html (623 words)

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