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	Crucifixion
		Crucifixion sometimes began with a scourging or flogging of the victim’s back.
		Ultimately, the mechanism of death in crucifixion was suffocation.
		The crucifixion accounts of Jesus Christ are in entire agreement with the customs and practices of the Romans in that period.
	www.allaboutjesuschrist.org /crucifixion.htm (968 words)

	Cross - LoveToKnow 1911
		In such a case, after the scourging at the stake, the criminal was made to carry a gibbet, formed of two transverse bars of wood, to the place of execution, and he was then fastened to it by iron nails driven through the outstretched arms and through the ankles.
		It is not quite clear which of these two plans was followed in the case of the crucifixion of Christ, but the more general opinion has been that He was nailed to the cross on the ground, and that it was then lifted into position.
		In the earliest pictures of the Crucifixion the feet are shown as separately nailed to the cross, but at a later period they are crossed, and a single nail fixes them.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Cross (3882 words)

	Crucifixion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Crucifixion is an ancient method of execution, where the victim was tied or nailed to a large wooden cross and left to hang there until dead.
		In such a case, after the scourging at the stake, the criminal was made to carry a gibbet, formed of two transverse bars of wood, to the place of execution, and he was then fastened to it by iron nails driven through the outstretched arms and through the ankles.
		Jesus of Nazareth: The most well known victim of crucifixion in history, Jesus was condemned to crucifixion (circa 33 A.D.) by Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, at the instigation of the Jewish leaders who were scandalized by his claim to being the Messiah and his disdain for their religious traditions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crucifixion (3266 words)

	Crucifixion
		Crucifixion was a method of execution used by the Romans to punish slaves and foreigners.
		Crucifixion involved elevating the condemned upon a pole, some form of frame or scaffolding, or a natural tree, thus exposing him to public view and derision.
		Crucifixion was the act of putting to death by nailing or binding to a cross.
	mb-soft.com /believe/text/crucifix.htm (3840 words)

	crucifixion
		During the pre-Roman, Hellenistic period in the Greek-speaking East, crucifixion was practiced in the context of war or for acts of high treason.
		Crucifixion was much easier to carry out and could also serve as a public spectacle.
		In 63 B.C. Rabirius, a Roman nobleman and senator, was threatened with the penalty of crucifixion.
	mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /newworldtranslation/crucifixion.htm (2359 words)

	Crucifixion
		The Crucifixion, Konrad von Soest, 1404 or 1414.
		Crucifixion with the Virgin and Mary Magdalene, Lorenzo Pécheux, c 1800.
		Crucifixion and Pelicans (symbol of sacrifice), William Morris, stainedglassphotography.com.
	www.textweek.com /art/crucifixion.htm (484 words)

	EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES in CRUCIFIXION
		Frederick T. Zugibe, M. D., Ph.D. In pursuing the truth in specialized areas of research, things are not always what they seem to be.
		In this regard, many misconceptions have pervaded the literature, ad infinitum regarding the mechanism and cause of death by crucifixion, whether the palms could support the weight of the crucarius and where the hands were nailed during crucifixion.
		Moreover, recent journal articles, lectures and television documentaries have repeatedly proclaimed Barbet’s hypothesis as fact that the palms of the hands could not support the weight of a crucarius during crucifixion and that the nails would tear right through the hands totally based on an invalidly interpreted experiment conducted by Barbet.
	www.crucifixion-shroud.com (234 words)

	Crucifixion in Antiquity - CenturyOne Foundation
		However, as crucifixion was widely employed with slaves, one can assume that, in the ancient world its use was thus not limited by gender but mainly by class.
		Crucifixion amongst the Jews was rare and except for a few instances, the subject was stoned to death first and then hung on a tree in accordance with the Biblical passage in Deuteronomy 21:22-23:
		Scholars have in fact argued that crucifixion was a bloodless form of death because the victims were tied to the cross.
	www.centuryone.org /crucifixion2.html (2229 words)

	The Crucifixion of Jesus
		The crucifixion of Christ is recorded in all four gospels: Matthew 27:33-44; Mark 15:22-32; Luke 23:33-43; John 19:17-30.
		Crucifixion is the process where a person is nailed or bound to a cross or a stake.
		When nails were used, they were driven through the wrists between the radial and ulna bones and not through the palms since the nail would have ripped through the palm because the palm could not withstand all the weight of the body.
	www.carm.org /misc/crucifixion.htm (1417 words)

	CROSS - LoveToKnow Article on CROSS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Constantines action was no doubt influenced by the vision which he believed he saw of the cross in the sky with the accompanying words ~v ~oi~rc~ vtica, as well as by the story of the discovery of the true cross by his mother St Helena in the year 326.
		In the earliest pictures of the Crucifixion the feet are shown as separately nailed to the cross, but at a tater period they are crossed, and a single nail fixes them.
		It stands in the churchyard of Somerby, in Lincolnshire (Tennysons birthplace), and is a tall shaft surmounted by a pedimented tabernacle, on one side of which is the crucifixion, and on the other the figure of the Virgin and Child.
	46.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CR/CROSS.htm (4957 words)

	Talk:Crucifixion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		I remember that crucifixion originally was a not Roman torture meant to expose the victim, deprived of defense, until death by insects and hunger - torture was obtained by blocking his body and injuring him (like for Jesus) in order to have him bleeding, thus attracting insects.
		The "Crucifixion of Jesus" article would compare and contrast his death with other accounts of crucifixion and could discuss the implications of the mode of his death for Christianity and it's representation in Christian symbology and art.
		The area of the article that has to do with Islam and crucifixion is not a NPOV and was placed there for the purpose of degrading judging by the way that the editor wrote it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Crucifixion (3791 words)

	Crucifixion Or 'Crucifiction' In Ancient Egypt?
		Crucifixion was commonly practiced from the 6th century BCE until the 4th century CE, when it was finally abolished in 337 CE by Constantine I. It was intended to serve as both a severe punishment and a frightful deterrent to others and was unanimously considered the most horrible form of death.
		Crucifixion developed from a method of execution by which the victim was fastened to an upright stake either by impaling him on it or by tying him to it with thongs...
		Crucifixion is the act of nailing, binding or impaling a living victim or sometimes a dead person to a cross, stake or a tree, whether for executing the body or for exposing the corpse.
	www.islamic-awareness.org /Quran/Contrad/External/crucify.html (9940 words)

	Who is Responsible for Jesus' Execution
		He was killed by crucifixion - a technique reserved for punishing slaves and persons perceived by the Roman occupying army as rebels or terrorists.
		Other crucifixion were conducted using a pole with a cross-beam at the top to form the shape of the letter "T".
		Crucifixions were carefully designed to generate the greatest feelings of horror and thus to have the greatest deterrent effect on the populace.
	www.religioustolerance.org /jud_jesu2.htm (1093 words)

	Crucifixion in Antiquity -The Anthropological Evidence
		Perhaps one of the unique aspects of Jewish crucifixion was that when employed on women, according to the Mishna, they faced the cross whereas men were crucified with their back to the cross.
		Scholars have in fact argued that crucifixion was a bloodless form of death in that the victims were tied to the cross (Brandenburger 1969, Jeremias 1966).
		(Hewitt p.40) It is important to remember that death by crucifixion was the result of the manner in which the condemned individual was hung from the cross and not the traumatic injury caused by nailing, the latter being of negligible consequence in cause of death.
	www.joezias.com /CrucifixionAntiquity.html (3171 words)

	Crucifixion of Jesus Christ - The death of Jesus on a cross.
		Crucifixion of Jesus Christ - The death of Jesus on a cross.
		The practice of crucifixion was adopted by the Romans during the reign of Alexander the Great.
		Crucifixion in Antiquity - An historic examination of crucifixion by Joe Zias, the Curator of Archaeology/Anthropology for the Israel Antiquities Authority from 1972 to 1997.
	www.lifeofchrist.com /history/crucifixion (215 words)

	Crucifixion in Antiquity -The Anthropological Evidence
		In Ancient Israel crucifixion amongst the Jews was rare and except for a few instances, as when treason was involved, the subject was stoned to death first and then hung on a tree in accordance with the Biblical passage in Deuteronomy 21:22-23.
		Scholars have in fact argued that crucifixion was a bloodless form of death in that the victims were tied to the cross (Brandenburger 1969, Jeremias 1966).
		(Hewitt p.40) It is important to remember that death by crucifixion was the result of the manner in which the condemned individual was hung from the cross and not the traumatic injury caused by nailing, the latter being of negligible consequence in cause of death.
	joezias.com /CrucifixionAntiquity.html (3171 words)

	Crucifixion in Antiquity - The Jewish Roman World of Jesus - James Tabor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		However, as crucifixion was widely employed with slaves, one can assume that, in the ancient world its use was thus not limited by gender but mainly by class.
		Crucifixion amongst the Jews was rare and except for a few instances, the subject was stoned to death first and then hung on a tree in accordance with the Biblical passage in Deuteronomy 21:22-23:
		Scholars have in fact argued that crucifixion was a bloodless form of death because the victims were tied to the cross.
	www.religiousstudies.uncc.edu /jdtabor/crucifixion.html (2169 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - CRUCIFIXION: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		known to the Jewish penal law, crucifixion is not found; the "hanging" of criminals "on a tree," mentioned in Deut.
		These exceptions, however, exhaust the incidents in the crucifixion of Jesus that might point to a participation therein, and a regulation thereof, by Jews or Jewish law.
		These facts show that the crucifixion of Jesus was an act of the Roman government.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=905&letter=C (1334 words)

	Cross - International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
		The earliest mode of crucifixion seems to have been by impalation, the transfixion of the body lengthwise and crosswise by sharpened stakes, a mode of death-punishment still well known among the Mongol race.
		Among the Romans crucifixion was preceded by scourging, undoubtedly to hasten impending death.
		Tetanus not rarely supervened and the rigors of the attending convulsions would tear at the wounds and add to the burden of pain, till at last the bodily forces were exhausted and the victim sank to unconsciousness and death.
	studylight.org /enc/isb/view.cgi?number=T2426 (1421 words)

	APU -- In Focus -- The Science of the Crucifixion
		Pilate orders Jesus to be flogged as required by Roman law before crucifixion Traditionally, the accused stood naked, and the flogging covered the area from the shoulders down to the upper legs.
		Crucifixion was invented by the Persians between 300-400 B.C. It is quite possibly the most painful death ever invented by humankind.
		Teaching the physiology of Christ’s crucifixion is a constant reminder of the magnificent demonstration of God’s love for humanity that was expressed that day in Calvary.
	www.apu.edu /infocus/2002/03/crucifixion (1516 words)

	[No title]
		After the pronouncement of sentence, the condemned was required to carry the horizontal piece to the place of execution, always outside the city.
		The crucifixion accounts of Jesus Christ are in entire agreement with the customs and practices of the Romans in that period.
		Crucifixion typically began with a scourging or flogging of the victim’s back.
	www.lycos.com /info/crucifixion.html (673 words)

	Cross - International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
		The earliest mode of crucifixion seems to have been by impalation, the transfixion of the body lengthwise and crosswise by sharpened stakes, a mode of death-punishment still well known among the Mongol race.
		Among the Romans crucifixion was preceded by scourging, undoubtedly to hasten impending death.
		Tetanus not rarely supervened and the rigors of the attending convulsions would tear at the wounds and add to the burden of pain, till at last the bodily forces were exhausted and the victim sank to unconsciousness and death.
	www.studylight.org /enc/isb/view.cgi?number=T2426 (1421 words)

	Facts about the Crucifixion
		This led me first to a study of the practice of crucifixion itself; that is, torture and execution by fixation to a cross.
		Many scholars believe that Pilate originally ordered Jesus scourged as his full punishment and that the death sentence by crucifixion came only in response to the taunt by the mob that the Procurator was not properly defending Caesar against this pretender who allegedly claimed to be the King of the Jews.
		The common method of ending a crucifixion was by crurifracture, the breaking of the bones of the legs.
	www.konnections.com /Kcundick/crucifix.html (2596 words)

	The Physical Death Of Jesus Christ, Study by The Mayo Clinic
		Although the Romans did not invent crucifixions they perfected it as a form of torture and capital punishment that was designed to produce a slow death with maximum pain and suffering.
		crucifixion practices often varied in a given geographic region and in accordance with the imagination of the executioners, and the Latin cross and other forms also may have been used.
		To prolong the crucifixion process, a horizontal wooden block or plank, serving as a crude seat (sedile or sedulum), often was attached midway down the stipes.
	www.frugalsites.net /jesus/crucifixion.htm (2854 words)

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