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	Crumple zone - Wikicars
		The crumple zone of an automobile is a structural feature designed to compress during an accident to absorb energy from an impact.
		Typically, crumple zones are located in the front part of the vehicle, in order to absorb the impact of a head-on collision, though they may be found on other parts of the vehicle as well.
		The crumple zone concept was pioneered by Mercedes-Benz and first introduced on the 1953 180 "Ponton" sedan.
	wikicars.org /en/Crumple_zones (254 words)

	Crumple Zones
		The purpose of a crumple zone is to increase the amount of time it takes the car to come to a complete stop in comparison to object the car hits.
		Crumple zones yield during a crash, changing energy from the crash, into heat and sound, which in turn reduces the chances that the passengers in the car will be hurt.
		When crumple zones are used in automobiles, it makes them less rigid in the front and rear which allows for a cushioning effect in the event of a crash.
	www.k12.nf.ca /gc/Science/Physics3204/Projects2003/SlotA/ProjectA2/link20.htm (767 words)

	NOVA Online \| Escape! \| Escape through Time: Car
		Crumple zones relied on a skeletal frame of special materials that would crumple in predictable ways, absorbing the energy of a collision.
		Crumple Zones, indicated here in red, were designed to absorb the energy of a collision by bending and breaking in a predictable manner.
		In combination with the crumple zones, the passenger compartment is often built using high-tensile steel, which creates a rigid passenger cell often referred to as a "safety cage." This is enhanced by new side-impact beams, which are found within car doors.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/escape/timecar.html (1886 words)

	Crumple Zone - Wikiautos
		Crumple zones are structural safety features designed to absorb the energy of an impact during a crash.
		The purpose of the crumple zone is to absorb crash energy to prevent energy from intruding into the passenger compartment of the automobile.
		Crumple zones operate by allowing sections of the body of the automobile to collapse when a certain stress threshold is met.
	www.autotropolis.com /wiki/index.php?title=Crumple_Zone (382 words)

	AutoRacing1.com - Mark Cipolloni Page
		Crumple Zones are created by the integration of variable grades of steel and composites into the front and rear-end assemblies of the automobile.
		These Crumple Zones yield during impact, redirecting the energy of the collision, often reducing the chance of injury to the driver.
		Note that the size of the crumple zone is important : that is why, in general, minivans (with shorter "noses") don't perform as well as cars in frontal crash tests.
	www.autoracing1.com /MarkC/2001/0226CrumpleZones.htm (3086 words)

	Crumple zone for body panels - Patent 7052077
		The body panels of the present invention are designed to crumple in a predisposed manner upon impact.
		Therefore, there is a need for a vehicle body panel that is less expensive to manufacture, does not require painting, and that is structurally sound yet crumples in a predetermined fashion to reduce the risk to a pedestrian in the case of an accident.
		These body panels are advantageous because they crumple in a predisposed manner and are, therefore, less harmful to pedestrians if there is a collision between the vehicle and a pedestrian.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /7052077.html (1920 words)

	Death of the body-on-frame SUV? - CarSpace Automotive Forums
		In a head-on crash between a BOF and a unibody, the crumple zone in the unibody reduces the peak crash forces experienced by the occupants of both vehicles.
		The crumple zone strapped to the red Suburban has protected equal benefit to the occupants of the blue one.
		On BOF vehicles, crumple zones are strategically placed in front and rear portion of the frame (often appear as tiny waves), so that when enough force is applied (i.e., when vehicle is hit hard), the frame will bend at certain points, and in certain directions.
	townhall-talk.edmunds.com /direct/view/.f1202fe (1152 words)

	crumple zones car
		Without crumple zones, airbags and seat belts in a car, in the event of a crash,...
		crumple zone The crumple zone on the front of this car absorbed the impact of a...
		Typically, crumple zones are located in the front part of the vehicle, in order...
	www.matoub.net /site/edit/media/p/crumple-zones-962012.html (292 words)

	Protective head covering having impact absorbing crumple zone - Patent 6996856
		The final stage of protection arises from the braking function of the pins, as they are forced from one aperture through to the next, the direction and extent of which is determined by the impact force and direction.
		If the impact is severe enough, the final stages of the helmet ‘crumple zone’ will allow structural alterations, similar to vehicle crumple zones, thereby minimizing transfer of injurious forces to what it is protecting.
		The ‘crumple zone’ characteristic of this helmet design is accomplished through overlapping levels of protection, where each aspect addresses a specific range of impact magnitude which when exceeded, transfers the forces to the next level of protection.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6996856.html (7397 words)

	Crumple zones: crash into wall worksheet
		for use with the Crumple zones: crash into wall simulation
		Investigate the differences a crumple zone makes for a car and its passengers in a collision.
		After the car without crumple zones rebounds off the wall, it does something you might not have expected.
	www.materialworlds.com /sims/Crash/worksheet_wallcrash_cb.html (507 words)

	The Physics Classroom
		Crumple zones are sections in cars which are designed to crumple up when the car encounters a collision.
		Crumple zones minimize the effect of the force in an automobile collision in two ways.
		Finally, the crumpling of the car lengthens the time over which the car's momentum is changed; by increasing the time of the collision, the force of the collision is greatly reduced.
	www.physicsclassroom.com /Class/momentum/U4L1c.html (1812 words)

	Auto Safety Features
		With a crumple zone and an air bag, your head may travel as much as 1 m before stopping which reduces the acceleration and therefore the force needed to stop your head by a factor of 100.
		Note that the crumple zone causes the car to stop in a foot or two when it strikes a rigid body, which reduces the forces by a factor of 10 or so over stopping the car in an inch or two.
		A crumple zone is designed to not be as strong as the cabin, thus allowing the cabin to remain intact (with it is passengers) while the front or back of the vehicle is crushed instead.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/eng99/eng99379.htm (932 words)

	Safer SUVs for Everyone - Automotive Engineers Design Bumpers That Absorb Impact Better
		The crumple zone is the area of a car that absorbs energy upon impact.
		However, cars with crumple zones act more like springs being compressed against the wall, resulting in a cushioning effect, slowing the time it takes for the car to come to a complete stop, and spreading the force over a longer period of time, with less potential for injury.
		Crumple zones were first introduced by Volvo in 1966.
	www.aip.org /dbis/stories/2004/14124.html (574 words)

	EXN.ca \| Discovery (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Seatbelts, air bags, anti-lock brakes and crumple zones are all examples of the progress made in building safer cars.
		The only downside to crumple zones is that, in the event of a collision, the car is pretty much done for.
		Crumple zones and air bags can save your life in a car crash, but the best way to stay alive is to avoid a crash altogether.
	www.exn.ca /Stories/1999/11/11/53.asp (1778 words)

	Safer SUVs for Everyone - Automotive Engineers Design Bumpers That Absorb Impact Better
		The crumple zone is the area of a car that absorbs energy upon impact.
		However, cars with crumple zones act more like springs being compressed against the wall, resulting in a cushioning effect, slowing the time it takes for the car to come to a complete stop, and spreading the force over a longer period of time, with less potential for injury.
		Crumple zones were first introduced by Volvo in 1966.
	aip.org /dbis/stories/2004/14124.html (574 words)

	Crumple zones and BullBars - Automotive Message Forums
		I think it has been well argued that the "crumple zone" on the Xterra was likely designed for 2 4000 lb vehicles (what is the X weight anyway?) that impact into eachother at 45 miles per hour can absorb some energy.
		One that attaches the bumper in front of the crumple zone, and one that extends beyond and reinforces the crumple zones.
		The Calmini bumper mounts to the crumple zone of the Xterra frame, which is much stronger than the ARB bolt-on crumple attachments, and designed to crumple only under very high speed frontal accidents.
	www.automotivehelper.com /topic12442.htm (3747 words)

	Nick Barlay: Reviews
		Nicholas Lezard on Nick Barlay's fictional voice of the street in Crumple Zone
		When publishers tout a new voice from the streets, a narrative that accurately reflects contemporary urban life as lived by people who wear trainers and puffy jackets, the results are almost always depressing.
		In Curvy Lovebox, his first novel, he demonstrated a mastery of the anthropology of west London massives and Crumple Zone is another banquet of choice cuts from the dark urban underbelly.
	www.nickbarlay.com /reviews.html (1679 words)

	Ford Canada/Vehicle Safety Features
		The safety cell is strategically placed between the front and rear crumple zones.
		Both crumple zones are engineered to deform (crumple) in a predictable manner, allowing the vehicle structure to absorb a substantial portion of the collision impact.
		By crushing upon impact, the crumple zones help reduce the collision impact forces transferred to the vehicle occupants.
	www.ford.ca /english/LearnAbout/ConsumerEd/Environment/VehicleSafety/SafetyFeatures/VehicleDesign.asp (134 words)

	AutoRacing1.com - Mark Cipolloni Page
		However it crumples and deforms just as if you stepped on it, and much of its energy is dissipated over a period of time while the can crumples.
		So crumple zones have to be "attached" to the stiffest cell possible and must not be too soft nor too strong!
		A properly designed front Crumple Zone on a Winston Cup car would probably mean the end of cars going back out on the race track after an accident just to collect points.
	www.autoracingone.com /MarkC/2001/0226CrumpleZones.htm (3086 words)

	Australia four wheel drive parts and accessories for 4x4 trucks and 4WD equipment
		Absorption of the impact by the crumple zones reduces the forces acting upon the vehicle occupant and as a consequence will hopefully reduce the level of injuries suffered by them.
		Essential to the progressive crumple zone of any vehicle is the original fit bumper bar and crush cans.
		In order to maintain the original crumple characteristics of the vehicle, the mounting of the FPB must be able to offer similar properties.
	motorcare.com.au /airbag.htm (1306 words)

	Car safety-Key text
		Car crumple zones and airbags – designed to absorb crash energy – are contributing to a lower road toll.
		The fronts of many cars are now manufactured with ‘crumple zones’ designed to absorb as much of the crash energy as possible in frontal and rear impacts.
		Similarly, the purpose of car crumple zones is to minimise the amount of crash energy transferred to passengers when a vehicle collides with a solid object.
	www.science.org.au /nova/057/057key.htm (1608 words)

	Case Physics Forums :: Physics 123 Journals, Fall 2006 :: Crumple zones
		Much of the energy from the collision goes towards crumpling the zone rather than the passenger cage (which, by the way, is usually quite heavily reinforced).
		Crumple zones also serve to reduce the deceleration caused by an impact by applying a force resisting the impact.
		Decrease a and you decrease F. Adding crumple zones therefore also serves to reduce the force applied to other areas of the car.
	www.phys.cwru.edu /forums/read.php?9,2262 (205 words)

	Hometown Community Credit Union: Financial Resource Center
		The concept of crumple and crash space was first introduced in 1966 when Volvo’s automotive engineers created dedicated zones in the front and rear ends of their automobiles that crumpled in a controlled manner.
		Crumple zones absorb energy on impact, and since their collapse is controlled, the energy that would otherwise damage a passenger area gets channeled to different parts of the automobile.
		Bigger vehicles have longer crumple zones, providing more protection to the passenger areas.
	www.cu-village.com /shells/?villartid=2600&villid=cu20743&id=100000 (679 words)

	Re: crumple zones (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The idea of crumple zone absorbing energy during a crash has two views.
		Further investigation discovered that in a high speed crash (>40 mph) the crumple zone becomes a projectile into the passenger cell since the energy from the crash exceeded the energy absorption limit of the crumple zone.
		So if the crumple zone is strengthen then minor injuries increase in low speed accidents but fatalities decrease in high speed accidents.
	www.digest.net /bmw/archive/v5/msg02670.html (146 words)

	The Forum of the 1.Jagdmoroner Abteilung - Energy Part 2
		The rear crumple zone protected the occupants and the crumple effect stopped the potential internal bruising.
		The crumple zone reduces this internal impact and the safety cell protects the occupants bodies from harm.
		On a modern small car the crumple zone is designed that the engine, gearbox and anything else heavy is deflected away from the safety cell.
	www.1jma.dk /topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=6495&whichpage=4 (5475 words)

	digest835.htm
		They're certainly a lot stiffer than a street car's crumple zones, but the idea is still the same.
		Both your race car and a street car have exactly the same system: energy absorbing crumple zones front and rear, with a safety cage in between containing restrained passengers.
		There's no room for a crumple zone, so you have to go with as much strength as is practical.
	www.bmw-m.net /Digest/Archive_2001_01_digest_805-894/digest835.htm (2209 words)

	GM - GMability Safety: New Vehicle Features - Security Cage (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is made of high-strength, reinforced steel and includes vertical pillars, a roof, and side-guard door beams.
		The safety cage is designed to remain securely intact in a collision and be isolated from the front and rear "crumple zones," which frame the trunk and engine.
		"Crumple zones" literally crumple up in a collision -- absorbing the energy of the crash, and keeping the safety cage intact.
	www.gm.com /company/gmability/safety/protect_occupants/new_vehicle_features/cage.html (543 words)

	SEMA 2004: Volvo Safety Stands Side-by-Side with Performance with the Debut of the Evolve S40 at SEMA
		The frontal body structure of the new Volvo S40 is divided into several zones, each with a different task in the deformation process.
		The outer zones are responsible for most of the deformation.
		In order to give each zone the relevant properties, different grades of steel are used in different areas.
	www.swedespeed.com /news/publish/Volvo_News/printer_380.html (2176 words)

	Press Democrat online Forums - Teen Drivers.
		Typically, crumple zones are located in the front part of the vehicle, in order to absorb the impact of a head-on collision, though they may be found on other parts of the vehicle as well.
		The crumple zone concept was pioneered by Mercedes-Benz and first introduced on the 1953 180 "Ponton" sedan.
		Crumple zones work by managing the crash energy so that it is absorbed within the frontal section of the vehicle, and by preventing intrusion into or deformation of the passenger cabin.
	webforums.pressdemocrat.com /messageview.cfm?catid=35&threadid=1700 (1780 words)

	World Auto Steel International Iron and Steel Institute: Volvo Gives Credit to Steel for Enhanced Safety in Volvo V50
		As the necessary deformation is absorbed within a shorter total distance, the properties of the various materials must be exploited to the maximum in order to absorb as much of the energy as possible.
		The frontal body structure of the Volvo V50 was divided into several zones, each with a different task in the deformation process.
		This is the zone that accounts for most of the deformation in a collision.
	www.worldautosteel.org /article2_021104.html (908 words)

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