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Topic: Crusader states

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	Crusader States, Kings of Jerusalem & Cyprus, Templars, Hospitallers, Israel, etc.
		Crusader states can also include the lands of the Teutonic and Livonian Knights in the Baltic, which lasted until Prussia was secularized in 1525 and the last Grand Master of the Livonian Knights was made Duke of Courland by Poland in 1561.
		The new State of Israel was able to assemble a continuous piece of territory, with about the land area of New Jersey, from the Gulf of Aqaba to Lebanon, including a salient that ended at the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem.
		Israel is not a liberal state, where all citizens have the same individual and interchangeable rights and responsibilities; it is an ethnic state, founded and devoted to the Jewish People, whose rights and obligations, as a group, are different from non-Jewish Israelis.
	www.friesian.com /outremer.htm (14418 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Crusader State
		The Crusader States were the territories created by Western Europeans who arrived in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Crusades in the 12th and 13th centuries.
		Second Crusade After a period of relative peace, in which Christians and Muslims co-existed in the Holy Land, Bernard of Clairvaux preached a new crusade when the town of Edessa was conquered by the Turks.
		Eighth Crusade The eighth Crusade was organized by Louis IX in 1270, again sailing from Aigues-Mortes, initially to come to the aid of the remnants of the Crusader states in Syria.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Crusader-State (433 words)

	Crusader states - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor and the Holy Land (ancient and modern Israel and Palestine).
		The first Crusader state, the County of Edessa, was founded in 1098 and lasted until 1144.
		Descendants of the Crusaders continued to rule in Athens and the Peloponnesus or Morea until the 15th century when the area was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Crusader_State (831 words)

	The Crusader States - Map - MSN Encarta
		In the aftermath of the First Crusade (1096-1099), Europeans carved out four states in Palestine, on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
		Many castles and fortresses were built to protect the states from Muslim forces.
		However, the Muslims gradually recaptured the territory, and European presence in Palestine ended with the fall of the city of Acre in 1291.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461546220/The_Crusader_States.html (67 words)

	Crusader states - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Crusader states were the feudal-type territories created by catholic Western Europeans who arrived in the (othodox/muslim) Eastern Mediterranean during the Crusades in the 12th and 13th centuries.
		During the Northern Crusades, a Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights was founded in Prussia to combat pagan tribes.
		Israel is sometimes described as a Crusader state, usually by those opposed to its existence and/or policies.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Crusader_state (338 words)

	The Crusades Medieval Times, Coniage and History
		Second Crusade After a period of relative peace, in which Christians and Muslims co-existed in the Holy Land, Bernard of Clairvaux preached a new crusade when the town of Edessa was conquered by the Turks.
		Eighth Crusade The eighth Crusade was organized by Louis IX in 1270, again sailing from Aigues-Mortes, initially to come to the aid of the remnants of the Crusader states in Syria.
		Crusades in Baltic and Central Europe: The Crusades in the Baltic Sea area and in Central Europe were efforts by (mostly German) Christians to subjugate and convert the peoples of these areas to Christianity.
	www.realtreasures.com /crusades.htm (1159 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Bohemund IV of Antioch
		Armenian Cilicia and Crusader States The County of Tripoli was the last of the four major Crusader states in the Levant to be created.
		Bohemund III of Antioch (1144-1201), also know as the Stammerer, was ruler of the principality of Antioch (a crusader state) from 1163 to his death.
		Princes of Antioch Bohemund III of Antioch (1144-1201), also know as the Stammerer, was ruler of the principality of Antioch (a crusader state) from 1163 to his death.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Bohemund-IV-of-Antioch (816 words)

	Christian Crusader states
		Four Christian states in the Middle East, Jerusalem (corresponding to today's Israel), Tripoli (today's western Lebanon), Antioch (in the western border area between Turkey and Syria) and Edessa (in today's eastern Turkey).
		These four states were all subject to the Roman Catholic Pope, and more, the strongest between them were the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
		The main challenge of the rulers were not to defy the church institutions, but make sure that they kept sufficient troops to protect their territories and allowed them to make advances into Muslim-ruled territory (often with substantial Christian populations) when this was considered appropriate.
	www.i-cias.com /e.o/crusades_01.htm (553 words)

	Army Technology - Crusader 155mm - Self Propelled Howitzer
		The Crusader self-propelled howitzer was being developed for the US Army as a replacement for the Paladin and the US Army requirement was expected to be for over 800 vehicles.
		Live firing trials of the Crusader began in February 2000 at the Yuma Proving Grounds in Arizona, and in November 2000 a firing rate of 10.4 rounds per minute was achieved.
		Crusader's command centre is equipped with onboard tactical systems including decision aids, and advanced position and navigational aids and an automated IFF system.
	www.army-technology.com /projects/crusader (1040 words)

	Stronghold Crusader
		All together we are probably talking about a years solid play out of Crusader which is quite simply phenomenal and a massive improvement over the original game.
		Whilst the theme has slightly shifted a little in Crusader, the gameplay is essentially the same with it's castle sieges and economic juggling that makes the whole thing so addictive.
		Regardless of your standpoint though, Crusader is a very good follow up to Stronghold that will impress fans of the original.
	www.deafgamers.com /strongholdcrusader.htm (803 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News
		1140 The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor and the Holy Land (ancient and modern Israel and Palestine).
		The first Crusader state, the County of Edessa, was founded in 1098 and lasted until 1144.
		Descendants of the Crusaders continued to rule in Athens and the Peloponnesus or Morea until the 15th century when the area was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Crusader_states (614 words)

	Strategy Gaming Online - Preview: Crusader Kings
		Crusader Kings is the prequel to Europa Universalis and again Paradox plans to bring us not only a challenging strategy game, but also one that will double as an historical primer.
		Saved games from Crusader Kings can be converted into the format of EU 2, so that a player can extend his game into the later centuries.
		Rather than summoning national armies and equipping them from the state pot, CK counts will take the revenue they’ve gleaned from their cut of the county’s royal taxes and actually buy the levy that they are obligated to provide under the terms of their fealty.
	www.strategy-gaming.com /previews/crusader_kings/index.shtml (1737 words)

	Viability Of The Crusader States - History Forum
		The crusader states were perfectly viable in themselves, it was the inept nature of the leadership of those states that destroyed them.
		And to the extent that the states were isolated from Europe, they were confronted with a reality which their European background could not prepare them for: the necessity of dealing with Muslim neighbors on a basis of coexistence rather than of conquest.
		The most the Crusader states could hope for was to defend their frontiers; and no matter how boldly they did that, they would always be surrounded by Muslim civilization.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=2791 (1211 words)

	The Crusades History: The Crusader States: Christian Life in the Shadow of Islam \| The Way People Live
		In reality, however, the crusaders disavowed their pledges to the Byzantine ruler and pledged themselves anew to the pope in Rome.
		Insofar as Christian life in the Crusader States is concerned, it is perhaps no overstatement to say that few can improve on Henry Treece's terse commen.....
		After the Crusader States were established in the Holy Land, Fulcher of Chartres wrote about "The Latins in the Levant" in Book III of his Chronicles.
	www.bookrags.com /history/the-crusades/08.html (508 words)

	What the Crusades Were Really Like
		The Crusader States, founded in the wake of the First Crusade, were not new plantations of Catholics in a Muslim world akin to the British colonization of America.
		The overwhelming majority of the population in the Crusader states was Muslim.
		The ultimate purpose of the Crusader states was to defend the holy places in Palestine, especially Jerusalem, and to provide a safe environment for Christian pilgrims to visit those places.
	catholiceducation.org /articles/facts/fm0038.html (2570 words)

	Crusader Warfare
		The Crusader's main offensive military weapon was the mounted knight.
		Turkish tactics of using archery against the Crusaders before the actual battle began, in order to unsettle the army, was difficult for European commanders to overcome.
		The crusaders found themselves numerically inferior to the Islamic forces; especially toward the end of the Crusades.
	www.umich.edu /~marcons/Crusades/topics/war/Crusader_Warfare.html (808 words)

	A new history of the Crusades \| Books \| Arts \| Telegraph
		To the people of medieval Europe, however, crusading was a mainstream activity, promoted by the Church and endorsed by society through the participation of everyone from monarchs down to peasants.
		Furthermore, their crusaders did not see the contradiction between fighting for their faith and trying to secure economic advancement – if they succeeded, then God had evidently shown his approval.
		At a time when academic historians are being urged to make their subject as accessible as possible such an approach is almost a necessity; in the case of the crusades, of course, the sense of exotic adventure is often what has drawn the reader to the subject in the first instance.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/09/24/botye10.xml (888 words)

	Crusader states: Encyclopedia II - Crusader states - Facing Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		While the Reconquista, the centuries long fight to reconquer the Iberian peninsula on the Arabo-Barbaresque Moors (who called it al-Andalus), fills all the criteria for crusades, it is not customary to call the resulting Catholic principalities crusader states.
		The first four Crusader states were created in the Levant immediately after the First Crusade: The first Crusader state, the County of...
		Crusader states, Crusader states - Facing Islam, Crusader states - In the Levant, Crusader states - Cyprus, Crusader states - In Greece, Crusader states - Minor Mediterranean fiefs, Crusader states - Exterminating Paganism in Europe, Crusader states - Prussia, Crusader states - Diverted crusaders, Crusader states - Sources and References
	www.experiencefestival.com /a/Crusader_states_-_Facing_Islam/id/4956646 (647 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Near East, 1135 CE, with the Crusader states in green hues.
		This period of warfare is called the Northern Crusades.
		Map of the Crusader states from Muir's Historical Atlas (1911)
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Crusader_states (669 words)

	The Glory of Byzantium \| Publications for Educators \| Explore & Learn \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Workshops of Byzantine mosaicists from Constantinople are invited to decorate churches in the Norman kingdom of Sicily (Palace Chapel and the church of Saint Mary of the Admiral in Palermo; the cathedral in Cefal).
		Saladin's defeat of crusaders at the Horn of Hittin and his capture of Jerusalem, followed by the Islamic conquest of most of the Crusader states.
		The Fourth Crusade leads to a Latin occupation of Constantinople, with the Byzantine Empire reduced to several contending states in outlying regions of its territories; as a result, for much of the next fifty years, vast amounts of artistic booty are sent to western Europe from the city and the lands of Frankish Greece.
	www.metmuseum.org /explore/Byzantium/time.html (866 words)

	Later Crusader DBA Army (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tactically Crusaders armies tried to destroy the enemy through a decisive charge by the knights - often a difficult task when fighting armies of horse archers who preferred hit and run skirmish tactics.
		About half the infantry component of a Crusader army would be armed with crossbows or bows.
		Turcoples were either Syrians or Crusaders armed and dressed in eastern fashion usually carrying both light lance and bow.
	www.geocities.com /dbplastic/CRUSADER/CRUSADER.htm (1224 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Crusader States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A good patch I think might be to create a "Crusader state." In the history of the Crusades many of the nobles left behind in charge of the lands taken by their fellow countrymen during the crusades often were in effect given fee simple absolute in the lands that had been taken.
		Remember that the Crusader Kingdoms lasted for several generations before they were one by one overrun due in large part to disasterous campaigns by their Kings and Princes as well as the skill of Saladin as a general.
		The crusader state called the Kingdom of Jerusalem held out in actual history for over eighty years though the border was slowly reduced before that.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?goto=lastpost&t=279339 (1547 words)

	Country Information, a world portal on countries, politics and governments
		The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor and the Holy Land (ancient and modern Israel and Palestine).
		The first Crusader state, the County of Edessa, was founded in 1098 and lasted until 1144.
		Descendants of the Crusaders continued to rule in Athens and the Peloponnesus or Morea until the 15th century when the area was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
	www.countryiworld.com /wiki-Crusader_state (811 words)

	Christian Crusader states
		The states were Jerusalem (corresponding to today's Israel); Tripoli (today's western Lebanon); Antioch (in the western border area between Turkey and Syria); and Edessa (in today's eastern Turkey).
		The main challenge of the rulers were not to defy the church institutions, but make sure that they kept sufficient troops to protect their territories and allowed them to make advances into Muslim-ruled territory (often with substantial Christian populations) when this was considered appropriate.
		The economy of the Christian states proved to be good, as they served as ports for imports from new territories to the rest of Europe.
	i-cias.com /e.o/crusades_01.htm (553 words)

	Conservative Crusader
		A communique attributed to al Qaeda claiming responsibility states, "It is a message to all the investors that the United States is no longer a safe country for their money, knowing that the U.S. economy greatly relies on the trust of the investor."
		Hamas, which is dedicated to the destruction of Israel, is recognized as a terrorist group by the United States and the European Union.
		He stated that the act was to avenge the treatment of Muslims.
	www.conservativecrusader.com (5167 words)

	[No title]
		However, the crusade was diverted to Tunis, where Louis spent only two months before dying.
		Although the last outpost of the crusader kingdom fell in 1291, Europeans continued to plan and sponsor crusades for the next 500 years.
		They were not, as the occasional virtues of the Crusaders were, the peaks of a mountain range.
	www.lycos.com /info/crusades--german-crusaders.html?page=2 (493 words)

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