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| | New Catholic Dictionary: Crusades |
 | | Since the Middle Ages, the term "Crusade," originating from the cross of cloth worn on the garments of the participants, has been applied to all expeditions of wars undertaken, in fulfilment of a solemn vow, and directed against infidels, i.e., Mohammedans, pagans, heretics, those under ban of excommunication. |
 | | All crusades were announced by preaching, supposed a union of all peoples and sovereigns under the direction of the popes, and were granted indulgences and temporal privileges. |
 | | The Eastern Crusades, directed against the Mohammedans in the Holy Land and the most important of all these undertakings, began in the 11th century and continued till the end of the 13th, and are described as eight in number, which excludes two later expeditions undertaken in the 14th and 15th centuries. |
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