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Topic: Crush depth

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Denis Johnson

Scugog River

	Test depth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Test depth is the maximum depth that a submarine is permitted to operate at, under normal circumstances (during peacetime).
		In the United States Navy, it is set at two-thirds of design ("crush") depth.
		The Royal Navy sets test depth at a little deeper than half (4/7) of the design depth, and the Deutsche Marine sets it at exactly one-half of design depth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Test_depth (114 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		crush damage, and, thus, the subject vehicle representation and crush depth displays are not generated for this second subject vehicle.
		The force associated with crush damage to a vehicle is easily calculated from equation 20, where, F is the magnitude of the principal force, A and B are the stiffness parameters for the vehicle in question and C is the effective crush depth.
		crush determination module 216, an estimate of the coefficient of restitution is generated using an iterative scheme which employs an empirical curve fit of restitution to closing velocity.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=99/40529.990812&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (9385 words)

	Crush! Deluxe for PC Review - PC Crush! Deluxe Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		What keeps Crush from being truly engaging is the awkward fit of the team management detail and the actual Crush matches.
		This is not necessarily bad, but it is not for everyone, and the designers have not gone out of their way to communicate to us their own entertaining obsessiveness with the alien races and the countless modifiers and attributes.
		Crush Deluxe, then, feels like an inside joke, which you either elect to share or not.
	www.gamespot.com /pc/strategy/crushdeluxe/review.html?mode=gsreview (762 words)

	An Evaluation of Door Locks and Roof Crush Resistance of Passenger Cars
		The roof crush strength of passenger cars was studied in laboratory tests and accident data Tho Standard 216 compliance test data base of 108 new, post-standard cars was supplemented by 20 tests of used cars, including 14 pre-standard vehicles.
		The crush depth index is zero for the average car, negative for a stronger than average roof, positive for weaker; the index values do not readily translate back to actual inches of crush.
		The extent of roof crush is documented in the Collision Deformation Classification by a scale ranging from I (minimal damage) to 9 (extreme damage), in data on the National Accident Sampling System, National Crash Severity Study and Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation files.
	www.nhtsa.dot.gov /cars/rules/regrev/evaluate/807489.html (3456 words)

	Engineering Event (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Navy wanted to achieve great depths with Thresher and the only way to achieve this was to either make the hull thicker, or use stronger steel to withstand the great pressure that would be on every square inch of the hull.
		At the depths at which Thresher was operating, the reception is directly dependent on the currents between the ships, and is unreliable at best.
		With the great hydrostatic pressure at this depth, the submarine would fall below crush depth, critical depth at which the hull can no longer withstand the hydrostatic pressure, long before the reactor could be restarted and main propulsion restored.
	www.pitt.edu /~ajg18/event.html (3488 words)

	Run Silent, Run Deep - Navy Ships
		The Axial depth of the channel, which is the depth of minimum sound speed between the sea surface and the ocean floor, is also called the primary sound channel.
		Sound does not propagate well in water with a depth less than or equal to it's wavelength because it is scattered, reflected and refracted by the sea surface and bottom, causing the sound to dissipate.
		The depth of the bottom of the surface layer of water is a great determinant of sonar performance from a hull-mounted surface-ship sonar because the target submarine may choose to proceed below the layer.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/sys/ship/deep.htm (2425 words)

	Book Collection Online - Book Detail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The results of the comparison of actual dynamic frontal crush behaviour from initial contact to maximum dynamic crush of 8 cars in 45% frontal overlap and 30 degree rigid barrier impacts at 50 and 56 kph respectively with the predicted responses from an overall frontal crush model are presented.
		The model used is based on the assumptions of the overall front structure deforming in a geometric manner and of the energy absorption properties in the full width barrier impact being the same as the energy absorption characteristics in other frontal crush configurations for identical average crush depths.
		The model uses a fundamentally different method of calculating average crush depth to that used in CRASH.
	www.cutr.usf.edu /cric/BookDetail.asp?BookID=350 (123 words)

	sci.engr.* FAQ on Failures: USS Thresher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		According to him, they were at a depth of about 1000' (if I recall correctly) and were moving very slowly (a couple of knots) when the fitting blew.
		At such a depth, blowing ballast tanks does not work, since the pressure causes the blowing ports to ice over.
		With no power, the sub slowly slipped backwards and down until it passed its crush depth of 1500', then [...] she imploded and quickly drifted to the bottom in 8000' (I think) depth.
	www.tcnj.edu /~rgraham/failures/Thresher.html (534 words)

	Downlink (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		When an extremely severe depth charge attack incapacitated the Captain and all officers senior to Captain Rush (then a lieutenant), with cool courage and outstanding professionalism he directed the damage control efforts directly responsible for saving the ship.
		Calling on his prior extensive combat experience, Captain Rush was able to maintain the submarine at 580 feet, almost 170 feet below her test depth, and prevent her sinking further to crush depth.
		When a highly accurate enemy depth charge attack initially caused damage to the submarine's internal piping and hull fittings, subsequent semi-continuous severe attacks wrought major damage to all systems and vital equipment and put into question the submarine's survivability.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/cno/n87/usw/issue_14/navycross.html (654 words)

	Gas Giants
		For Traveller purposes, the pressure/temperature is rated in "Crush Depth", where the pressure and temperature destroy a vessel with all hands - first crushed like a sinking submarine, then melted by the ambient heat and dispersed in the winds.
		If the damage (from the initial accident or subsequent storm-layer tumbles) has weakened the hull, it could crush before its official crush depth, killing all aboard - remember, the pressure is always increasing to and past ocean-bottom levels, and any breach or damage weakness only has to let the pressure in.
		The lighter having an armored hull and a greater crush depth than the crew's escape cutter complicates salvage - if the crew stays with the lighter past the cutter's crush depth, they will be unable to escape.
	www.freelancetraveller.com /features/science/gasgiants.html (5769 words)

	PlanetQuake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		But the coolest and most novel feature of all is the Crush Depth mini-subs.
		Crush Depth is a relatively new mod, so it's still being refined.
		If Crush Depth continues to grow at the rate it's growing, with new maps and new goodies, it'll probably be one of the biggest and boldest mods out there.
	www.planetquake.com /quake2/features/motw/crush.shtml (1271 words)

	ESTIMATING ABSORBED ENERGY
		C1 and C2 are the average crush depths of Vehicles 1 and 2 respectively.
		The energy absorbed for the crush for the known vehicle (Vehicle 1) is obtained by intergrating the quantity E1 across the width of the crush (dw):
		Nor is the A crush coefficient for the target vehicle.
	www.angelfire.com /on/GuideBook/energy2.html (744 words)

	Crush Songs
		I've Got A Crush On You - George Gershwin & Ira Gershwin
		Mr Cheeks & Mario Winans- Crush On You
		My ego could crush a full grown man
	www.brainymusic.com /songlink/c/crush.html (128 words)

	Determining the Context-Dependent Meaning of Fuzzy Subsets
		That is, if a depth of 20m has 0.7 membership in the fuzzy subset ``deep'', then it will always have that value.
		For example, suppose that Orca is told that the AUV's depth is ``nominal'' in the context of a mission requiring it to maintain depth at 5 meters.
		When the context changes to require the AUV to maintain a depth of 10 meters, the point list remains the same and will probably be taken to be ``too shallow'' in the new context.
	cdps.umcs.maine.edu /Papers/1997/Context (4778 words)

	Collision Technology EZine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Most of us have found through real world cases that using crush as a method of determining impact speeds is really inaccurate and is difficult to support in court.
		The empirical data on which the crush analysis is founded is always somewhat inaccurate and that is because the vehicle impact in the crush test has almost never undergone an impact configuration that is indentical to the real world impact.
		In other words, the frontal impact in the crash test is measured for crush depth and the speed at impact is known and from that the stiffness coefficients are derived.
	www.visualstatement.com /ezine/01152003CrushVsMomentum.aspx (437 words)

	Amazon.com: Crush Depth: Books: Joe Buff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Crush Depth is fast paced, well written and interesting.
		Crush Depth is the third segment of Buff's submarine saga that pits Jeffery Fuller and the Challenger against the German submarine Voortrekker.
		The character development is poor, leaving the reader with the impression that the submarine in question is inhabited by fantasized individuals who lack any depth (no pun intended).
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0060009659?v=glance (2237 words)

	MEDICOLEGAL NEWS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		One measurement task studied was vehicle crush by directly measuring the crush area of a damaged vehicle.
		Seventeen accident reconstructionists conducted measurements and their results for crush depth ranged from 11.8 to 34 inches.
		We have rarely found a case where the accident reconstructionist’s choice of data was not favorable to the insurer.
	www.i-c-p.com /ML2000/082702.html (471 words)

	Subsim.com Radio Room :: View topic - Disappointing diving depth - unrealistic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Diving depths are not correct in the sim, viib boats were designed to get to 150 m without problem (150m = being guaranteed test depth), "A + 80" (number cyphered against hostile listening) meaning Achtzig (=80) + 80 was a common depth for deep runs or evading.
		But this was the mazimun operative depth, it was intended to preserve the hull of filures by "Fatiga" structural stress after a determined cicles of dives.
		There should be increasing flooding at very deep depths and then hull failure only at the deepest levels when control of the sub was already lost.
	www.subsim.com /phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=30928 (2971 words)

	The Fear-Makers
		As the sub approaches 4200 feet, the crew panics and loses control of the ship, which sinks to its crush depth and explodes.
		The crewmember watching the depth gauge is nervous and distracted; Crane tells him to pay attention to what he's doing, says he doesn't like this any more than the crewman does.
		Kenner panics, says the ship must be near crush depth, orders them to return to the surface; Nelson says he's irrational and sends him to his quarters.
	www.portup.com /~hjbe/voyage/s1ep3.html (1337 words)

	Silent Hunter 2 beta Preview - SUBSIM Review
		The color of the water is usually deep blue mottled with dark shadows and crests, although the graphics stop short of reproducing sharp-edged waves and whitecaps.
		Depth charge blasts are still being worked up; distant explosions sound good but the close-up teeth-rattlers are absent.
		A barber-striped depth gauge (the Papenberg Column) informs you of the scope’s approximate relationship to the surface.
	www.subsim.com /ssr/sh2/sh2_preview.html (3512 words)

	Submerge Inc - UV scooter crush depth calculations.
		Submerge Inc - UV scooter crush depth calculations.
		The crush strength of a pipe exposed to external pressure decreases
		be used to calculate the exact crush depth.
	www.silent-submersion.com /uv/crush.htm (354 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This disturbance was the crushing of the Thresher as it had fallen below crush depth.
		This ice clogged the valve and prevented the blow from emptying the ballast tanks.
		Therefore the ship continued to sink past the crush depth.
	www.homestead.com /WinterSteel/files/Articles/USS_Thresher.htm (421 words)

	NewsPro Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Carcinogen is on the ball, already with an article, and now hes tackling reviews, his first being on Maestro's Crush Depth.
		I also decided to get off my ass and do a review as well, this time picking apart the dynamics of Mutemode's Acronychal.
		Crush Depth - The Final Plunge - by Maestro.
	dynamic.gamespy.com /~gmd/news/arc9-2001.html (222 words)

	Simple Pressure Vessle Failure Calculations
		The image below shows an example of the plots and equations for both the cylinder and end cap with the material properties of Stainless Steel 302/304/316.
		The user enters the material's properties (Young's Modulus, Yield Stress, and Poisson's Ratio) and the files return plots of Thickness/Diameter ratio vs. Depth.
		By returning a value for the Thickness/Diameter ratio any size cylinder or end cap can be evaluated.
	pergatory.mit.edu /rcortesi/portf/pressvesfailure/presvesfail.html (613 words)

	The Condemned
		They lower it 500 feet below the Seaview's crush depth of 5000 feet, with no apparent ill effects, and Nelson says that Admiral Falk's atmosphere, used for the first time in this experiment, works--it's kept the test hull from imploding.
		They debate the issue briefly, then return to the monitors--the test hull is now at a depth of 35,500 feet.
		As the hull approaches crush depth, the men adjust the hull's controls as necessary.
	www.portup.com /~hjbe/voyage/s1ep31.html (2510 words)

	War Trophy
		His recent novel Crush Depth made the Military Book Club's Top 20 Bestseller List after being selected as a Featured Alternate of the Club in late 2002.
		Creeping along submerged, with her crush depth of 1,200 feet and running on her gigantic batteries, she could slowly cover eight hundred miles very silently.
		She could also make sudden dashes this way at almost twenty knots, to evade pursuers hunting her from the surface.
	www.military.com /NewContent/0,13190,Buff_090204,00.html (1900 words)

	Morbid Fact Du Jour Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Many workers who jumped off the bridge were simply crushed by it when it fell.
		From 7:47 until 9:13 the dive appeared to be going well, with Thresher reporting her depth and course changes to Skylark.
		No further transmissions were received and at 9:18 Skylark detected a high energy, low frequency disturbance, which was most likely the sound created by the implosion of the Thresher's hull as she exceeded crush depth and broke apart, killing all 129 crewmembers.
	asylumeclectica.com /morbid/archives/morb998.htm (3409 words)

	Info and facts on 'Akula class submarine' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		450 m test depth (additional info and facts about test depth)
		550 m never-exceed depth (additional info and facts about never-exceed depth)
		600-660 m calculated crush depth (additional info and facts about crush depth)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ak/akula_class_submarine.htm (971 words)

	Relic Forums - HW2: Crush Depth (formerly known as Underwater mod)
		HW2: Crush Depth (formerly known as Underwater mod)
		It seems that the name Crush Depth is liked by lots of people.
		If we do decide to use crush depth, should it be a subtitle?
	forums.relicnews.com /showthread.php?t=21662 (940 words)

	Science War
		Two of Joe's non-fiction articles on future submarine technology and tactics, which appeared in The Submarine Review, received literary awards from the Naval Submarine League.
		His latest novel now out in paperback, Crush Depth, made the Military Book Club's Top 20 Bestseller List after being selected as a Featured Alternate of the Club in late 2002.
		His most recent work, Tidal Rip, was released from Wm.
	www.military.com /NewContent/0,13190,Buff_022004,00.html (1298 words)

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