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Topic: Cryogenic fuel

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	Saturated cryogenic fuel system - Patent 4406129
		A cryogenic fuel system as set forth in claim 1, wherein the vapor tube is connected to the liquid tube upstream of a solenoid-actuated liquid valve, and downstream of the vapor valve so that the liquid valve controls the flow of both liquid and vapor to the engine.
		A cryogenic fuel system as set forth in claim 1, wherein the vapor tube is connected to the liquid tube upstream of a pressure-actuated liquid valve and downstream of the vapor valve so that the liquid valve controls the flow of both liquid and vapor to the engine.
		A cryogenic fuel as a saturated liquid is a condition wherein the liquid is in equilibrium with the vapor.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4406129.html (2141 words)

	Cryogenics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cryogenic transfer pumps are the pumps used on LNG piers to transfer Liquified Natural Gas from LNG Carriers to LNG storage tanks.
		Cryogens, like liquid nitrogen, are further used for specialty chilling and freezing applications.
		Cryogenic fuels, mainly oxygen and hydrogen, have been used as rocket fuels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cryogenics (819 words)

	Cryogenic fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cryogenic fuels are fuels that require storage at extremely low temperatures.
		Quite often, liquid oxygen is mistakenly called "cryogenic fuel" as well, though it is actually an oxidizer and not a fuel.
		Some rocket engines are cooled by circulating their cryogenic fuel around their nozzles before the fuel is pumped into the combustion chamber.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cryogenic_fuel (107 words)

	PSC «Tupolev» - Cryogenic aircraft
		To use cryogenic fuel airframe and some standard systems were modified, cryogenic fuel charging, storage and feeding systems were installed that ensured fire/explosion safety, and data acquisition and recording system as well.
		Cryogenic fuel resource is kept in fuel tank of 17.5 m3 capacity installed in special compartment in rear portion of passenger cabin.
		To charge the aircraft with cryogenic fuels special charging complex was made which in view of safety was located on separated site that was also used for a/c parking and maintenance.
	www.tupolev.ru /English/Show.asp?SectionID=82 (969 words)

	FLUG REVUE June 1999: Cryogenic rocket engines
		The fuel combination liquid oxygen and RP-1, a kerosene-like hydrocarbon compound, was later the basis for the propulsion of the American intercontinental rockets Atlas and Titan I as well as for the boosters for the first stage of the Saturn family used in the Apollo Moon Program.
		The major components of a liquid fuel cryogenic engine are the thrust chamber, the fuel pumps with its valves and regulators and the tanks.
		In the bypass configuration, the fuel flow is split, the main part is used via the combustion chamber to generate thrust, while a small amount of the fuel is used to drive the pump through the turbine and is subsequently emitted.
	www.flug-revue.rotor.com /FRheft/FRH9906/FR9906c.htm (1856 words)

	Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
		Introduction of an alternative fuel that does not meet the requirements of current aircraft would imply the use of a two-fuel system at all airports until all current aircraft are replaced by new, alternatively fueled aircraft.
		The prospect of limiting the availability of a new fuel to a few airports does not appear to be viable because of the need to retain full services for aircraft diverted by weather or mechanical problems.Although alternative fuels may offer some emissions benefits, the major disadvantage is significantly lower energy density compared with kerosene.
		Cryogenic fuels are not compatible with the fueling systems of current aircraft, and their lower energy density would require much larger fuel tanks than on current aircraft.
	www.pnl.gov /aisu/pubs/eemw/papers/ipccreports/specialreports/aviation/111.htm (1913 words)

	Process and apparatus for conditioning cryogenic fuel to establish a selected equilibrium pressure (US5590535)
		A temperature sensor disposed in a conduit downstream of the sparger or mixer chamber measures the temperature (and thus the equilibrium pressure) of the warmed cryogenic fuel in the conduit.
		(d) feeding the vapor from the vapor storage tank to the means for warming the liquefied cryogenic fuel wherein heat is indirectly transferred from the vapor to the liquefied cryogenic fuel and the vapor is subsequently condensed;
		(g) providing the cryogenic fuel to the vehicle fuel tank at a selected equilibrium pressure by varying a flow rate of the vapor withdrawn from the vapor storage tank and fed into the means for warming the liquefied cryogenic fuel in response to the temperature of the liquefied cryogenic fuel in the dispensing means.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US05590535 (658 words)

	Article: Liquefied natural gas tanks press release-Technifab Products, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Unlike passive fuels such as gasoline, diesel, propane, or compressed natural gas, liquid natural gas is continually changing state as heat enters the liquid through the tank suspension system and the insulation surrounding the tank.
		The advanced technology, LNG fuel tanks, to be produced by Technifab, are of all stainless steel construction and consist of an inner pressure vessel suspended within an outer tank by means of a non-metallic central support beam.
		In addition, the CFI fuel tanks have successfully completed dynamic structural testing by Mack Truck at their truck test facility in Allentown, PA. The testing was conducted at cryogenic temperatures and simulated 500,000 miles of heavy-duty truck operational service.
	www.technifab.com /lng_release.htm (840 words)

	To the problem of cryogenic aviation-aerospace engineering
		The increase of aircraft performance is provided not only by higher cryogenic fuel calorific value but also by rational use of their cooling resources the best thermodynamic properties of propulsive masses obtained from them and the function of gas cryogenic fuel even before burning.
		These cryogenic aircraft researches are dual-purpose techonologies and they will allow to use cryogenic fuel in other transport vehicles, agriculture, power engineering (superconducting, removal of maximal loads in electrical systems etc.), in metallurgy, chemical industry, medicine and other branches and also the capability to export cryogenic fuel, cryogenic aircraft, cryogenic equipment and technologies.
		However the problem of cryogenic fuel types for aircraft and other transport vehicles as well as for many spheres of human activity is not finally a national problem but a global problem.
	www.kcn.ru /tat_en/science/ans/journals/rasj_cnt/00_2_6.html (685 words)

	Fill'er Up -- With Hydrogen (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This contrasts with gaseous fuel systems that typically deliver fuel at high pressure to the engine bay, where it is regulated down to the operating pressure of the fuel-metering device.
		However, drawbacks of cryogenic storage are the high electrical consumption required to liquefy the hydrogen, and the evaporative losses that can occur when the low-pressure tanks are filled and when the car is parked.
		It holds the target fuel value of 5 kg of hydrogen in one-third the volume of a gaseous hydrogen tank at 5,000 psi, and one-quarter the volume of a hydrogen tank at 3,600 psi.
	www.memagazine.org /backissues/feb02/features/fillerup/fillerup.html (2743 words)

	Artemis Project: Fuel Depot for Cryogenic Propellants
		To keep the fuel liquid, we cool it continously by allowing excess heat to be carried away as the gasses boil off.
		We would need some elegant engineering solutions to be able to store cryogenic fuels at a small facility such as the initial LEO staging base shown at the left.
		Boil-off gasses can be used to reboost the station against atmospheric drag, so we can use fuel that otherwise would be expended just to keep the cryogenics cold to maintain the fuel depot's orbit.
	www.asi.org /adb/02/07/01/03/cryo-fuel-facility.html (762 words)

	SPACE.com -- Foam Damage to Ariane 5 Delays Rosetta Launch
		Le Gall said a piece of thermal protection covering the cryogenic fuel tank was found on the launch platform during a routine inspection of the area late Feb. 26.
		The piece of insulating foam, measuring 10 by 15 centimeters, had likely fallen off the tank after the cryogenic fuel tank was emptied in response to the 24-hour weather delay.
		To keep the fuel cold and to prevent ice from forming on the tank's exterior in the warm, humid air of this equatorial launch base, the tank is covered with foam insulation.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/ariane5_scrub_040227.html (520 words)

	Vehicle utilizing cryogenic fuel (US4106581)
		A cryogenic fuel, such as liquid nitrogen or other liquified gases, is stored in a container at a selected pressure.
		The apparatus includes a suitable container, a heat exchanger for adding heat to the cryogenic liquid to cause it to expand and convert to gas, a valving apparatus which controls the rate of flow of the expanded gas, and a power plant formed of at least one cylinder having a double acting piston.
		The relative timing of the opening of the intake valve is related to the movement of the piston by a cam and cam follower to reduce the gas pressure in the piston at the end of each stroke practically to zero to eliminate waste of the cryogenic fuel.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US04106581__ (352 words)

	NASA Tests X-33 Cryogenic Fuel Tank Concepts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Researchers at NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va., are conducting thermal-mechanical tests toward the development of a durable, lightweight cryogenic insulation system for possible use on future reusable launch vehicles (RLV).
		The tests consist of 25 cycles in which a one-foot by two-foot aluminum alloy panel, covered with cryogenic foam insulation, is cooled to -296 degrees Fahrenheit with liquid nitrogen.
		Data from the results will be used in analyses for sizing the cryogenic insulation system on the X-33.
	oea.larc.nasa.gov /news_rels/1996/Oct96/96_165.html (434 words)

	H2 and Fuel Cells (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The use of hydrogen fuel in Internal Combustion (IC) engines is of particular importance in developing a hydrogen fuel infrastructure, as dual fuel petrol/hydrogen in an interim period can simplify the fuel introduction process.
		Fuel standards will be associated with this work, to ensure defined and consistent fuel supply, quality and safety.
		Predictions for the time scale for the adoption of fuel cells in quantity are tentative and even proponents in the automotive companies are uncertain about the timing of large scale production of vehicles powered by fuel cells.
	www.low-carbon-ktn.org.uk /h2_fuel_cells.asp (811 words)

	Summary Assessment of the Safety, Health, Environment and System Risks of Alternative Fuel
		Fuels included are: 1) compressed natural gas, 2) liquefied natural gas, 3) propane, 4) methanol and methanol blends, 5) ethanol and ethanol blends, 6) biodiesel, 7) hydrogen, and 8) electricity.
		Biodiesel blends In this analysis biodiesel fuel is considered to be a mixture of 10-30 percent of a vegetable oil ester, such as methyl soyate, and conventional diesel fuel.
		The limit values for these fuels are based on the lower flammability limit and the premise that inhalation of a flammable mixture of fuel and air constitutes a health hazard.
	www.transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov /Publications/CleanAir/Alt_Fuel/alt_fuel.htm (17031 words)

	Department of Energy Alternative Fuel Descriptions
		The move towards alternative fuels is intended to reduce dependence on foreign oil, diversify transportation fuel supply, and improve air quality.
		This alcohol fuel is usually mixed with gasoline at 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent unleaded gasoline to form what is called E-85.
		This fuel is cryogenic and stored as a cold liquid that needs insulated storage and distribution systems.
	oregon.gov /ENERGY/TRANS/fueldes.shtml (1463 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When the countdown resumes, the launch pad will be cleared of all personnel in preparation for cryogenic fuel loading of the Power Reactant and Storage Distribution system tanks and the Extended Duration Orbiter (EDO) tanks in the payload bay.
		These tanks hold the super-cold liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants used by the fuel cells to provide electricity to the orbiter and drinking water for the crew.
		Following cryogenic loading operations, the pad will be reopened for normal work and the orbiter mid-body umbilical unit used to load the super-cold reactants into the orbiter's fuel cell tanks will be demated.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /shuttle/missions/status/r79-92.ksc (1681 words)

	[No title]
		When the countdown resumes, the launch pad will be cleared of all personnel in preparation for cryogenic fuel loading of the power reactant and storage distribution system tanks located under the payload bay lining.
		Following cryogenic loading operations, the pad will be reopened for normal work and the orbiter mid-body umbilical unit used to load the super-cold reactants in the orbiter's fuel cell tanks will be demated and retracted into the launch structure.
		Loading the external tank with cryogenic propellants is scheduled to begin at 1:02 a.m.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /shuttle/missions/status/r82-93.ksc (1893 words)

	Northrop Grumman, NASA Complete Testing Of Prototype Composite Cryogenic Tank
		Composite cryogenic fuel tanks also offer a 10 to 25 percent weight savings over conventional aluminum fuel tanks, he added, which could enable larger payloads in the future.
		This orbiting "fuel depot" would be used to fuel space vehicles traveling from low-Earth orbit to the moon, Mars or beyond.
		Northrop Grumman's work for NASA on the cryogenic fuel tanks was done as part of a three-year series of Next Generation Launch Technology contract options that began in June 2001.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/fuel-04e.html (691 words)

	New Composite Hydrogen Fuel Tank For RLVs Successfully Tested
		Fuel tank problems on the X-33 Venture Star project were crtitical to ending what was the last major new space transportation R&D program at NASA.
		The tank is approximately one quarter of the projected size (27.5 feet in diameter x 80 feet long) of a fuel tank required for some reusable launch vehicle concepts.
		During the next nine months, the team will fill, apply internal and external loads, and drain the tank approximately 40 times to demonstrate its structural integrity at cryogenic temperatures and its ability to be reused.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/rlv-03p.html (567 words)

	Cry02 Cryogenic Intake System :: Cryogenic Intake Systems :: Air & Fuel Delivery :: Martel Brothers Performance
		Heat is removed from the fuel as it passes through resulting in a col...
		Heat is removed from the fuel as it passes through resulting in a colder fuel charge.
		Heat is removed from the fuel as it passes through resulting in a c...
	www.martelbrothers.com /catalog/Cry02-Cryogenic-Intake-System-p-1-c-456.html (602 words)

	RedOrbit - Space - Northrop Grumman, NASA Complete Testing of Prototype Composite Cryogenic Fuel Tank (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The composite tank technology demonstrated has potential applications not only as cryogenic fuel tanks for Earth-launched space vehicles, but also as on-orbit storage of cryogenic fuels such as liquid hydrogen or liquid oxygen.
		This orbiting "fuel depot" would be used to fuel space vehicles traveling from low-Earth orbit to the moon, Mars or beyond.
		Northrop Grumman's work for NASA on the cryogenic fuel tanks was done as part of a three-year series of Next Generation Launch Technology contract options that began in June 2001.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=84393 (717 words)

	stickmaker: Problems With NASA
		For example, instead of using proven space-storable propellant combinations such as mixed hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide in the CEV they are going with storing cryogenic fuel and oxidizer in space long term.
		The claim is that the cryogenic propellants will increase performance (as judged by the specific impulse available from the propellants).
		The added mass for the amount of insulation needed and the larger tanks due to the lower density fuel mean a heavier vehicle with lower performance.
	stickmaker.livejournal.com /21519.html (633 words)

	Northrop Grumman Corporation - Defining the Future (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Liquid hydrogen is an essential but highly volatile fuel used in the combustion process that propels rockets.
		The tank is approximately one quarter of the projected size (27.5 feet in diameter x 80 feet long) of a fuel tank required for some reusable launch vehicle concepts.
		Northrop Grumman's work for NASA on the cryogenic fuel tanks is being done under a 3-year series of Next Generation Launch Technology contract options that began in June 2001.
	www.irconnect.com /noc/pages/news_releases.mhtml?d=50053 (623 words)

	OPERATION CASTLE - 1954 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Tritium was the most valuable fusion fuel, being both highly reactive and causing extremely energetic fusion, so this extra source of tritium greatly increased the weapon yield.
		This weapon used 95% enriched lithium-6 deuteride fuel, which was expensive and scarce at the time and limited the numbers that could be deployed.
		This cryogenic weapon system, using liquid deuterium fuel, was actually fielded - one of the first two thermonuclear weapon systems ever to reach deployment.
	www.radiochemistry.org /history/nuke_tests/castle (2578 words)

	Talk:India successfully tests cryogenic rocket engine - Wikinews, the free news source
		(oxidising agent) as fuel, which is why the temprature has to be maintained below -252 C, to keep the hydrogen from boiling.
		The source states that it is the "first test of the cryogenic stage of a rocket engine" - the title and article text is a bit misleading.
		See Cryogenic fuel and Cryogenics to get more about it.
	en.wikinews.org /wiki/Talk:India_successfully_tests_cryogenic_rocket_engine (242 words)

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