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Topic: Cryoprotectant

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	ISRDB Cryoprotectant database for protein crystals - Information Search()
		Crystals were soaked in the crystallization buffer with substrate and 30% glycerol as a cryoprotectant for 15 min and were then cooled in a nitrogen stream at 100K.
		The crystals were soaked in cryoprotecting mother liquor(20% ethylene glycol; 14% PEG 4000; 0.1M HEPES pH 7.0) and flash-frozen in a nylon CryoLoop in a cold nitrogen stream before data collection.
		A crystal of the native protein was flash-frozen with a cryoprotectant solution; which consisted of 100mM sodium citrate pH 5.6; 50mM ammonium acetate; 30%(w/v)PEG 4000 and 20%(v/v) PEG 400.
	idb.exst.jaxa.jp /db_data/protein/search-e.php (783 words)

	CRYONICS PERFUSION/DIFFUSION PROTOCOL
		Cryoprotectants may not only increase the possibility of future repair, they may reduce the estimated time the patient needs to remain in liquid nitrogen -- a vulnerable condition in which a patient could be destroyed due to negligence, accident or malevolence.
		The carrier solution for the cryoprotectant should perform similar tissue preservation functions as is performed by the transport solution, and should be carefully mixed with the cryoprotectant so as to avoid deviations from isotonicity which could result in dehydration or swelling and bursting of cells.
		Although glycerol has historically been the cryoprotectant used in cryonics, the perfusion process described should be much the same with the newer, more effective, cryoprotectants now being used in cryonics.
	www.benbest.com /cryonics/protocol.html (7523 words)

	Taconic \| Library \| Special Topic Lectures \| The Cryopreservation of Mouse Embryos
		Cryoprotective agents like DMSO and glycerol improve the survival rate of frozen cells by decreasing the temperature at which ice forms.
		These agents are highly water-soluble and almost exclusively employed in the concentration range of 0.5 to 2.0 M. Cryoprotectants lower the freezing point of the cell (to -4 to -6°C), thereby permitting the controlled dehydration of the cells.
		The intracellular cryoprotectant compounds must be removed from the cells by immersion of the thawed sample in DPBS or M2 solution.
	www.taconic.com /wmspage.cfm?parm1=321 (1295 words)

	Alcor: FAQ - Technical
		A: A cryoprotectant is a small molecule that easily penetrates inside cells and that depresses the freezing point of water.
		If cryoprotectants are present, the freezing point of the unfrozen solution drops sooner and faster, limiting the total amount of ice that forms.
		The combination of rapid cooling and high cryoprotectant concentration to completely avoid ice formation was first suggested in the paper, "Vitrification as an Approach to Cryopreservation" (Cryobiology 21, 407-426 (1984)).
	www.alcor.org /FAQs/faq02.html (3017 words)

	VIABILITY, CHILLING INJURY AND CRYOPROTECTANT TOXICITY IN CRYONICS
		Vitrification requires the use of cryoprotective agents ("antifreeze compounds") to prevent ice formation and/or freezing damage by increased viscosity, by hydrogen-bonding with water molecules, by dilution of electrolytes and/or by colligative interference.
		Cryoprotectant toxicity is probably caused by denaturation of proteins (the protein denaturation hypothesis).
		In vitrification where water is replaced by cryoprotectant there will at least be temporary dehydration associated with the "shrink-swell cycle" due to the fact that water leaves cells faster than cryoprotectants can enter.
	www.benbest.com /cryonics/viable.html (4761 words)

	Cryoprotectant sorbitol crystal spherules - Patent 5324751
		Crystalline sorbitol is used as a cryoprotectant along with, in some instances, sucrose to prevent degradation of the protein gel due to freezing of the water within the protein micelle when the Surimi is blast-frozen to -20.degree.
		If the cryoprotectant is not totally dissolved and/or thoroughly dispersed, it will not provide the necessary protection and will result in reduction of protein functionality on freezing, storing, defrosting.
		The sorbitol spherules of the invention can be added to fish protein gel in concentrations ranging from 2-10% by weight as the sole cryoprotectant or in combination with equal amounts of sucrose at the 4% level and small amounts of other additives such a sodium polyphosphate.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5324751.html (4091 words)

	Slow Freezing Procedure for 8-Cell Mouse Embryos - The Jackson Laboratory
		(4) Finally, the cryoprotectant must be removed from the embryos without damaging them either by some inherent toxic effect of the cryoprotectant, or from osmotic shock during its removal.
		Embryos are placed in 0.1 ml of PBS and held on ice until ready for addition of cryoprotectant.
		To prepare the pipets a small amount of PBS is drawn into the tip of a Pasteur pipette by capillary action.
	www.jax.org /cryo/slow.html (1113 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Ultrastructural Changes in Mint Meristems During the Cryopreservation Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		One millimeter shoot tips are excised and treated with cryoprotectant solutions to remove excess water and introduce solutes that promote glass formation during the cooling process.
		Significant damage was not observed after cryoprotectant treatment and liquid nitrogen exposure; however, shoot tips cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures, and subsequently warmed and diluted in 1.2 M sucrose were plasmolyzed and appeared to have damaged membranes.
		Our data suggest that the loss of water during cryoprotectant treatments may not be the primary source of damage during the cryopreservation procedure.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=179935 (484 words)

	Webster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The six cryoprotectants used were 1.50 M molecular grade dimethyl sulfoxide, 1.50 M enzyme grade glycerol, 1.20 M enzyme grade ethylene glycol, 70% (v/v) ACS/USP grade ethanol, and 100% ethanol, as well as a “dry” freezing aliquot with no cryoprotectant added.
		The cryoprotectants were diluted to the correct molarity or concentration in distilled water, not serum or buffer.
		The vials were inverted to immerse the flies in the cryoprotectant and the vials were then equilibrated in the cryoprotectant at 0°C in an ice bath for 2 hours.
	www.ou.edu /journals/dis/DIS84/R45%20%20Webster/Webster.htm (4019 words)

	VM3 Cryoprotectant for Successful Tissue Preservation
		Successfully vitrify individual cells and large tissues with VM3 Cryoprotectant, a low-toxicity formula that is extraordinarily stable against ice formation.
		It is supplied as a mixture of pure cryoprotectant and includes the Supercool X-1000, Supercool Z-1000, and Supercool PVP “ice blockers.” Designed to satisfy a broad range of cryopreservation needs, it is used as a pure cryoprotectant in preparing vitrification solutions.
		VM3 cryoprotectant is stable for at least 11 months in a refrigerator or freezer and can be used in combination with other additives to optimize their use for your particular system.
	www.21cm.com /vm3.html (383 words)

	DNA integrity and motility of human spermatozoa after standard slow freezing versus cryoprotectant-free vitrification ...
		vitrified in the absence of cryoprotectant (47 versus 52%).
		Alvarez JG and Storey BT (1992) Evidence for increased lipid peroxidative damage and loss of superoxide dismutase activity as a mode of sublethal cryodamage to human sperm during cryopreservation.
		Gilmore JA, Liu J, Gao DY and Critser JK (1997) Determination of optimal cryoprotectants and procedures for their addition and removal from human spermatozoa.
	humrep.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/19/4/932 (4915 words)

	Cellular cryobiology and anhydrobiology - physical stresses in cells at low temperature and/or low hydration
		Not shown on this chart is the possibility of vitrification of small volumes in the absence of cryoprotectants, using extremely rapid cooling.
		Higher cooling rates allow lower doses of the toxic cryoprotectants, but cooling rates are often limited in practice by heat conduction in the samples being cooled, particularly for macroscopic organs.
		In model systems, it is not simple to produce high concentrations of non-permeating solutes in the inter-membrane space, so comparisons among different experiments should be made carefully, unless the inter-membrane concentration, rather than the total sample concentration, is measured.
	www.phys.unsw.edu.au /~jw/cryoblurb.html (7047 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Survival of Mint Shoot Tips after Exposure to Cryoprotectant Solutions Components (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		New solutions with lower toxicity and more uniform applicability could be developed when plant vitrification solutions are characterized on a toxicological and biophysical basis.
		Overall, solution exposures at 22 degrees C were more damaging than exposures at 0 degrees C. The glycerol components of PVS2 and plant vitrification solution 3 (PVS3; containing 50% glycerol and 50% sucrose) were damaging at 22 degrees C. Mint shoot tips could be cryopreserved using variations of PVS2 with lower concentrations of glycerol.
		New solutions with lower toxicity and more uniform applicability could be developed when plant cryoprotectant solutions are characterized on a toxicological and biophysical basis.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=176589 (416 words)

	proh - The Jackson Laboratory
		Prepare the cooling apparatus: Set to -7°C. Collect the embryos, screen carefully for abnormalities, and hold at room temperature in M2 until ready to freeze.
		Take a straw (133mm in length) and using a metal rod with a stop, push the plug into the tube so that it is 75 mm from the end.
		They will rapidly take up water and assume normal appearance the oviduct of a day 0.5 pseudopregnant recipient, or culture them to the blastocyst stage in KSOM and transfer to the uterus of a day 3 recipient.
	www.jax.org /cryo/proh.html (569 words)

	Alken Clear-Flo 7119, natural humectant, wetting agent, cryoprotectant, soil penetrant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		ALKEN CLEAR-FLO® 7119 is a scientifically balanced formulation containing nature's best humectants and wetting agents, pure Yucca schidigera sarsaponin leaf extract and coconut extracts, the safest natural cryoprotectant (plant extracted glycerine) micro-nutrients and plant healing compounds from the finest pure Aloe Vera leaf extract gel.
		Ten strains of non-pathogenic, spore-forming Bacillus have been specially selected to break down composted manure fertilizers, grass clippings and other dead plant litter, when the temperature and other conditions are conducive for plants to feed on the released nutrients.
		Avoid inhalation of mist and wash hands with warm soapy water after handling.
	www.alken-murray.com /7119pib.htm (371 words)

	TopSearch10 - Search Results - glycine betaine as a cryoprotectant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
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	glycine-betaine-as-a-cryoprotectant.tbl.sytes.net (129 words)

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