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Topic: Cryosphere

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	Cryosphere - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		It collectively describes the portions of the Earth’s surface where water is in a solid form and includes sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost).
		The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system with important linkages and feedbacks generated through its influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes, clouds, precipitation, hydrology, and atmospheric and oceanic circulation (Figure 1).
		Cryosphere, The Cryosphere, Snow, Sea ice, Lake ice and river ice, Frozen ground and permafrost, Glaciers and ice sheets, References, External links and Earth sciences.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Cryosphere (4052 words)

	Cryosphere
		The cryosphere is frozen water in the form of snow, permanently frozen ground (permafrost), floating ice, and glaciers.
		The cryosphere is one of the interrelated components of the Earth's (or similar planetary body) system.
		Fluctuations in the volume of the cryosphere cause changes in ocean sea-level[?], which directly impact the atmosphere, climate and biosphere.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/cr/Cryosphere.html (54 words)

	Cryosphere - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The cryosphere is frozen water in the form of snow, permanently frozen ground (permafrost), floating ice, and glaciers.
		The cryosphere is one of the interrelated components of the Earth's (or similar planetary body) system.
		Fluctuations in the volume of the cryosphere cause changes in ocean sea-level, which directly impact the atmosphere, climate and biosphere.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Cryosphere (82 words)

	CRYOSPHERE
		One of the interrelated components of the Earth's system, the cryosphere is frozen water in the form of snow, permanently frozen ground (permafrost), floating ice, and glaciers.
		The glaciers and ice sheets are closely related to the global hydrologic cycle and to variations of sea level and change in volume and extent over periods ranging from hundreds to millions of years.
		The cryosphere includes the polar ice caps, continental ice sheets, mountain glaciers, sea ice, snow cover, lake and river ice, and permafrost.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.com /definition/english/Cr/Cryosphere.html (561 words)

	Rittenhouse Book Distributors Healthcare & Medical Books - Browse Categories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The cryosphere is an essential member of the globe's environmental systems, with a unique sensitivity to climate change at all spatial and temporal scales.
		This is the first textbook to consider all aspects of the cryosphere system (ice sheets, sea ice, snow, river and lake ice, glaciers, and permafrost) in the context of global environmental change driven by human activity and climate.
		The Cryosphere and Global Environmental Change is written for upper level undergraduate and graduate students in geography, environmental science and earth science, but it will also appeal to all scientists engaged with global change issues.
	www.rittenhouse.com /product/product.asp?sku=140512976X&mscssid=C0FFQ2WJPTQE9GQBPTD5WJP2F1GP04A1 (179 words)

	The Climate System \| The Cryosphere
		The cryosphere consists of those regions of the globe, both land and sea, covered by snow and ice.
		The cryosphere also acts to decouple the atmosphere and oceans, reducing the transfer of moisture and momentum, so stabilising the energy transfers within the atmosphere (Henderson-Sellers and Robinson, 1986).
		Finally, the presence of the cryosphere itself markedly affects the volume of the oceans and global sea levels, changes to which can affect the energy budget of the climate system.
	www.global-climate-change.org.uk /1-3-2.php (256 words)

	Climate and Cryosphere (CliC)
		The second focus is how the cryosphere affects other global conditions, including for example, the effect of the snowmelt freshet on oceanic processes or the influence of glacier melt on sea level.
		Thirdly considered is how the terrestrial cryosphere influences the hydrometeorology of cold regions, using examples at varying spatial scales from large-river heat flux to the micro-climate of tree line.
		Also evaluated are the merits of various terrestrial cryospheric components as indicators of climate change, ranging from seasonal indices such as snow coverage, break-up dates, or glacier mass-balance to longer-term indicators such as glacier extent or permafrost temperatures.
	www.clic2005.org /metadata_abstracts.php?s=0&table=Abstracts&id=362&tag=All&session=5-&letter=All&format=All&type=Oral&sorder=First_Author&stype=Phrase&limit=10000&q= (235 words)

	The AGU Cryosphere Sciences Focus Group
		Cryospheric science studies the portion of the Earth's surface where water is in a solid form, usually snow or ice.
		The Cryosphere Focus Group acts as a liaison between the cryospheric science research community and AGU administration.
		We have gown in strength since this change, reflected in a significant increase in contributions at the AGU Fall Meeting: from 120 abstracts in 5 sessions in 2002 to 340 abstracts in 27 sessions in 2005.
	cryosphere.agu.org (375 words)

	The State of the Cryosphere: What the Ice is Telling us \| Greenpeace International
		The cryosphere comprises all the frozen water and soil on the surface of the Earth.
		The book from Cambridge University Press, "Mass Balance of the Cryosphere", to be published in January 2004, focuses on two key components of this sensitive environment: land ice, in the form of ice sheets, caps and glaciers, and sea ice.
		Written by a team of 23 expert scientists and edited by Dr Jonathan Bamber and Dr Anthony Payne of Bristol University, the book warns that the cryosphere is extremely sensitive to climate change and we ignore at our peril the dramatic and disturbing trends that have already been observed globally.
	www.greenpeace.org /international/press/reports/the-state-of-the-cryosphere-w (149 words)

	Climate and the Cryosphere
		The cryosphere includes those regions, both land and ocean, that are covered by snow and ice.
		This is an important research area because global warming could reduce the size of the cryosphere, potentially allowing more solar radiation to stay in the atmosphere and further warm the planet.
		Ice that forms on the ocean reduces the movement of moisture and energy into the air, thereby affecting climate patterns and atmospheric circulation.
	www.ucar.edu /research/earthsystem/cryosphere.shtml (359 words)

	Ice melts as globe warms \| Greenpeace International
		The book warns that the cryosphere is far more sensitive to climate change than has been generally accepted, and that we ignore at our peril the dramatic and disturbing trends that have already been observed globally.
		Evidence indicates that some of the changes being seen in the cryosphere are related to the underlying man-made component of global warming.
		The implications of the decline of the cryosphere are far reaching and go beyond merely losing snow and ice.
	www.greenpeace.org /international/news/ice-melts-as-globe-warms (2364 words)

	ESA - Observing the Earth - Understanding Our Planet - Overview
		Stored within the cryosphere is around 77% of global freshwater – 91% of it found in the Antarctic ice sheet, the remainder within the ice sheet covering Greenland and glaciers found worldwide.
		The cryosphere is both influenced by and has a major influence on climate.
		Earth Observation provides an effective means of continuously monitoring the entire cryosphere, charting any alterations in response to climate, and looking for warning signs of changes in snow or ice reflectivity (known as 'albedo') along with thinning ice.
	www.esa.int /esaEO/SEM799BWC4E_planet_0.html (442 words)

	Cryosphere and Climate Change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Although observations of the cryosphere have been made from ground, ship and aircraft for many decades, they cover small areas at a time-leaving large, often uninhabited areas uninvestigated.
		Also, since all elements of the cryosphere are very dynamic, measurements made by satellite on a daily or weekly basis can detect changes that are overlooked by less frequent methods.
		Improving the use of space-based systems to monitor the cryosphere will help scientists better understand the role our frozen regions play in the global climate system, and provide more accurate information for studying the impacts of changes to this system on our environment and our economy.
	www.climatechangeconnection.org /pages/subpages/cryosphere.html (604 words)

	4. CRYOSPHERE
		These are: (1) cryosphere observations required to understand the impact of climate change on the cryosphere and feedbacks to climate; and (2) cryosphere observations required for GCMs.
		Many components of the cryosphere are sensitive to changes in atmospheric temperature because of their thermal proximity to melting.
		Table 4.1 summarizes the minimum set of cryospheric variables that are required to detect climate change, assess the impacts of climate change, predict seasonal to interannual climate and to simulate long-term climate changes.
	www.fao.org /docrep/005/AC662E/ac662e08.htm (3965 words)

	News
		The Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) Initial Science and Co-ordination Plan, outlines research and co-ordination intitatives required to fully integrate studies of the impact and response of the cryosphere, and the use of cryospheric indicators for climate change detection, within the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP).
		The cryosphere plays a significant role in global climate, in climate model response to global change, and as an indicator of change in the climate system.
		There are notable gaps in present studies of cryospheric elements and in the accurate and appropriate treatment of cryospheric processes in climate models.
	fm.proclim.ch /FMPro?-db=news.fp5&-format=news%2fnewsdetail.html&-lay=web&-sortfield=NewsDatum&-sortorder=descend&flag=proclim&-max=20&-recid=101&-find= (278 words)

	Science and the Environment Bulletin: Cryosphere and Climate Change
		On a global scale, the cryosphere influences the world's surface energy, water cycle, and atmospheric and oceanic circulation.
		Although observations of the cryosphere have been made from ground, ship and aircraft for many decades, they cover small areas at a time-leaving large, often uninhabited areas uninvestigated.
		The cryosphere is a highly variable, dynamic system with complex linkages to the climate system.
	www.ec.gc.ca /science/sandenov00/article5_e.html (612 words)

	Spaceborne Scatterometry Remote Sensing of the Cryosphere: a Review
		The “cryosphere” (from the Greek kryos, for cold) is wherever water exists in the ice phase as a result of sub-freezing temperatures, including snow, ice, and frozen soil.
		The original intention for launching scatterometers into orbit around the planet was to use the backscattered signals to infer the direction and velocity of winds over the oceans: information which is critical for monitoring synoptic scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns that can be used for the study of weather and climate.
		Land and cryospheric applications of spaceborne scatterometry remote sensing have arisen as a successful and important alternative usage of these data.
	cires.colorado.edu /~maurerj/scatterometry/scatterometry_cryosphere.htm (466 words)

	www.myspace.com/cryospherecc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		After a five-year hiatus, the newest evolution of Cryosphere begins as one of Austria's most forward-thinking Extreme Metal bands returns to finish what they started ten years ago.
		CRYOSPHERE deliver a dynamic, melodic fusion of Black /Death Metal that hints at the avant-garde textures of Arcturus, harnesses the ferocity of Old Man's Child and echoes the "man-as-cosmos" lyrical motifs of early Covenant.
		Originally founded in 1996, it has taken CRYOSPHERE ten years to complete their own cycle of birth, death and rebirth.
	www.myspace.com /cryospherecc (286 words)

	IGOS :: THEMES :: CRYOSPHERE
		The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system through its influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes, clouds, precipitation, hydrology, and atmospheric and oceanic circulation.
		The grand challenge of the Cryosphere theme is to determine how observations should be coordinated and developed, and to enhance the observation and monitoring of the cryosphere in support of process studies, model evaluation, and change detection.
		A major undertaking in the area of cryospheric research and observations in the near-term perspective is the International Polar Year 2007-2008 (IPY).
	www.eohandbook.com /igosp/cryosphere.htm (478 words)

	The Cryosphere: Where the World is Frozen
		The word "cryosphere" originates from the Greek word kryos, meaning frost or cold, and refers to the portions of the Earth's surface where water is in a solid form, usually snow or ice.
		The Earth' s cryosphere includes sea ice, freshwater ice, snow, glaciers, frozen ground and permafrost.
		Seasonal snow cover, the largest component of the cryosphere, covers up to 33 percent of the Earth's total land surface.
	nsidc.colorado.edu /cryosphere (404 words)

	IGOS :: THEMES :: CRYOSPHERE
		The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system through its influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes, clouds, precipitation, hydrology, and atmospheric and oceanic circulation.
		The grand challenge of the Cryosphere theme is to determine how observations should be coordinated and developed, and to enhance the observation and monitoring of the cryosphere in support of process studies, model evaluation, and change detection.
		A major undertaking in the area of cryospheric research and observations in the near-term perspective is the International Polar Year 2007-2008 (IPY).
	www.igospartners.org /cryosphere.htm (478 words)

	IPY 2007-2008
		Understanding the state of the cryosphere, and its associated past, present and future variability in time and space, is essential to understanding its impacts on the oceanic, atmospheric, terrestrial, social, cultural, and economic systems.
		The “State and Fate of the Cryosphere” (SandF) project will provide a framework for assessing the polar cryospheric system and the related physical and chemical processes, interactions, and impacts within the Earth system.
		The IPY provides the opportunity for a coordinated circumpolar assessment of both polar regions by nations and their organizations, scientists, and residents that likely would not be otherwise undertaken.
	www.ipy.org /index.php?/ipy/detail/the_state_and_fate_of_the_cryosphere (325 words)

	SCAR » Archive
		The cryosphere, consisting of snow cover, sea-, lake- and river-ice, glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets, and frozen ground including permafrost, is a fundamentally important part of the global climate system.
		Cryospheric changes provide important information about past climatic conditions in regions where other climate observations are sparse, and they have significant implications for global sea level, regional water resources, and both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
		Actual records of climate in cryospheric regions, and their relation to changes in the cryosphere, including statistical/model interpretation.
	www.scar.org /events/archive/2006/igsaug2006.html (316 words)

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