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Topic: Cryovolcanism

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	Cryovolcanism
		It was thought that the smooth surfaces photographed by the Voyager spacecraft were the result of resurfacing via volcanic processes (pic, planetary structure).
		Cryovolcanism, it seems, is not nearly so important as we once thought.
		It is thought that it may have formed as ammonia erupted cryovolcanically from Titan’s surface.
	mivo-sys.tripod.com /cryo.html (2607 words)

	Cryovolcanism - Definition, explanation
		Cryovolcanism is the formation of icy volcanoes in extremely low temperature environments.
		Cryovolcanism is not known to exist on Earth.
		The Cassini-Huygens mission has found a methane-spewing cryovolcano on Titan, and such volcanism is now believed to be a significant source of the methane found in Titan's atmosphere; methane oceans were hypothesized earlier, but these now appear to be virtually absent.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/cr/cryovolcanism.php (201 words)

	Definition of Cryovolcanism
		Cryovolcanism is the formation of ice volcanoes in extremely low temperature environments.
		Indirect evidence of cryovolcanic activity have been observed on several icy moons of our solar system.
		It is also hypothesised that the Kuiper belt object Quaoar had exhibited cryovolcanism in the past.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Cryovolcanism (231 words)

	Glossary of Cryovolcanism
		cryovolcanism: refers to "the eruption of water (in fluid ice form) and other liquid or vapor-phase volatiles onto the frigid surfaces of the icy satellites of the giant planets.
		It is known to occur on only one of these worlds: Triton, a moon of distant Neptune, where geyser-like plumes of nitrogen were discovered during the explorations of Voyager 2.
		Ice II is stable at 200 K and 6 kbar, while Ice VI is stable at 200 K and 15 kbar.) These phases of ice have different densities and flow properties that may be expressed through cryo-tectonic and cryovolcanic processes on icy satellites.
	share1.esd105.wednet.edu /bishopcj/AU/glossary_of_cryovolcanism.html (1244 words)

	Cryovolcanism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cryovolcanism is the formation of icy volcanoes in extremely low temperature environments.
		Indirect evidence of cryovolcanic activity has since been observed on several other icy moons of our solar system, including Europa, Ganymede, and Enceladus.
		The Cassini-Huygens mission has found a methane-spewing cryovolcano on Titan, and such volcanism is now believed to be a significant source of the methane found in Titan's atmosphere.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/cr/Cryovolcanism.htm (165 words)

	Enceladus
		A likely geologic process on these icy bodies is cryovolcanism, which involves partial melting of an icy satellite's interior and resultant outpourings of icy liquids.
		Ammonia-water cryovolcanism is widely suspected on all three objects, because the amount of heat available to drive geologic activity there is very meager, and ammonia-water ices (an expected component of Saturnian satellites) have a very low melting point, 176 K (-97
		Enceladus has a density only slightly more than that of pure water and is the least dense Saturnian satellite, therefore the least rocky of all the icy satellites yet known.
	astrogeology.usgs.gov /Projects/BrowseTheGeologicSolarSystem/EnceladusBack.html (296 words)

	Gemini Adaptive Optics Finds Possible Cryovolcanism On Charon
		Processes that create fresh, icy patches on other worlds, such as impact “gardening” by meteorites and convection of subsurface materials to the surface, are not supported by the chemical fingerprints of the water and ammonia hydrates on Charon’s surface.
		The only mechanism that explained the data was cryovolcanism, the eruption of liquids and gases in an ultra-cold environment.
		Cryovolcanism in the outer solar system is a fairly common occurrence.
	www.adaptiveoptics.org /News_0707_4.html (1685 words)

	Jupiter's Moon Europa
		The youngest ridges, such as the two features that cross the center of the picture, have central fractures, aligned knobs, and irregular dark patches.
		These and other features could indicate cryovolcanism, or processes related to eruption of ice and gases.
		This picture, centered at 16 degrees south latitude, 196 degrees west longitude, was taken at a distance of 40,973 kilometers (25,290 miles) on November 6, 1996 by the solid state imaging television camera onboard the Galileo spacecraft during its third orbit around Jupiter.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/europa.htm (2054 words)

	SPACE.com -- Icy Volcanoes Likely Shape Saturn's Smooth Moon
		These plains are the hallmark of cryovolcanism, which manifests itself as an outpouring of icy liquids from a moon's interior.
		The DEMs used by Schenk and Moore reveal Dione's cryovolcanic plains to be higher than the surrounding terrain, suggesting they may have been emplaced in a high viscosity flow similar to terrestrial glaciers sometime within the last 2 billion to 4 billion years.
		Cryovolcanism requires a heat source to drive liquids to the surface.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/070424_st_dione_moon.html (738 words)

	[No title]
		Cryovolcanism is the dominant form of volcanism in the Outer Solar System.
		Cryovolcanism involves eruption and surface deposition of low temperature volatiles e.g.
		Cryovolcanism on Triton therefore must be in some way linked to solar energy.
	members.lycos.co.uk /planetaryvolcanism/Elsewhere.htm (848 words)

	p51a in sm98
		Thus global tectonics governed by tidal stress (rather than mechanisms of cryovolcanism based on known volcanic analogs) may produce and drive active cracks that force material to the surface, yielding the ridge morphologies which are characteristic of Europa.
		Evidence for cryovolcanic activity includes plains that are relatively smooth at a resolution of several tens of meters, and features described previously as 'caldera-like' in Voyager images.
		Although distinction between cryovolcanic and cryotectonic origins for the debris ridges cannot yet be made, the indicated fragmental nature of the deposits is consistent with eruption of material onto the surface by such processes.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=sm98&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/sm98/sm98&maxhits=200&="P51A" (4532 words)

	Geotimes - January 2005 - Frozen volcanism on Titan
		The seemingly volcanic features could confirm the existence of cryovolcanism — a volcanic process involving icy fluids, or cryo-lavas, that is widely suspected to exist on many frozen bodies in the solar system.
		Cryovolcanic features make Titan "a lot more astrobiologically interesting," says Ralph Lorenz of the University of Arizona, a member of the Cassini radar team.
		Even if it proves to be a sloped feature, however, cryovolcanism may still not be the cause, Lorenz says.
	www.geotimes.org /jan05/NN_Cassini.html (771 words)

	Nature Newsblog: LPSC 2007: Frozen volcanoes in the Kuiper belt. Cool...
		It is difficult to understand whether or not cryovolcanism is at work on the moons of Uranus and Neptune because we've only had the one visit but surface renewal is suggestive from the pictures.
		Cryovolcanism may be a slow creeping process like sea floor spreading is on earth.
		At the edge of the solar system, where KBOs orbit the sun, their surface temperature is around 40-50 K. As far as we know, ice will not crystallize on timescales shorter than the age of the solar system.
	blogs.nature.com /news/blog/2007/03/lpsc_2007_frozen_volcanoes_in.html (1126 words)

	Astrobiology Magazine - earth science - evolution distribution Origin of life universe - life beyond (Site not responding. Last check: )
		That implies that Charon's interior possesses liquid water." Liquid water is essential for life as we know it, and understanding the distribution and behavior of liquid water beyond Earth can help scientists understand where to search for habitable environments, both within our Solar System and beyond.
		The only mechanism that explained the data was cryovolcanism, the eruption of liquids and gases in an ultra-cold environment.
		Cryovolcanism in the outer solar system is a fairly common occurrence.
	www.astrobio.net /news/print.php?sid=2400 (1524 words)

	Space Blogs From SpaceDaily et al
		Processes that create fresh, icy patches on other worlds, such as impact "gardening" by meteorites and convection of subsurface materials to the surface, are not supported by the chemical fingerprints of the water and ammonia hydrates on Charon's surface.
		The key to understanding cryovolcanism on Charon, according to Cook, is to look at Charon's physical makeup.
		In the case of Charon, it is thought that heat from internal radioactivity creates a pool of melted water mixed with ammonia inside the ice shell.
	www.spaceblogger.com:7778 /pls/htmldb/f?p=2999:11:8271925097021296082::::P11_ID:136742 (1342 words)

	Charon: An ice machine in the ultimate deep freeze
		The key to understanding cryovolcanism on Charon,according to Cook, is to look at Charon's physical makeup."Charon's surface is almost entirely water ice," he said.
		Cryovolcanism in the outer solar system is a fairly commonoccurrence.
		They may be created bygeysers that send water ice out through surface cracks.Markings seen on the Uranian moon Ariel in Voyager 2 fly-by images also suggest active cryovolcanism of some kind.Enceladus and Europa are tidally squeezed by thegravitational forces of their giant planets and in somecases by large nearby moons.
	www.atlasaerospace.net /eng/newsi-r.htm?id=3498 (1053 words)

	Geotimes - January 2005 - Frozen volcanism on Titan
		The seemingly volcanic features could confirm the existence of cryovolcanism — a volcanic process involving icy fluids, or cryo-lavas, that is widely suspected to exist on many frozen bodies in the solar system.
		Cryovolcanic features make Titan "a lot more astrobiologically interesting," says Ralph Lorenz of the University of Arizona, a member of the Cassini radar team.
		Even if it proves to be a sloped feature, however, cryovolcanism may still not be the cause, Lorenz says.
	www.agiweb.org /geotimes/jan05/NN_Cassini.html (771 words)

	Pluto's Moon is an Ice Machine \| LiveScience
		The researchers ruled out other possible mechanisms for the ice and concluded it must be due to cryovolcanism-the eruption of liquids and from inside the moon.
		If Charon's ice were "primordial ice" left over from the solar system's birth, it would have lost the crystalline structure astronomers observe now, due to bombardment by cosmic rays and ultraviolet radiation from our sun.
		Cryovolcanism also occurs on other moons in the solar system, including Saturn's moon Enceladus and the Jovian satellite Europa.
	www.livescience.com /space/scienceastronomy/070717_charon_geysers.html (787 words)

	Pluto’s companion Charon could contain liquid water... Keralanext.com, Science News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The only mechanism that explained the data was cryovolcanism, the eruption of liquids and gases in an ultra-cold environment,” he said.
		So it must have a vast amount of water under the surface, and much of that should be frozen as well.
		The study "Near-infrared Spectroscopy of Charon: Possible Evidence for Cryovolcanism on Kuiper Belt Objects" appears in the Astrophysical Journal.
	www.keralanext.com /Science&Technology/read.asp?id=1053563 (580 words)

	Ice Crystals on Pluto's Moon Charon Suggest a Surface Constantly Refreshed by Ammonia-Water Volcanoes - Planetary News ...
		Such crystalline materials can't last long on an airless world before cosmic rays age and destroy their ordered structure, so they must be replenished regularly.
		Cook and his coauthors examined each of the ways that they suggested Charon's surface could be renewed and found all but the cryovolcanic model to be lacking.
		Cryovolcanism thus stands alone as the only plausible mechanism that Cook and his coauthors came up with that can create crystalline ice faster than cosmic rays can destroy it.
	planetary.org /news/2007/0718_Ice_Crystals_on_Plutos_Moon_Charon.html (1970 words)

	yourDictionary.com Agora Discussion Board
		Cryovulcanism is a new word that is entering the English lexicon and one to watch for --- especially after the successful landing of the Huygens space probe on Saturn's moon Titan on January 14.
		It is also found on Neptune's moon Triton by a different where sunlight melts nitrogen ice on the moon's surface forming geysers of freezing nitrogen.
		It hasn't really been determined yet how Cryovolcanism takes place on Saturn's moon Titan but it is believed that some of the ice rocks seen on it's surface yesterday were caused by a Cryovolcanic process.
	www.yourdictionary.com /cgi-bin/agora/agora.cgi?action=display;board=etymology;num=1105861624;start=0 (702 words)

	Cassini Sees Titan Oozing - Space - RedOrbit
		It may be some sort of 'cryovolcanic' flow, an analog to volcanism on Earth that is not molten rock but, at Titan's very cold temperatures, molten ice."
		Comparisons with other features and data from other instruments will help to determine whether this is a cryovolcanic flow, where water-rich liquid has welled up from Titan¹s warm interior.
		The image is about 150 kilometers (90 miles) square, and is centered at about 45 N, 30 W in the northern hemisphere of Titan, over a region that has not yet been imaged optically.
	www.redorbit.com /news/space/101346/cassini_sees_titan_oozing/index.html (617 words)

	On Ammonia and Astrobiology - Space - RedOrbit
		Cryovolcanism - water-ice volcanism - requires a liquid layer in the interior of Titan.
		People have compared the reducing atmosphere of Titan with the classic Miller-Urey experiment, which used water and ammonia with methane to make all sorts of prebiotic molecules.
		But on Titan the water and ammonia are frozen out, except when you have cryovolcanism.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display/?id=139739&source=r_space (962 words)

	Volcanism of Outer Satellites (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Europa displays cryovolcanism, where water replaces magma as the substance being erupted.
		The surface of Triton is riddled with cryovolcanic geysers that throw plumes of ice into the atmosphere.
		The geysers may be solar driven despite the fact that Triton is so far from the sun and is so cold.
	www.uofr.net /~dorothy/bauchd13.html (163 words)

	Is Pluto's moon a sluggish ice machine? - Space.com - MSNBC.com
		And if the ice had been caused by meteorite impacts churning up the moon's surface, a different set of chemical fingerprints would have been observed.
		"Our spectra point consistently to cryovolcanism, which brings liquid water to the surface where it freezes into ice crystals," said study leader Jason Cook of Arizona State University.
		However, both these moons are tidally squeezed by the strong gravitational tug of their giant planets, which forces water out through cracks.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/19815239 (639 words)

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